 | The University of Virginia record February 1, 1926 |  |
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION
In the following description of courses, the number of hours represents
the amount of time each student devotes to the course. In addition to the
hours scheduled in the third and fourth years of the course, each student
devotes a considerable amount of time to practical work which does not
appear in the schedule, but the satisfactory performance of which is essential
to graduation. Thus the taking of histories, the visits to his cases in
the hospital, assisting at operations, attendance upon cases of labor, the
employment of microscopical and chemical methods of diagnosis in the
hospital, require much time which it has not seemed possible to record in
a rigid schedule.
The session, exclusive of the time devoted to examination, is divided into
a fall term of twelve weeks, a winter term of ten weeks, and a spring term
of ten weeks.
FIRST YEAR
Anatomy 1.—Twenty-four hours weekly during the first term and
twelve hours weekly during the second term. This course begins with a
systematic study of the bones, on the completion of which a part is assigned
to each student for dissection and study. On the completion of this course
each student has dissected a lateral half of the body. The student obtains
his knowledge at first hand and by his own personal efforts. The work in
gross anatomy is completed in Anatomy 3 of the second year. Dr. Bean,
Dr. Speidel and Dr. A. M. Smith.
Anatomy 2.—Six hours weekly during the third term. This course consists
of a laboratory study of the anatomy of the central nervous system
carried out in considerable detail. The gross anatomy of the spinal cord
and brain is first considered, on the completion of which sections of the
more important regions are studied carefully with the aid of the microscope.
Fresh brains and series of sections of the cord and brain are thoroughly
used. A reconstruction of the central nervous system showing the more
important pathways is prepared by each student. Dr. Bean, Dr. Speidel
and Dr. A. M. Smith.
Histology.—Three lectures or recitations and six hours of laboratory
work weekly during the first and second terms. This course aims to acquaint
the student with the microscopic structure of tissues and organs. Cytogenesis
and histogenesis are briefly considered in the case of many tissues studied.
The relation of histology to physiology and pathology is constantly kept in
view. The student is also given opportunity to acquaint himself with the
principles and practice of histological technique.
A record of seventy per cent. in this course is required for admission to
Physiology, and of eighty per cent. for admission to Pathology. Dr. Jordan
and Dr. Kindred.
Embryology.—Nine hours weekly during the third term. The laboratory
work (six hours weekly) with sections and dissections of mammalian
embryos, is supplemented by lectures, recitations, and the study of models.
The course aims to give the student a knowledge of developmental processes,
in the light of which he may the better understand the more abstruse normal
conditions of adult anatomy, as well as many anomalies and variations.
Dr. Jordan and Dr. Kindred.
Biochemistry.— Lectures and recitations, three hours weekly during the
second and third terms; and laboratory work six hours weekly during the
second term and nine hours weekly during the third term. Course comprises
the chemistry of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates; digestion, intestinal
putrefaction, feces; blood, milk, and bile; particular attention is devoted
to the chemical physiology of digestion, secretion, excretion, internal
secretion, intermediary metabolism, and nutrition. Laboratory work includes
the study of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, purine compounds, etc.;
gastric contents, blood, milk, and urine; the digestive enzymes and the digestion
A grade of seventy per cent. on this course is required for admission to
Physiology. Dr. Chanutin and Dr. Angell.
SECOND YEAR
Anatomy 3.— Eight hours weekly during the second term. This course
is the continuation of Anatomy 1, and consists of the systematic study of
topographic anatomy, with the aid of cross sections of the human body,
special dissections, and wet preparations with a review of the whole body
in relation to the needs of the student in general medicine and surgery. At
the end of this course a practical examination is given, covering the work
of Anatomy 1, 2 and 3. Dr. Bean, Dr. Speidel and Dr. A. M. Smith.
Physiology.— Lectures, recitations, and demonstrations, six hours weekly
during the first term, five hours during the second term, two hours during
the third term; laboratory work, six hours weekly during the first term,
two hours weekly during the second term. The physiology of muscle and
nerve; blood and lymph; the circulation; respiration, secretion; digestion;
nutrition and the central nervous system. The work of the laboratory closely
follows the lectures as an integral part of the study of each subject.
Open only to the students who have obtained grades of seventy per cent.
in Histology and Biochemistry. An average grade of seventy per cent. and
the satisfactory completion of the laboratory work of this course is necessary
for admission to Pharmacology. Dr. H. W. Smith and Dr. Angell.
Bacteriology and Pathology.—Twelve hours weekly throughout the session
and four additional hours a week during the second term. The work
in pathology is open only to students who have obtained a record of passed
in Histology. Bacteriology and Pathology are taught in a combined course.
Emphasis is laid upon the medical and public health aspects of bacteriology.
Autopsies and the study of gross and microscopic specimens supply the
practical work accompanying the systematic study of pathology. Opportunity
is given selected students for advanced work. Dr. Marshall, Dr.
Sanderson and Dr. Gregory.
Materia Medica.— Lectures and recitations six hours weekly and laboratory
work four hours weekly, during the first three-fourths of the fall term.
