6. CHAPTER VI
ACCESSORY PECULIARITIES OF THE MASSES
TO enable us to understand and properly to appreciate the superiority of the leaders
over the mass it is necessary to turn our attention to the characteristics of the rank
and file. The question arises, what are these masses?
It has already been shown that a general sentiment of indifference towards the
management of its own affairs is natural to the crowd, even when organized to form
political parties.
The very composition of the mass is such as to render it unable to resist the power
of an order of leaders aware of its own strength. An analysis of the German trade
unions in respect of the age of their members gives a sufficiently faithful picture of
the composition also of the various socialist parties. The great majority of the
membership ranges in age from 25 to 39 years.
[69]
Quite young men find other ways
of employing their leisure; they are heedless, their thoughts run in erotic channels,
they are always hoping that some miracle will deliver them from the need of passing
their whole lives as simple wage-earners, and for these reasons they are slow to join
a trade union. The men over forty, weary and disillusioned, commonly resign their
membership (unless retained in the union by purely personal interest, to secure out-of-work pay, insurance against illness, and the like). Consequently there is lacking
in the organization the force of control of ardent and irreverent youth and also that
of experienced maturity. In other words, the leaders have to do with a mass of
members to whom they are superior in respect of age and experience of life, whilst
they have nothing to fear from the relentless criticism which is so peculiarly
characteristic of men who have just attained to virility.
Another important consideration as to the composition of the rank and file who
have to be led is its fluctuating character. It seems, at any rate, that this may be
deduced from a report of the socialist section of Munich for the year 1906. It
contains statistics, showing analytically the individual duration of membership. The
figures in parenthesis indicate the total number of members, including those
members who had previously belonged to other sections.
MEMBERSHIP CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DURATION.
Less than 6 months........................ 1,502 about 23% (1,582)
From 6 months to 2 years.............. 1,620 “ 24% (1,816)
“ 2 to 3 years.................. 684 “ 10% (995)
“ 3 to 4 “................ 1,020 “ 15% (1,965)
“ 4 to 5 “................ 507 “ 7 1/2% (891)
“ 5 to 6 “................ 270 “ 4% (844)
“ 6 to 7 “................ 127 “ 2% (604)
“ 7 to 8 “................ 131 “ 2% (1,289)
More than 8 “................... 833 “ 12 1/2% (1,666)
[70]
The fluctuating character of the membership is manifest in even greater degree in
the German trade unions. This has given rise to the saying that a trade union is like
a pigeon-house where the pigeons enter and leave at their caprice. The German
Metalworkers' Federation (Deutscher Metallarbeiterverband) had, during the years
1906 to 1908, 210,561 new members. But the percentage of withdrawals increased
in 1906 to 60, in 1907 to 83, and in 1908 to 100.
[71]
This shows us that the bonds
connecting the bulk of the masses to their organization are extremely slender, and
that it is only a small proportion of the organized workers who feel themselves really
at one with their unions. Hence the leaders, when compared with the masses, whose
composition varies from moment to moment, constitute a more stable and more
constant element of the organized membership.
[[69]]
Adolf Braun, Organisierbarkeit der Arbeiter, “Annalen für soziale Politik und
Gesetzebung,” i, No. 1, p. 47.
[[70]]
Robert Michels, Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie, I, Sozial Zusammensetzung, Arch, für
Sozialwissenschaft, xxiii, fasc. 2.
[[71]]
A. von Elm, Führer und Massen, “Korrespondenzblatt der Generalkommission,” xxi, No. 9.
