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University of Virginia Library

Concise Dictionary of Religion

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'ABD AL-BAHĀ, 'Abbas Effendi (1844-1821):

ABELARD, Peter (1079-1142):

ABRAMIC RELIGIONS:

ABSOLUTE IDEALISM:

ABŪ BAKR, (d. 634):

ABU DAWUD, Al Sijistani (817-889):

ABU HANIFA (699-767):

ABŪ HURAIRA (d. 678):

ACTON, Lord (Dalberg-Acton, John 1834-1902):

AD HOC HYPOTHESIS:

ADAMSKI, George (1891-1965):

ADLER, Alfred (1870-1937):

AELFRIC (955-1020):

AFRICAN INDEPENDENT CHURCH:

AFRICAN RELIGIONS:

AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS:

AGE OF AQUARIUS:

AHMED, Al-Badawi (1199-1200):

AHMED, ibn Hanbal, (780-855):

AHMED, Khan (1817-1898):

AHMED, Mirz Ghulam (1855-1908):

AKHENATEN, [Amenhotep IV] 1372-1354 B.C.):

AKIVA, (AQIBA) ben Joseph (50-135):

AL-GHAZALI, (1058-1111):

ALBERTUS, Magnus (1200-1280):

ALCUIN, (735-804):

ALDURA, THE CHURCH OF THE LORD:

ALEXANDER TECHNIQUE:

ALEXANDRIAN THEOLOGY:

'ALĪ 'Abd al-Rāziq (1888-1935):

ALLEGORICAL INTERPRETATION:

AMBROSE (339-397 A.D.):

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY:

ANALYTIC-SYNTHETIC DISTINCTION:

ĀNANDA COMMUNITY:

ANAXAGORAS (499-422 B.C.):

ANAXIMANDER (610-547 B.C.):

ANAXIMENES (588-524 B.C.):

ANDERSON, Rufus (1796-1880):

ANGLO-CATHOLICISM:

ANSELM, (1033-1109):

ANTHONY, SAINT (251?-356):

ANTHROPOCENTRISM:

ANTHROPOMORPHISM:

ANTI-CULT MOVEMENT:

ANTIOCH THEOLOGY:

APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE:

APOCRYPHAL NEW TESTAMENT:

APOSTLE'S CREED:

APOSTOLIC FATHERS:

APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION:

AQUINAS, Thomas (1224/27-1274):

ARCHIMEDES (287-212 B.C.):

ARISTOBULUS OF PANEAS (3rd-2nd Century B.C.):

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.):

ARIUS, (250-336):

ARMINIUS, Jacob (1560-1609):

ARMSTRONG, Garner Ted (1930-):

ARMSTRONG, Herbert W. (1909-):

ARNOLD, Matthew (1822-1888):

ARNOLD, Thomas (1795-1842):

ASBURY, Francis (1745-1816):

ASCENDED MASTERS:

ASCENSION OF CHRIST:

ASH'ARĪ, Ali b. Ismail (873-935 A.D.):

AŚOKA (3rd century B.C.):

ASSUMPTION OF MARY:

AŚVAGHOSA (1st-2nd century A.D.):

ATHANASIUS [1], (296-373):

ATHANASIUS [2], (10th century):

ATHANASIAN CREED:

ATTRIBUTES OF GOD:

AUGSBURG CONFESSION:

AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY (died 604):

AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354-430):

AUGUSTINE, RULE OF:

AUROBINDO, Sri (1872-1950):

AVERROES, (1126-1198 A.D.):

AVICENNA (930-1037):

AYER, Sir Alfred Jules (1910-1989):

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BABEL, TOWER OF:

BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY:

BACH, Johann Sebastian (1685-1750):

BACON, Francis (1561-1626):

BACON, Roger (1214-1292):

BAHĀ'Ī FAITH:

BAILEY, Alice (1880-1949):

BAKER-EDDY, Mary (1821-1910):

BALLARD, Edna Anne Wheeler (1886-1971):

BALLARD, Guy (1878-1939):

BALTHASAR, Hans Urs von (1905-):

BARLAAM AND JOASAPH:

BARMEN DECLARATION:

BARTH, Karl (1886-1968):

BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE:

BASIL, RULE OF:

BATSON, Gregory (1904-1980):

BAUER, Bruno (1809-1882):

BAUR, Ferdinand Christian (1792-1860):

BAVINCK, Herman (1854-1921):

BAVINCK, J. H. (1895-1964):

BAXTER, Richard (1615-1691):

BAYLE, Pierre (1647-1706):

BEATIFIC VISION:

BECKET, Thomas à(1118-1170):

BEDE, the Venerable (673-735):

BELGIC CONFESSION:

BELLARMINE, Robert (1542-1621):

BENDA, Julien (1867-1956):

BENEDICT OF NURSIA (480-547):

BENEDICT, RULE OF:

BENEDICTINE ORDER:

BENTHAM, Jeremy (1748-1832):

BERDYAEV, Nikolai (1874-1948):

BERG, David, "Moses" (1919):

BERGER, Peter L. (1934-):

BERGSON, Henri Louis (1859-1941):

BERKELEY, George (1685-1753):

BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX (1090-1153):

BERNARDETTE OF LOURDES (1844-1879):

BESANT, Annie (1847-1933):

BEZA, Theodore (1519-1605):

BHAGAVAD-GĪTA:

