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Critique of Pure Reason

  
[title page]
  
Baco de Verulamio,Instauratio Magna-Præfatio.
  
[contents]
  
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. — (1781.)
  
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. — (1787.)
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INTRODUCTION.
 1. 
I. OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PURE AND EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
 2. 
II. THE HUMAN INTELLECT, EVEN IN AN UNPHILOSOPHICAL STATE, IS IN POSSESSION OF CERTAIN COGNITIONS A PRIORI.
 3. 
III. PHILOSOPHY STANDS IN NEED OF A SCIENCE WHICH SHALL DETERMINE THE POSSIBILITY, PRINCIPLES, AND EXTENT OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE A PRIORI
 4. 
IV. OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALYTICAL AND SYNTHETICAL JUDGEMENTS.
 5. 
V. IN ALL THEORETICAL SCIENCES OF REASON, SYNTHETICAL JUDGEMENTS A PRIORI ARE CONTAINED AS PRINCIPLES.
 6. 
VI. THE UNIVERSAL PROBLEM OF PURE REASON.
 7. 
VII. IDEA AND work OF A PARTICULAR SCIENCE, UNDER THE NAME OF A CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON.

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TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF ELEMENTS.
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FIRST PART.TRANSCENDENTAL ÆSTHETIC.
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[section]
 1. 
SS 1. Introductory.
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SECTION I.OF SPACE.
 2. 
SS 2. Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.
 3. 
SS 3. Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Space.
 4. 
SS 4. Conclusions from the foregoing Conceptions.
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SECTION II.OF TIME.
 5. 
SS 5 Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.
 6. 
SS 6 Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Time.
 7. 
SS 7. Conclusions from the above Conceptions.
 8. 
SS 8. Elucidation.
 9. 
SS 9. General Remarks on Transcendental Aesthetic.
 10. 
SS 10 Conclusion of the Transcendental Aesthetic.
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PART SECOND.TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC.
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INTRODUCTION.IDEA OF A TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC.
 1. 
I.Of Logic in General.
  
II.Of Transcendental Logic.
  
III. Of the work of General Logic into Analytic and Dialectic.
 4. 
IV. Of the work of Transcendental Logic into Transcendental Analytic and Dialectic.
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TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC.
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FIRST work.
 0. 
[book]
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TRANSCENDENTAL ANALYTICBOOK I.
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[chapter]
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CHAPTER I. OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL CLUE TO THE DISCOVERY OF ALL PURE CONCEPTIONS OF THE UNDERSTANDING.
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[section]
 3. 
Introductory.SS 3.
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SECT. I. Of the Logical use of the Understanding in General.
  
SS 4.
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SECTION II. Of the Logical Function of the Understanding in Judgements.
 5. 
SS 5.
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SECTION III. — Of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding, or Categories.
 6. 
SS 6.
 7. 
SS 7.
 8. 
SS 8.
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CHAPTER II.OF THE DEDUCTION OF THE PURE CONCEPTIONS OF THE UNDERSTANDING.
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SECT. I. — Of the Principles of a Transcendental Deduction in general.
 9. 
SS 9.
 10. 
Transition to the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories.SS 10.
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SECT. II. — TRANSCENDENTAL DEDUCTION OF THE PURE CONCEPTIONS OF THE UNDERSTANDING.
 11. 
SS 11.Of the Possibility of a Conjunction of the manifold representations given by Sense.
 12. 
Of the Originally Synthetical Unity of Apperception.SS 12.
 13. 
The principle of the Synthetical Unity of Apperception is the highest principle of all exercise of the Understanding.SS 13.
 14. 
What Objective Unity of Self—consciousness is.SS 14.
 15. 
The Logical Form of all Judgements consists in the Objective Unity of Apperception of the Conceptions contained therein. SS 15.
 16. 
All Sensuous Intuitions are subject to the Categories, as Conditions under which alone the manifold Content of them can be united in one Consciousness. SS 16.
 17. 
Observation.SS 17.
 18. 
SS 18.In Cognition, its Application to Objects of Experience is the only legitimate use of the Category.
 19. 
SS 19.
  
