[[217]]
According to Tullio Rossi Doria (Le Forze Democratiche ed Il Programma socialista,
"Avanti," anno xiv, No. 30), every struggle for higher wages has the same end in view. But
as a rule the struggle for higher wages is carried out by a trade union, and the aim of the
trade unions is to secure a better position for the manual workers, not to make them petty
bourgeois. The organized workers as a whole desire to live like the petty bourgeois, but not
to fulfil the economic function of these. They wish to remain manual workers.
[[218]]
Rudolf Broda and Julius Deutsch, Das moderne Proletariat, Reimer, Berlin. 1910, p. 73.
[[219]]
Trans. from Edmond About. Le Progrès, Hachette, Paris. 1864, pp. 51-2.
[[220]]
Cf. the interesting communication upon the increasing differentiation of the working
classes made by Hermann Herkner to the congress of the Verein für Sozialpolitik held at
Nuremberg in 1911 (Protokoll, pp. 122 et seq.).
[[221]]
“Volksstimme,” 1910, No. 76, fourth supplement.
[[222]]
Exaggeration must be avoided here, and it is desirable to point out that in the election
of March 1912 in the Venetian constituency in which the arsenal is situated, notwithstanding
all kinds of adverse pressure, two thousand electors expressed their definite disapproval of
the African campaign by voting for the intransigeant socialist Musatti (“Avanti,” anno xvi,
No. 85).
[[223]]
The phrase quoted in the text is used by a correspondent of the “Volksstimme,” of
Frankfort (Die Maifeier am ersten Maisonntag, Manifest-Nummer, 1910. seventh
supplement). The same article shows from how distinctively capitalist an outlook the betterpaid
workers regard the May Day celebration.
[[224]]
Angelo Mosso, Vita moderna degli Italiani, ed. cit., p. 178.
[[225]]
Trans. from Madame Sorgue, Retour d'Angleterre, “La Société Nouvelle,” xvi, No. 8,
p. 197.
[[226]]
The reader will find a more copious and more detailed study of this matter in an essay
compiled by the present writer in collabouration with his wife. Michels, Das Problem der
Arbeitslosigkeit und ihre Bekämpfung durch die deutschen freien Gewerkschaften, “Archlv
f. Sozialw.,” xxxi, September 2, 1910, pp. 479-81.
[[227]]
Cf., inter alia, Daniel De Leon, The Burning Question of Trades-Unionism, Labour
News Co., New York, 1906, p. 13.
[[228]]
The American labour organizations have played a notable part in producing tension
between the United States and Japan, a tension which, a few years ago, nearly culminated
in war.
[[229]]
Angelo Mosso, Vita moderna degli Italiani, ed. cit., p. 191.
[[230]]
Trans. from Cf. Raoul de La Grasserie, Les Luttes sociales, “Annales de l'Institut intern,
de Sociologie,” vol. xi, p. 185.