BIBLICAL CRITICISM:

BISHOP:

BLAKE, William (1757-1827):

BLAVATSKY, Helena Petrovna (1831-1891):

BLOCH, Ernst (1880-1959):

BOAS, Franz (1858-1942):

BODIN, Jean (1530-1596):

BOEHME, Jacob (1575-1624):

BOETHIUS, Ancius Maniatus Severinus (480-524 A.D.):

BONAVENTURE (1217-1274):

BONHOEFFER, Dietrich (1906-1946):

BONIFACE (680-754):

BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER:

BOOK OF THE DEAD:

BOOTH, William (1829-1912):

BRADLAUGH, Charles (1833-1891):

BRADLEY, Francis Herbert (1846-1924):

BRAHE, Tycho (1546-1601):

BRĀHMO SAMĀJ:

BRANHAM, William Marion, "Bill" (1909-1966):

BREATHING CONTROL:

BRETHREN OF THE COMMON LIFE:

BRITISH ISRAELITES:

BRUNNER, Emil (1889-1966):

BRUNO (1032-1101):

BRUNO, Giordano (1548-1600):

BUBER, Martin (1878-1965):

BUCER, Martin (1491-1551):

BUCHMANN, Frank (1878-1961):

BUDDHAGHOSA (4th-5th century A.D.):

BUDDHIST SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT:

BULTMANN, Rudolf (1884-1976):

BUNYAN, John (1628-1688):

BURKE, Edmund (1729-1797):

BURNS, Robert (1759-1796):

BUSHNELL, Horace (1802-1876):

BUTLER, Joseph (1692-1752):

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CABBALA [Kabbalah and Qabbalah]:

CADDY, Elaine (1917-):

CADDY, Peter (1917-):

CALLAWAY, Henry (1817-1890):

CALVIN, John (1509-1564):

CAMBRIDGE PLATONISTS:

CAMPBELL, Joseph (1904-1987):

CAMUS, Albert (1913-1960):

CANON OF SCRIPTURE:

CAPPADOCIAN FATHERS:

CAPRA, Fritjof (1931-):

CAREY, William (1761-1834):

CARLYLE, Thomas (1795-1881):

CARNELL, Edward John (1919-1967):

CAROLINGINAN REVIVAL:

CASTANEDA, Carlos (1935-):

CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE:

CATEGORY MISTAKE:

CATHERINE OF GENOA (1447-1510):

CATHOLIC APOSTOLIC CHURCH:

CAYCE, Edgar (1877-1945):

CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF:

CHALCEDON, DEFINITION OF:

CHALMERS, Thomas (1780-1847):

CHAPTER AND VERSE:

CHARISMATIC CHRISTIANITY:

CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT:

CHARLEMAGNE, (742-814):

CHESTERTON, Gilbert Keith (1874-1936):

CHIH-I (538-597):

CHILDREN OF GOD:

CHINESE RELIGIONS:

CHRISTADELPHIANS:

CHRISTIAN MINISTRY:

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE:

CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM:

CHRYSTOSTOM, John (344/345-407):

CHU HSI [Chu Tzu or Chu Yuan Hui Shushi] (1130-1200 A.D.):

CHUANG-TZU [Chuang Chou] (369-286 B.C.):

CHURCH FATHERS:

CHURCH OF CHRIST SCIENTIST:

CICERO, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.):

CISTERCIAN ORDER:

CIVIL RELIGION:

CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA (150-215 A.D.):

CLEMENT OF ROME (1st century A.D.):

CLOVIS (466-511):

COBBETT, William (1763-1835):

CODEX ALEXANDRIUS:

CODEX AMIATINUS:

CODEX SINAITICUS:

CODEX VATICANUS:

COGITO ERGO SUM:

COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH:

COLENSO, John William (1814-1883):

COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834):

COLET, John (1467-1519):

COLLINGWOOD, Robin George (1889-1943):

COLOR, LITURGICAL:

COMENIUS, Johann Amos (1592-1670):

COMMUNION OF SAINTS:

COMMUNION TABLE:

COMMUNITY OF THE RESURRECTION:

COMPARATIVE RELIGION:

COMTE, Auguste (1798-1857):

CONDITIONAL IMMORTALITY:

CONFUCIUS [Kung Fu Tzu] (551-479 B.C.):

CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH:

CONGREGATIONALISM:

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT (288-337 A.D.):

CONTRADICTION, LAW OF:

CONZE, Edward (1904-?):

COPERNICUS, Nicholas (1473-1543):

CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH:

COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT:

COUNCIL, BUDDHIST:

COUNCIL, CHURCH:

COUNTER CULTURE:

COUNTER REFORMATION:

COVERDALE, Miles (1488-1568):

COWPER, William (1731-1800):

CRANMER, Thomas (1489-1556):

CREATIO EX NIHILO:

CREDO QUIA ABSURDIUM:

CRISIS THEOLOGY:

CROCE, Benedetto (1866-1952):

CROMWELL, Oliver (1599-1658):

CROWLEY, Alister (1875-1947):

CROWTHER, Samuel Ajayi (1806-1891):

CRUSIUS, Christian August (1712-1775):

CUTHBERT (7th century A.D.):

CYPRIAN (3rd century A.D.):

CYRIL (826-869):

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DEAD SEA SCROLLS:

DEATH OF GOD THEOLOGY:

