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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. CHAPTER I
   DEMOCRATIC ARISTOCRACY AND ARISTOCRATIC DEMOCRACY . 3
2. CHAPTER II
   THE ETHICAL EMBELLISHMENT OF SOCIAL STRUGGLES . . 15

PART ONE
LEADERSHIP IN DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS

A. Technical and Administrative Causes of Leadership

1. CHAPTER I
   INTRODUCTORY—THE NEED FOR ORGANIZATION . . . 25
2. CHAPTER II
   MECHANICAL AND TECHNICAL IMPOSSIBILITY OF DIRECT GOVERNMENT BY THE MASSES . . . . 27
3. CHAPTER III
   THE MODERN DEMOCRATIC PARTY AS A FIGHTING PARTY, DOMINATED BY MILITARIST IDEAS AND METHODS . . 46

B. Psychological Causes of Leadership.

1. CHAPTER I
   THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A CUSTOMARY RIGHT TO THE OFFICE OF DELEGATE . . . . . . . 50
2. CHAPTER II
   THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP FELT BY THE MASS . . 54
3. CHAPTER III
   THE POLITICAL GRATITUDE OF THE MASSES . . . 66
4. CHAPTER IV
   THE CULT OF VENERATION AMONG THE MASSES . . 75
5. CHAPTER V
   ACCESSORY QUALITIES REQUISITE TO LEADERSHIP . . 75
6. CHAPTER VI
   ACCESSORY PECULIARITIES OF THE MASSES . . . 84

C. Intellectual Factors.

1. CHAPTER I
   SUPERIORITY OF THE PROFESSIONAL LEADERS IN RESPECT TO CULTURE, AND THEIR INDISPENSABILITY; THE FORMAL AND REAL INCOMPETENCE OF THE MASS . . . 86

PART TWO
AUTOCRATIC TENDENCIES OF LEADERS

1. CHAPTER I
   THE STABILITY OF LEADERSHIP . . . . . 99
2. CHAPTER II
   THE FINANCIAL POWER OF THE LEADERS AND OF THE PARTY 114
3. CHAPTER III
   THE LEADERS AND THE PRESS . . . . . 139
4. CHAPTER IV
   THE POSITION OF THE LEADERS IN RELATION TO THE MASSES IN ACTUAL PRACTICE . . . . . . 145
5. CHAPTER V
   THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE LEADERS AND THE MASSES . 166
6. CHAPTER VI
   THE STRUGGLE AMONG THE LEADERS THEMSELVES . . 174
7. CHAPTER VII
   BUREAUCRACY. CENTRALIZING AND DECENTRALIZING TENDENCIES. . . . . . . . 196

PART THREE
THE EXERCISE OF POWER AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTION UPON THE LEADERS.

1. CHAPTER I
   PSYCHOLOGICAL METAMORPHOSIS OF THE LEADERS . . 217
2. CHAPTER II
   BONAPARTIST IDEOLOGY . . . . . . 227
3. CHAPTER III
   IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTY WITH THE LEADER (“LE PARTI C'EST MOI”) . . . . . . 238

PART FOUR
SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP

1. CHAPTER I
   INTRODUCTORY. THE CLASS STRUGGLE AND ITS DISINTEGRATING INFLUENCE UPON THE BOURGEOISIE . . 247
2. CHAPTER II
   ANALYSIS OF THE BOURGEOIS ELEMENTS IN THE SOCIALIST LEADERSHIP . . . . . . . 261
3. CHAPTER III
   SOCIAL CHANGES RESULTING FROM ORGANIZATION . . 282
4. CHAPTER IV
   THE NEED FOR THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE WORKING CLASS 304
5. CHAPTER V
   LABOUR LEADERS OF PROLETARIAN ORIGIN . . . 312
6. CHAPTER VI
   INTELLECTUALS, AND THE NEED FOR THEM IN THE WORKING-CLASS PARTIES . . . . . . 332

PART FIVE
ATTEMPTS TO RESTRICT THE INFLUENCE OF THE LEADERS

1. CHAPTER I
   THE REFERENDUM . . . . . . . 349
2. CHAPTER II
   THE POSTULATE OF RENUNCIATION . . . . 355
3. CHAPTER III
   SYNDICALISM AS PROPHYLACTIC . . . . . 361
4. CHAPTER IV
   ANARCHISM AS PROPHYLACTIC . . . . . 373

PART SIX
SYNTHESIS: THE OLIGARCHICAL TENDENCIES OF ORGANIZATION.

1. CHAPTER I
   THE CONSERVATIVE BASIS OF ORGANIZATION . . . 381
2. CHAPTER II
   democracy AND THE IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY . . 393
3. CHAPTER III
   PARTY-LIFE IN WAR-TIME . . . . . . 410
4. CHAPTER IV
   FINAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . 417

TABULAR STATEMENT . . . to face p. 426 INDEX OF NAMES . . . . . . 427