SS 20.Of the Application of the Categories to Objects of the Senses in general.
 21. 
SS 21.
 22. 
SS 22.Transcendental Deduction of the universally possible employment in experience of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding.
 23. 
SS 23. Result of this Deduction of the Conceptions of the Understanding.
 0. 
Short view of the above Deduction.
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BOOK II.Analytic of Principles.
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INTRODUCTION.Of the Transcendental Faculty of judgement in General.
 1. 
TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF THE FACULTY OF JUDGEMENT,OR, ANALYTIC OF PRINCIPLES.CHAPTER I. Of the Schematism at of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding.
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CHAPTER II.System of all Principles of the Pure Understanding.
 1. 
SYSTEM OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE PURE UNDERSTANDING. SECTION FIRST.Of the Supreme Principle of all Analytical Judgements.
 2. 
SECTION SECOND.Of the Supreme Principle of all Synthetical Judgements.
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SECTION THIRD.Systematic Representation of all Synthetical Principles thereof.
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I.AXIOMS OF INTUITION.
 1. 
PROOF.
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II.ANTICIPATIONS OF PERCEPTION.
 1. 
PROOF.
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III.ANALOGIES OF EXPERIENCE.
 1. 
PROOF.
 2. 
A.FIRST ANALOGY.
 3. 
PROOF.
 4. 
B.SECOND ANALOGY.PRINCIPLE OF THE SUCCESSION OF TIME ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF CAUSALITY.
 5. 
PROOF.
 6. 
C.THIRD ANALOGY.
 7. 
PROOF.
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IV.THE POSTULATES OF EMPIRICAL THOUGHT.
 1. 
Explanation.
 2. 
REFUTATION OF IDEALISM.
 3. 
THEOREM.
 4. 
PROOF.
 0. 
GENERAL REMARK ON THE SYSTEM OF PRINCIPLES.
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CHAPTER III.OF THE GROUND OF THE work OF ALL OBJECTS INTO PHENOMENA AND NOUMENA.
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APPENDIX.OF THE EQUIVOCAL NATURE OR AMPHIBOLY OF THE CONCEPTIONS OF REFLECTION FROM THE CONFUSION OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL WITH THE EMPIRICAL USE OF THE UNDERSTANDING.
 1. 
REMARK ON THE AMPHIBOLY OF THE CONCEPTIONS OF REFLECTION.
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TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC.SECOND work.
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[book]
 1. 
BOOK I.OF THE CONCEPTIONS OF PURE REASON.
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BOOK II.OF THE DIALECTICAL PROCEDURE OF PURE REASON.
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CHAP. I. — Of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason.
 1. 
Refutation of the Argument of Mendelssohn for the Substantiality or Permanence of the Soul.
 2. 
Conclusion of the Solution of the Psychological Paralogism.
 3. 
GENERAL REMARKOn the Transition from Rational Psychology to Cosmology.
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CHAP. II. — The Antinomy of Pure Reason.
 1. 
SECTION FIRST.System of Cosmological Ideas.
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SECTION SECOND.Antithetic of Pure Reason.
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FIRST CONFLICT OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS.
 1. 
Thesis.
 2. 
PROOF.
 3. 
Antithesis.
 4. 
PROOF.
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OBSERVATIONS ON THE FIRST ANTINOMY.
 1. 
On the Thesis.
 2. 
On the Antithesis.
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SECOND CONFLICT OF TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS.
 1. 
Thesis.
 2. 
PROOF.
 3. 
Antithesis.
 4. 
PROOF.
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OBSERVATIONS ON THE SECOND ANTINOMY.
 1. 
On the Thesis.
 2. 
On the Antithesis.
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THIRD CONFLICT OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS.
 1. 
Thesis.
 2. 
PROOF.
 3. 
Antithesis.
 4. 
PROOF.
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OBSERVATIONS ON THE THIRD ANTINOMY.
 1. 
On the Thesis.
 2. 
On the Antithesis.
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FOURTH CONFLICT OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS.
 1. 
Thesis.
 2. 
PROOF.
 3. 
Antithesis.
 4. 
PROOF.
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OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOURTH ANTINOMY.
 1. 
On the Thesis.
 2. 
On the Antithesis.
 3. 
SECTION THIRD.Of the Interest of Reason in these Self—contradictions.
 4. 
SECTION FOURTH.Of the necessity imposed upon Pure Reason of presenting a Solution of its Transcendental Problems.
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SECTION FIFTH.Sceptical Exposition of the Cosmological Problems presented in the four Transcendental Ideas.
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SECTION SIXTH.Transcendental Idealism as the Key to the Solution of Pure Cosmological Dialectic.
 7. 
SECTION SEVENTH.Critical Solution of the Cosmological Problem.
 8. 
SECTION EIGHTH.Regulative Principle of Pure Reason in relation to the Cosmological Ideas.
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SECTION NINTH.Of the Empirical Use of the Regulative Principle of Reason with regard to the Cosmological Ideas.
 1. 
I.Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Composition of Phenomena in the Universe.
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II.Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the work of a Whole given in Intuition.
 1. 
Concluding Remark on the Solution of the Transcendental Mathematical Ideas— and Introductory to the Solution of the Dynamical Ideas.
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III.Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Deduction of Cosmical Events from their Causes.
 1. 
Possibility of Freedom in Harmony with the Universal Law of Natural Necessity.
 2. 
Exposition of the Cosmological Idea of Freedom in harmony with the Universal Law of Natural Necessity.
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IV.Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Dependence of Phenomenal Existences.
 1. 
Concluding Remarks on the Antinomy of Pure Reason.
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CHAPTER III.The Ideal of Pure Reason.
 1. 
SECTION FIRST.Of the Ideal in General.
 2. 
SECTION SECOND.Of the Transcendental Ideal.(Prototypon Trancendentale).
 3. 
SECTION THIRD.Of the Arguments employed by Speculative Reason in Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being.
 4. 
SECTION FOURTH.Of the Impossibility of an Ontological Proof of the Existence of God.
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SECTION FIFTH.Of the Impossibility of a Cosmological Proof of the Existence of God.
 1. 
Detection and Explanation of the Dialectical Illusion in all Transcendental Arguments for the Existence of a NecessaryBeing.
 6. 
SECTION SIXTH.Of the Impossibility of a Physico—Theological Proof.
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SECTION SEVENTH.Critique of all Theology based upon Speculative Principles of Reason.
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APPENDIX.
 1. 
Of the Regulative Employment of the Ideas of Pure Reason.
 2. 
Of the Ultimate End of the Natural Dialectic of Human Reason.
 3. 
II.TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF METHOD.

  
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Analytic of Conceptions.
SS 2

BY the term "Analytic of Conceptions," I do not understand the analysis of these, or the usual process in philosophical investigations of dissecting the conceptions which present themselves, according to their content, and so making them clear; but I mean the hitherto little attempted dissection of the faculty of understanding itself, in order to investigate the possibility of conceptions a priori, by looking for them in the understanding alone, as their birthplace, and analysing the pure use of this faculty. For this is the proper duty of a transcendental philosophy; what remains is the logical treatment of the conceptions in philosophy in general. We shall therefore follow up the pure conceptions even to their germs and beginnings in the human understanding, in which they lie, until they are developed on occasions presented by experience, and, freed by the same understanding from the empirical conditions attaching to them, are set forth in their unalloyed purity.

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