DELPHIC ORACLE:

DEMYTHOLOGIZATION:

DEUTERO-ISAIAH:

DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM:

DIALECTICAL THEOLOGY:

DISPENSATIONALISM:

DIVINE KINGSHIP:

DIVINE LIGHT MISSION:

DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS:

DOME OF THE ROCK:

DONATION OF CONSTANTINE:

DORT, SYNOD OF:

DOUBLE PROCESSION:

DUKKHA (Pali) or DUHKHA (Sanskrit):

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ECCLESIASTICAL:

ECCLESIASTICUS:

ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT:

EDDINGTON, Sir Arthur Stanley (1882-1944):

EDDY, Mary Baker (1821-1910):

EDERSHEIM, Alfred (1825-1889):

EDWARD VI OF ENGLAND (1537-1553):

EDWARDS, Jonathan (1703-1758):

EIGHTFOLD PATH:

EINHEITLICHE WELTANSCHAUUNG:

EINSTEIN, Albert (1879-1955):

ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES:

ELIADE, Mircea (1907-1988):

ELIOT, T.S. (1888-1965):

EMERGENT EVOLUTION:

EMERSON, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882):

ENCYCLOPEDISTS:

ENGELS, Friedrich (1820-1895):

ENGLAND, CHURCH OF:

ENLIGHTENMENT [1]:

ENLIGHTENMENT [2]:

EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF:

EPICTETUS (60-138 B.C.):

EPICURUS (341-270 B.C.):

EPIPHENOMENALISM:

ERASMUS, Desiderius (1469-1536):

ERHARD SEMINAR TRAINING:

ERHARD, Werner (1935-):

ERIGENA, Johannes Scotus (815?-877):

ETERNAL PROGRESSION:

ETERNAL RECURRENCE:

ETHIOPIAN CHURCH:

EUCLID (300 B.C.):

EVANGELIZATION:

EVANS-PRITCHARD, Edward Evan (1902-1973):

EX OPERE OPERATO:

EXCLUDED MIDDLE:

EXISTENTIALISM:

EXTINCTION OF OUTFLOWS:

EZEKIEL (6th century B.C.):

EZRA (5th to 4th century B.C.):

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FA HSIEN (late 4th or early 5th century):

FALSIFIABILITY:

FALWELL, Jerry (1934):

FAMILY OF LOVE:

FANON, Franz (1925-1961):

FARABI, Abu Nasr Muhammad (d. 950 aged about 80):

FAREL, Guillaume (1489-1565):

FARRER, Austin Marsden (1904-1969):

FARRER, Frederick William (1831-1903):

FATHERHOOD OF GOD:

FATIMA (7th century):

FERGUSON, Marilyn Grasso (1938-):

FEUERBACH, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872):

FICHTE, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814):

FILIOQUE CLAUSE:

FINNEY, Charles Grandison (1792-1875):

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM:

FLEW, Anthony (1923-):

FLORENCE, COUNCIL OF:

FORD, Henry (1863-1947):

FORM CRITICISM:

FORM-MATTER GROUNDMOTIVE:

FORMGESCHICHTE:

FOSDICK, Harry, Emerson (1878-1969):

FOUCAULT, Michel (1926-1988):

FOUR HOLY TRUTHS:

FOUR NOBEL TRUTHS:

FOX, George (1624-1691):

FOX, Matthew (1940-):

FOXE, John (1516-1587):

FRANCIS OF ASSISI (1181?-1226):

FRANCIS OF SALES (1567-1622):

FRAZER, Sir James George (1854-1941):

FREUD, Sigmund (1856-1940):

FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF:

FROEBEL, Friedrick Wilhelm August (1782-1852):

FROMM, Eric (1900-1980):

FRY, Elizabeth (1780-1845):

FUNDAMENTALISM:

FUNDAMENTALIST:

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GALBRAITH, John Kenneth (1908-):

GALEN Claudius (130-200):

GALILEO, Galilei (1564-1642):

GANDHABBAS (Pali) GANDHARVAS (Sanskrit):

GANDHI, Mohandas Karamchand (1869-1948):

GARDNER, Gerald Brousseau (1884-1964):

GARDNERIAN WITCHCRAFT:

GEERTZ, Clifford (1926-):

GEISTESWISSENSCHAFTEN:

GENKU (12th century):

GENSHIN (942-1017):

GENUS AND SPECIES:

GIBBON, Edward (1737-1794):

GILGAMESH, EPIC OF:

GILSON, Etienne Henry (1884-1978):

GIOTTO di Bondone (1267-1337):

GLADSTONE, William, Ewart (1809-1898):

GLOCK, Charles Y. (1924-):

GOBIND SINGH (1666-1708):

GOBINEAU, Joseph Arthur, Comte de (1816-1882):

GOETHE, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832):

GORE, Charles (1853-1932):

GRAHAM, William, Franklin, "Billy" (1918-):

GRAIL, THE HOLY:

GRAMSCI, Antonio (1891-1937):

GREAT AWAKENING:

GREAT WHITE BROTHERHOOD:

GREBEL, Conrad (1498-1526):

GREEN, T. H. (1836-1882):

GREGORIAN CHANTS:

GREGORY OF NYSSA (330-395):

GREGORY OF TOURS, (538-594):

GREGORY THE GREAT (540-604):

GREGORY VII (1021-1085):

GROEN VAN PRINSTERER, Guillaume (1801-1876):

