BIBLIOGRAPHY
Most of the original “classics” of logical positivism, logical
empiricism (and of the related analytic and linguistic phi-
losophy)—both books and articles—are listed in the ample
bibliography of A. J. Ayer, ed., Logical Positivism (New York,
1959). Among many other important essays, R. Carnap's
“Psychology in Physical Language” is contained in this
anthology.
Books, mainly in the area of the foundations of the sci-
ences (but also in philosophy of language, epistemology),
many by the leading logical empiricists, are listed in the
ample, and fairly up-to-date Bibliography and Index by
Herbert Feigl and Charles Morris, eds., International Ency-
clopedia of Unified Science, Vol. II, No. 10. Of major rele-
vance are the works of R. Carnap, O. Neurath, M. Schlick,
P. Frank, H. Reichenbach, E. Nagel, C. G. Hempel, R. von
Mises, Charles Morris; and for criticisms, those of Karl R.
Popper; and the intellectual autobiography, the twenty-six
descriptive and critical essays, and Carnap's replies, in
P. A. Schilpp, ed., The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap (LaSalle,
Ill., 1963).
For quite recent reactions, see P. Achinstein and S. F.
Barker, eds., The Legacy of Logical Positivism: Studies in
the Philosophy of Science (Baltimore, 1969).
For a brief account of the European movement of logical
positivism and its migration and impact in the Unites States,
see H. Feigl “The Wiener Kreis in America” in D. Fleming
and B. Baylin, eds., The Intellectual Migration: Europe and
America 1930-1960 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969). The early
history of Viennese positivism is well told in Victor Kraft's
The Vienna Circle, trans. A. Pap (New York, 1953); second
edition (somewhat expanded and revised) of The Wiener
Kreis (Vienna and New York, 1968). Another important
source is the monography by J. Joergensen, The Development
of Logical Empiricism, Vol. II, No. 9 of the International
Encyclopedia of Unified Science (Chicago, 1951).
HERBERT FEIGL
[See also Newton on Method;
Positivism in Europe; Prag-
matism;
Psychological Schools; Relativity;
Unity of Sci-
encee to Kant.]