GROTIUS, Hugo (1583-1645):

GROUP-GRID ANALYSIS:

GUYARD, Marie (1599-1672):

GUYON, Madame [Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Mothe] (1648-1717):

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HAGIN, Kenneth (1934-):

HAKUIN (1685-1768):

HALDANE, Robert (1764-1842):

HALEVY, Elie (1870-1937):

HAMANN, Johann George (1730-1788):

HAMMURABI, CODE OF:

HANDEL, George Frederick (1685-1759):

HARDY, Thomas (1840-1928):

HARE KRISHNA MOVEMENT:

HARMONIC CONVERGENCE:

HARNACK, Adolph von (1851-1930):

HARRINGTON, Michael (1928-1989):

HASAN, Ali (died 669):

HASAN al-BASR (died 728):

HEGEL, George Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831):

HEIDEGGER, Martin (1884-1976):

HEIDELBERG CATECHISM:

HEILSGESCHICHTE:

HEISENBERG, Werner (1901-1976):

HENRY VIII (1491-1547):

HERACLITUS, of Ephesus (540-475 B.C.):

HERBERT, Edward, Lord of Cherbury (1583-1648):

HERBERT, George (1593-1633):

HERDER, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803):

HERMAS (2nd century):

HERMETIC LITERATURE (Hermes Trismegistus):

HEROD ANTIPAS (died 39):

HESIOD (8th century):

HESSE, Herman (1877-1962):

HIGHER CRITICISM:

HILLEL (1st century):

HIPPOCRATES (460?-370? B.C.):

HIPPOLYTUS (165-236):

HO YEN (3rd century):

HOBBES, Thomas (1588-1679):

HODGE, Charles (1797-1878):

HOLBACH, Paul Henri Thirty, baron d' (1723-1789):

HOLINESS MOVEMENT:

HOLMES, John Haynes (1879-1959):

HOLY, THE SACRED:

HOMER (sometime before 700 B.C.):

HNEN (1133-1212):

HOOKER, Richard (1554-1600):

HORT, Fenton John Anthony (1828-1892):

HORTON, Robin (1832-?):

HSAN T'SANT (596-664):

HUBBARD, Ron L. (1911-1976):

HÜGEL, Frederick, Baron von (1852-1925):

HUI-NENG (628-713):

HUI-YÜAN (334-417):

HUMAN SACRIFICE:

HUME, David (1711-1776):

HUNG HSIU-CH'AN (1812-1864):

HUNTINGDON, Selina, Countess [of] (1707-1791):

HUSAYN, Ibn 'Ali (626-680):

HUSS, John (1372-1415):

HUSSERL, Edmund Gustav Alberta (1859-1938):

HUXLEY, Aldous Leonard, (1894-1963):

HUXLEY, Julian Sorell (1887-1975):

HUXLEY, Thomas Henry (1825-1895):

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IAMBLICUS (250-330):

IBN al-'ARABI (1165-1240):

IBN AZM (993-1064):

IBN ISHQ (704-768):

IBN MJA, Muhammad (824-886):

IBN MAS'D (died 652/3):

IBN TMART, Muhammad (died 1130):

ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY:

IGNATIUS (356-107):

IMMACULATE CONCEPTION:

INCARNATION OF CHRIST:

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:

INGE, William Ralph, "Dean" (1860-1954):

INSPIRATION OF THE BIBLE:

IQBAL, Muhammad (1873-1938):

IRANIAN RELIGION:

IRENAEUS (130-200):

IRVING, Edward (1792-1834):

ISAIAH (8th century):

ISHO'DAD OF MERV (9th century):

ISIDORE (560-636):

ISRAEL ben Eliezer Ba'al Shem Tov (1700-1760):

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JACOB (18th century B.C.?):

JALL, al-Dn Rm (1207-1273):

JAMES (1st century):

JAMES, William (1842-1910):

JANSEN, Cornelius Otto (1585-1638):

JASPERS, Karl (1883-1973):

JEFFERSON, Thomas (1743-1826):

JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES:

JEREMIAH (7th century B.C.):

JEROME, SAINT (342-420):

JESUS OF NAZARETH (5 B.C.?-30 A.D.?):

JEWISH CHRISTIANITY:

JEWISH CHRISTIANS:

JEWS FOR JESUS:

JOACHIM OF FIORE (1132-1202):

JOAN OF ARC (1412-1431):

JOHN (1st century):

JOHN BAPTIST of LA SALLE (1651-1719):

JOHN CLIMACUS (570-649):

JOHN OF DAMASCUS (675-749):

JOHN OF SALISBURY (1115-1180):

JOHN OF THE CROSS, SAINT (1542-1591):

JOHN THE BAPTIST (1st. century):

JOHN XXIII (1881-1963):

JOHNSON, Samuel (1709-1784):

JONES, Bob (1883-1968):

JONES, Jim (1931-1978):

JOSEPHUS, Flavius (37-100):

JOSEPH [1] (17th century B.C.?):

JOSEPH [2] (1st century B.C.?):

JOWETT, Benjamin (1817-1893):

JUDAISM, ANCIENT:

JUDAISM, MODERN:

JUDAISM, RABBINIC:

JUDAS ISCARIOT (11th century?):

JULIAN (332-363):

JULIAN OF NORWICH (1342?-1413?):

JUNAYAD, Ab Al-Qsim al (died 910):

JUNG, Carl Gustav (1875-1961):

JUSTIN MARTYR (100-165):

JUSTINIAN (483-565):

JUWAYN, al-MA'L Abd al-Malik (1028-1085):

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KABR, Kabir (1440-1518):

KAGAWA, Toyohiko (1888-1960):

KAHN, Herman (1922-1983):

KAIROS DOCUMENT:

KALPA (Sanskrit) KAPPA (Pali):

KANT, Immanuel (1724-1804):

KEBLE, John (1792-1866):

KEMPE, Margery (1373-1433):

KEPLER, Johannes (1571-1630):

KESWICK CONVENTION:

KEYNES, John Maynard (1883-1946):

KHADJA (died 619):

KHLID al-WALD (died 641/2):

KHANDHA (Pali) SKANDHA (Sanskrit):

KHTM al-NUBUWWA:

KHOMEINI, Ruhullah Al-Musavi (1902-1989):

KHOMIAKOV, Aleksei Stepanovitch (1804-1860):

KHUDDAKA-NIKAYA:

KIERKEGAARD, Soren Asby (1813-1855):

KIMBANGU, Simon (19-?-1951:

KINDI, Abu Yusuf Ya'qub bin Ishaq (813-873):

KING, Martin Luther Jr. (1929-1968):

KINGDOM OF GOD:

KINGSLEY, Charles (1819-1875):

KNIGHT, J. C. (1946-):

KNOX, John (1513-1572):

KLUCKHORN, Clyde (1905-1960):

KOBO DAISHI (774-835):

KOESTLER, Arthur (1905-):

KO HUNG (3rd-4th CENTURY):

KRÄMER, Hendrik (1888-1955):

KRISHNA (Krsna -Sanskrit):

KRISHNAMURTI, Jiddu (1895-1986):

KUBLAI KHAN (1216-1294):

KUHN, Thomas Samuel (1922-):

KUMRAJVA (344-413):

KÜNG, Hans (1928-):

KUYPER, Abraham (1837-1920):

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LANKVATARA STRA:

LAO TZU (6th century B.C.):

LAUD, William (1573-1645):

LAW, William (1686-1761):

LAWRENCE, Brother (1605-1691):

LEACH, Ronald Edmund (1910-1987):

LEE, Ann (1736-1784):

LEE, Witness (?):

LEIBNIZ, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716):

LENIN, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924):

LESSING, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781):

LÉVI-BRUHL, Lucien (1857-1939):

LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude (1908-):

LEVIRATE MARRIAGE:

LEWIS, Clive Staples (1898-1963):

LIBERAL PROTESTANTISM:

LIEH-TZU (4th century B.C.):

LIVINGSTONE, David (1813-1873):

LLOYD-JONES, David Martyn (1899-1981):

LOCKE, John (1632-1704):

LOGICAL POSITIVISM:

LONERGAN, Bernard (1904-1984):

LOSSKY, Nikolai (1870-1965):

LOSSKY, Vladimir (1903-1958):

LOU, Tseng-Tsiang (1871-1949):

LOVEJOY, Arthur Oncken (1873-1962):

LOYOLA, Ignatius (1495-1556):

LUKE (1st century):

LUTHER, Martin (1483-1546):

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MACAULAY, Thomas Babington (1800-1859):

MACAULAY, Zachary (1768-1838):

MACCABEES, BOOK OF:

MACHEN, John Gresham (1881-1937):

MACHIAVELLI, Niccolo (1469-1527):

MACKINTOSH, Hugh Ross (1870-1936):

MACLAINE, Shirley (1935-):

MADHVA (1197-1276):

MAHBODHI SOCIETY:

MAHKYAPA THERA (6th century B.C.?):

MAHSATIPATTHANA SUTTA:

MAHVRA (550-420 B.C.?):

MAHINDA (3rd century B.C.):

MAIMONIDES, Moses (1135-1204):

MALINOWSKI, Bronislaw Kaspar (1884-1942):

MALTHUS, Thomas Robert (1766-1834):

MANI (216-277):

MANNHEIM, Karl (1893-1947):

MARCEL, Gabriel (1889-1973):

MARCION (85-160):

MARCUS Aurelius (121-180):

MARITAIN, Jacques (1882-1973):

MARTIN, David (1939-):

MARX, Karl (1818-1883):

MARY, (1st century):

MATHER, Cotton (1663-1728):

MATTHEW, GOSPEL:

MAURICE, Fredrick Denison (1805-1872):

MAWLID al-NABI:

MAYA (6th century B.C.):

MEAD, Margaret (1901-1978):

MELANCHTON, Phillip (1497-1560):

MENCIUS (371-289 B.C.):

MENDELSSOHN, Moses (1729-1786):

MERLEAU-PONTY, Maurice (1908-1961):

MERTON, Thomas (1915-1968):

METEMAPSYCHOSIS:

MEYKANDA (13th century):

MEYNELL, Hugo Anthony (1936-):

MICHELANGELO (1475-1564):

MILL, John Stuart (1806-1873):

MILLENARIAN MOVEMENTS:

MILLER, William (1795-1883):

MILTON, John (1608-1674):

MODERNITY, MODERNISM, AND RELATED DEFINITIONS:

MOFFAT, Robert (1795-1883):

MOLTMANN, Jürgen (1926-):

MOODY, Dwight Lyman (1837-1899):

MOON, Sun Myung (1920-):

MOORE, George Edward (1873-1958)

MOORE, Hannah (1745-1833):

MORE, Thomas (1478-1535):

MORGAN, Lewis (1818-1881):

MORRIS, William (1834-1896):

MOSCA, Gaetano (1858-1955):

MOSES (12th-13th century B.C.):

MOTT, John Raleigh (1865-1955):

MO-TZU (5th century B.C.):

MUHAMMAD (571-632):

MUHAMMAD 'ABDUH (1849-1905):

MÜLLER, Friedrich Maximilian (1823-1900):

MÜLLER, George (1805-1898):

MÜNZER, Thomas (1490-1525):

MURRAY, Andrew Jr. (1828-1917):

MYSTERY RELIGIONS:

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NAGANUMA, Mrs. Myoko (1899-1957):

NAGARJUNA (2nd century):

NANAK (1469-1504):

NASA'I, Ab 'Abd al-Rahman Ahmad B. Shu'aib (830-915):

NATURAL THEOLOGY:

NATURAL REVELATION:

NATURE-FREEDOM:

NAZARENE, THE CHURCH OF:

NEANDER, Johann August Wilhelm (1789-1850):

NEE, Watchman (1903-1972):

NEEDLEMAN, Jacob (1934-):

NEO-REFORMED THEOLOGY:

NEVIUS, John L. (1829-1893):

NEW AGE MOVEMENT:

NEWMAN, John Henry (1801-1890):

NEWTON, Isaac (1642-1727):

NEWTON, John (1725-1807):

NICHIREN BUDDHISM:

NICHIREN, Shsh (1222-1282):

NIEBUHR, Helmut Richard (1893-1971):

NIEBUHR, Reinhold (1893-197l):

NIEMÖLLER, Martin (1892-1984):

NIETZSCHE, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900):

NIHIL EST INTELLECTU NISI PRIUS FUERIT IN SENSU:

NIKON (1605-1681):

NIMBRKA (14th century ?):

NINIAN (360-432):

NIWANO, Nikkyo (1906-):

NOYES, John Humphrey (1811-1886):

NUSAYR, Muhammad bin (9th century):

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OCKHAM, William of (1285-1349):

OLDHAM, Joseph Houldsworth (1874-1969):

OLDLINE CHURCHES:

ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT:

ORAL TRADITION:

ORIGEN (185-254):

ORR, James (1844-1913):

ORTEGA, Y. Gassett Jose (1883-1955):

ORTHODOX CHURCH:

ORWELL, George (1903-1950):

OTHER-DIRECTED:

OTTO, Rudolph, D. G. (1869-1937):

OWEN, John (1616-1683):

OWEN, Robert (1771-1858):

OXFORD MOVEMENT:

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PACCEKA-BUDDHA:

PAHLAVI LITERATURE:

PAINE, Thomas (1737-1809):

PALEY, William (1743-1805):

PANNENBERG, Wolfhart (1928-):

PAPIAS (60-130):

PARACELSUS (1493-1541):

PARETO, Vilfredo (1848-1923):

PARMENIDES (513-448 B.C.):

PARSEE [Parsis]:

PARSONS, Talcot (1902-1979):

PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662):

PATAÑJALI (2nd century B.C.):

PAICCA-SAMUPPATION:

PATRICK (390-460):

PAUL, THE APOSTLE (1st century):

PAVLOV, Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936):

PEALE, Norman Vincent (1928-1986):

PEASANT'S REVOLT:

PELAGIUS (360-420):

PENN, William (1644-1718):

PEOPLE'S TEMPLE:

PERSPICUITY OF SCRIPTURE:

PETER (1st century):

PETER Lombard (1100-1160):

PETER THE HERMIT (1050-1115):

PETITIO PRINCIPII:

PHENOMENOLOGY OF RELIGION:

PHILIPP OF HESSE (1504-1567):

PHILO (30 B.C.-50 A.D.):

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION:

PHOTIUS (810-895):

PIAGET, Jean (1896-1981):

PI-HSIA YUAN-CHUN:

PIOUS IX (1792-1878):

PLANCK, Max (1858-1947):

PLANTINGA, Alvin (1938-):

PLATO (427?-347 BC):

PLATO'S ACADEMY:

PLATT, Parley P. (1805-1859):

PLOTINUS (205-270 A.D.):

PLUTARCH (46-120 A.D.):

PLYMOUTH BRETHREN:

POLANYI, Michael (1891-1976):

POLYCARP (1st century):

PONTIUS PILATE (1st Century):

POPPER, Sir Karl (1902-):

PORPHYRY (232-303 A.D.):

POSITIVE THINKING:

POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC:

PRABHUPADA, A.C. Bhaktivedanta, Swami (1896-1977):

PRAYER MEETING:

PRAYERS FOR THE DEAD:

PREDESTINATION:

PRESBYTERIANISM:

PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS:

PROBLEM OF EVIL:

PROCESS THEOLOGY:

PRODHON, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865):

PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD:

PROPHET, Elizabeth Clair (1940-):

PROTAGORAS (490-410 B.C.):

PROTESTANT PRINCIPLE:

PROVERBS, BOOK OF:

PSEUDEPIGRAPHA:

PSEUDO-SCIENCE:

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION:

PTOLEMY (2nd century):

PURE LAND BUDDHISM:

PYTHAGORAS (6th century B.C.):

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QUANTUM THEORY:

QUIMBY, Phineas Parkhurst (1802-1866):

QUINE, Willard van Orman (1908-):

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RABINIC JUDAISM:

RABI'AH al-ADAWYYA (717-801):

RAD, Gerhard von (1901-1971):

RADCLIFFE-BROWN, Alfred Reginald (1881-1955):

RADHA SOAMI MOVEMENT:

RADHAKRISHNAN, Sarvepalli (1888-1975):

RAHNER, Karl (1904-1984):

RAHULABHADRA [Rhula] (6th century B.C.):

RAIKES, Robert (1735-1811):

RAMAKRISHNA, (1836-1886):

RAMANANDA (13th century):

RAMANUJA (1017-1130?):

RAMANA, Maharshi (1879-1951):

RAND, Ayn (1903-1981):

RATIONALIZATION:

RAUSCHENBUSCH, Walter (1861-1918):

REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM:

REFORMED CHURCH:

REFORMED JUDAISM:

REID, Thomas (1710-1796):

REIMARUS, Herman Samuel (1694-1768):

RELIGION AND MODERNITY:

RELIGION, TYPOLOGIES OF REACTION TO MODERNITY:

RELIGIONSGESCHICHTED:

RENAN, Joseph Ernest (1823-1892):

RESURRECTION OF CHRIST:

REVITALIZATION MOVEMENTS:

RICCI, Matteo (1552-1610):

RITSCHL, Albrecht (1822-1889):

ROBINSON, John A. T. (1919-1983):

ROMAN CATHOLICISM:

ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778):

ROY, RAM MOHAN (1774-1833):

RUSHDOONY, Rousas John (1916-):

RUSKIN, John (1819-1900):

RUSSELL, Bertrand Arthur William Earl (1872-1970):

RUSSELL, Charles Taze (1852-1916):

RUTHERFORD, Joseph Franklin, "Judge" (1869-1941):

RUTHERFORD, Samuel (1600-1661):

RYLE, Gilbert (1900-1976):

RYLE, John Charles, "J. C." (1816-1900):

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SAINT-SIMON, Claude-Henri (1760-1828):

SALISBURY, John of (1115-1180):

SALMAN (7th century):

SALVATION ARMY:

SANCTIFICATION:

SANKARA (788-838):

SANKEY, Ira David (1840-1908):

SANTAYANA, George (1863-1952):

SARGENT, William (1918-):

SARIPUTRA [sriputta] (6th century B.C.):

SARTRE, Jean-Paul (1905-1980):

SATAN, CHURCH OF:

SAVONAROLA, Girolamo (1452-1498):

SCHAEFFER, Francis August (1912-1983):

SCHELER, Max (1874-1928):

SCHELLING, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, (1775-1854):

SCHLEIERMACHER, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (1768-1834):

SCHLICK, Moritz (1882-1936):

SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur (1788-1860):

SCHWEITZER, Albert (1875-1965):

SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

SCOFIELD, Cyrus Ingerson (1843-1921):

SCOTT, Walter, Sir (1771-1832):

SECULARIZATION THESIS:

SECULARIZATION:

SENECA, Lucius Anneus (5-65 B.C.):

SERMON ON THE MOUNT:

SEVEN DEADLY SINS:

SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISM:

SHAFI'I', Muhammad ibn Idrs (767-820):

SHAFTESBURY, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord (1801-1885):

SHAHRASTANI, Muhammad bin Abd al-Karim (1076-1153):

SHAW, George Bernard (1856-1950):

SHEMBE, Amos (1907-1996):

SHEMBE, Isaia [Isaiah] (1867-1935):

SHEMBE, Johannes Galilee (1904-1975):

SHEMBE, Londa iNsiKayakho (1944-1989):

SHINRAN (1173-1262):

SHOLOKOHV, Mikhail Alekandrovich (1905-1982):

SIBYLLINE ORACLES:

SIMON STYLITES (390-459):

SIMONS, Menno (1496-1561):

SKINNER, Burrhus Frederic (1904-):

SMART, Ninian (1927-):

SMITH, Adam (1723-1790):

SMITH, Joseph (1805-1844):

SMITH, Wilfred Cantwell (1916-):

SMITH, William Robertson (1846-1894):

SMUTS, Jan Christian (1870-1950):

SNAKE HANDLERS:

SOCIAL JUSTICE:

SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION:

SOCRATES (470-400 B.C.):

SOCRATIC METHOD:

SODOM AND GOMORRAH:

SOLOVIEV, Vladimir (1853-1900):

SOLZHENITSYN, Aleksandr Isayevich (1918-):

SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.C.):

SOREL, Georges (1847-1922):

SOROKIN, Pitrim Alexandrovitch (1889-1968):

SOUTHCOTT, Joanna (1750-1814):

SPENCER, Herbert (1820-1903):

SPENGLER, Oswald (1880-1936):

SPINOZA, Baruch [or Benedict] (1632-1677):

SPIRITUAL EXERCISES:

SPIRITUAL HEALING:

SPURGEON, Charles Haddon (1834-1892):

STALIN, Joseph (1879-1953):

STANLEY, Henry Morton, Sir (1841-1904):

STARK, Rodney (1940-):

STOKER, Hendrik Gerhardus (1899-):

STRAUSS, David Friedrich (1808-1874):

SUFFERING, THE PROBLEM OF:

SUNDAR SINGH (1889-1929):

SUNDAY, William Ashley, "Billy" (1862-1935):

SUNDAY SCHOOL MOVEMENT:

SUPEREROGATION:

SUZUKI, David (1942-):

SUZUKI, Daisetsu Teitaro (1870-1966):

SWEDENBORG, Emanuel (1688-1772):

SWIFT, Jonathan (1667-1745):

SYLLABUS OF ERRORS:

SYNOPTIC GOSPELS:

SYNOPTIC PROBLEM:

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TAGORE, Rabindranath (1861-1941):

TANTRIC BUDDHISM:

TAYLOR, James Hudson (1832-1905):

TAYLOR, Jeremy (1613-1667):

TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, Pierre (1881-1955):

TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT:

TEMPLE, William (1881-1944):

TENDAI BUDDHISM:

TERESA OF ÁVILA (1515-1582):

TERMINUS A QUO:

TERMINUS AD QUEM:

TERTULLIAN, Quintus Septimius Florens (160-225):

THALES OF MILETUS (640-546 B.C.):

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY:

THERAVADA BUDDHISM:

THOMAS á KEMPIS (1380-1471):

THOMAS, GOSPEL OF:

THOMAS, M. M. (?):

THOMPSON, Francis (1859-1907):

THOREAU, Henry David (1817-1862):

THUCYDIDES (450-400 B.C.?):

TIBETAN BUDDHISM:

TILLICH, Paul (1886-1965):

TIPIAKA [TRIPIAKA -Sanskrit]:

TOCQUEVILLE, Alex de (1805-1859):

TOLAND, John (1670-1722):

TOLEDOTH YESHU:

TOLSTOY, Leo, (1828-1910):

TORQUEMADA, Tomás de (1420-1498):

TOTAL DEPRAVITY:

TOYNBEE, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975):

TRACTS FOR THE TIMES:

TRADITION DIRECTION:

TRADITIONAL RELIGION:

TRADITIONALIST:

TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION [TM]:

TRANSCENDENTALISM:

TRANSMIGRATION:

TRANSUBSTANTIATION:

TRENT, COUNCIL OF:

TROELTSCH, Ernst (1865-1923):

TURNER, Witter Victor (1920-1986):

TYLOR, Edward Burnett, Sir (1832-1917):

TYNDALE, William (1494-1536):

TYRRELL, George (1861-1909):

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ULTRAMONTANISM:

UNDERHILL, Evelyn (1875-1941):

UNIFICATION CHURCH:

UNKNOWING, CLOUD OF:

URBAN, II (1042-1099):

URIM AND THUMMIN:

URSULINE ORDER:

USSHER, James (1581-1656):

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VALENTINE (3rd century):

VALENTINUS (2nd century):

VALLABHA, (1480-1535 ?):

VASUBANDHU (4th century):

VATICAN COUNCIL:

VEDIC RELIGION:

VERIFICATION PRINCIPLE:

VICIOUS CIRCLE:

VICO, Giovannia Battista (1668-1744):

VIRGIL (70-19 B.C.):

VISHNU [Visnu -Sanskrit):

VLADAMIR (956-1015):

VOLTAIRE, [François Marie-Arouet] (1694-1778):

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WANG YANG-MING (1472-1529):

WARFIELD, Benjamin Breckinridge (1851-1921):

WATTS, Isaac (1674-1748):

WEBER, Max (1864-1920):

WEIL, Simone (1909-1943):

WELLHAUSEN, Julius (1844-1918):

WELTANSCHAUUNG:

WESLEY, Charles (1707-1788):

WESLEY, John (1703-179l):

WESTCOTT, Brooke Foss (1825-1901):

WESTPHALIA, THE PEACE OF:

WHITEHEAD, Alfred North (1861-1947):

WHITFIELD, George (1714-1770):

WILBERFORCE, William (1759-1833):

WILL TO BELIEVE:

WILLIAMS, Charles Walter Stansby (1886-1945):

WISDOM LITERATURE:

WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig, (1889-1951):

WOLFF, Christian (1679-1754):

WORDSWORTH, Christopher (1807-1885):

WORDSWORTH, William (1770-1850):

WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES:

WORLDWIDE CHURCH OF GOD:

WUNDT, William (1832-1900):

WYCLIFFE, John (1330-1384):

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XENOPHANES OF COLOPHON (570-470 B.C.):

XENOPHON (430-355 B.C.):

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YOGIC RELIGION:

YOUNG, Brigham (1801-1877):

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ZINZENDORF, Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von (1700-1760):

ZION CHRISTIAN CHURCH:

ZOROASTER (6th century B.C.):

ZOROASTRIANISM:

ZWINGLI, Ulrich (1485-1531):

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BISHOP:

literally an "overseer." From as early as the second century A.D. Bishops formed part of an organization hierarchy in CHRISTIANITY. IGNATIUS, the "Church Father," speaks of Bishops, PRESBYTERS and DEACONS referring to the structure of AUTHORITY in the CHURCH. Originally each Church seems to have had its own Bishop; later on Bishops came to control a specific territory or DIOCESE, then Archbishops and eventually the POPE were added by the Western Church. In the East, Bishops retained much of their earlier status and powers. Bishops had the power to ordain PRIESTS and were the guardians of ORTHODOX DOCTRINE.