A thorough study is made of the sources, preparation, composition, properties
and interactions of medicinal substances to the end that they may be
intelligently prescribed. Special attention is paid to their standardization
for purity and potency. Prescription writing and incompatibility are
dealt with in frequent practical exercises. While the consideration of the
more important preparations of the Pharmacopeia and the New and Non-Official
Remedies consumes the greater portion of the allotted time, the
course is concluded with a critical study of many of the so-called patent
medicines. Dr. J. A. Waddell, assisted by Messrs. Boulware, Dickey,
Hart, and Turner.
Toxicology.—Lectures and recitations six hours weekly and laboratory
work four hours weekly, during the last quarter of the fall term. A systematic
review is made of the pharmacological action of such chemic agents
as are particularly liable to cause injury to health or loss of life, special
attention being given to their quantitative effects. Practical instruction is
given in the methods of isolating and identifying. The treatment of poisoning
is dealt with in detail. Dr. J. A. Waddell, assisted by Messrs. Boulware,
Dickey, Hart, and Turner.
Pharmacology.—Lectures, recitations and demonstrations six hours weekly
and laboratory work six hours weekly, during the third term. The physical
and chemical characteristics and the mode of action of representative
drugs and other chemic agents are dealt with in both didactic and practical
exercises. Special attention is given to analysing and interpreting the results
obtained in the laboratory. An average grade of seventy per cent.
on Physiology together with the satisfactory completion of the laboratory
work of Physiology is required for admission to the course. Dr. J. A. Waddell,
assisted by Messrs. Boulware, Dickey, Hart, and Turner.
Physical Diagnosis.—Four hours weekly during the third term. Instruction
is given in the principles and methods of physical examination. Attention
is given especially to the study of the normal subject. Dr. Flippin,
Dr. Mulholland and Dr. Wood.
THIRD YEAR
Clinical Diagnosis.—Six hours weekly during the first and second terms.
In this course the student is made familiar with those laboratory methods
which are helpful in the diagnosis of disease. These include, among others,
the examination of blood, urine, sputum, gastric contents, feces, spinal fluid,
exudates and transudates. Instruction is given in the Clinical Laboratory
in the north pavilion of the hospital, which is well equipped with the most
modern instruments and apparatus. Dr. Bray.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—Three hours weekly of lectures and
recitations throughout the session; six hours weekly in the clinics for one-half
the session. A systematic course of lectures, supplemented by work in
the out-patient department and hospital. The class is divided into two sections,
each of which devotes itself for half the year to the medical service
in the out-patient department, and also twice a week receives instruction on
selected cases in the wards of the hospital. There is a general medical clinic
once a week in the hospital amphitheater. Dr. Davis, Dr. Flippin, Dr.
Daniel, Dr. Nelson, Dr. D. C. Smith, Dr. Mulholland and Dr. Wood.
Dermatology and Syphilology.—Four hours weekly of lectures during
the third term, supplemented by clinics in the out-patient department.
The importance, etiology, prophylaxis, pathology, clinical history, diagnosis
and treatment of syphilis are discussed. After review of the anatomic
and histologic structure and physiology of the skin the diseases commonly
Dr. D. C. Smith.
Surgery and Gynecology.—Two hours weekly of lectures and recitations
for the first term, three hours weekly for the second and third terms, and
one hour weekly of surgical clinic throughout the session; with six hours
weekly in the out-patient department, two hours weekly in ward rounds in
the hospital. The study of surgery begins in the third year and continues
through the fourth year. In the third year the classroom work consists of
lectures and recitations, as arranged in the schedule, in which the principles
and practice of surgery, surgical diseases, surgical diagnosis, etc., are thoroughly
discussed. The out-patient department course in the third year
gives opportunities for diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases under close
personal supervision. Experience in dressings, bandaging, anesthesia and
minor surgery is afforded. Surgical appliances and technique are demonstrated
to the students, divided into small groups. The work in gynecology
follows the outlines already described for surgery. In addition, the outpatient
department affords practice in palpation, diagnosis and treatment.
Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin, Dr. Bigger and Dr. R. J. Neff.
Urology and Proctology.— Of the total time assigned to surgery, two
lecture hours weekly for the first term, and six hours weekly in the outpatient
department for one-eighth of the session are devoted to urology and
proctology. In the classroom a general survey of the surgery of the genito-urinary
tract and rectum is made by lectures and recitations. Especial emphasis
is placed upon modern methods of diagnosis and treatment. In the
out-patient department, one-eighth of the class at a time obtains supervised
experience in handling clinical cases and performing minor operations.
Opportunity is afforded for the observation of cystoscopic and proctoscopic
procedures. Dr. J. H. Neff and Dr. Townsend.
Orthopedics.—Two hours weekly during the second and third terms,
supplemented by practical work in the out-patient department. Dr. Voshell.
Roentgenology.— Lectures, and practical demonstrations to the class in
sections throughout the year. The application of the X-rays to medicine
and the interpretation of plates in diagnosis. Dr. Archer.
Phthisiotherapy.—Six hours weekly for eight weeks, with each of the
four sections of the class. The work is given in three two-hour sessions a
week, held at the Blue Ridge Sanatorium, and consists of demonstrations,
ward rounds and assignment of cases for history taking and physical examination.
At the end of each clinic session the case history, physical signs,
X-ray plates and laboratory findings are compared in conference. The
section is also invited to be present at the fluoroscopic examinations on
Friday mornings at the University Hospital. The procedure followed aims
to instruct in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis by systematically
presenting each step separately at first and later combining them all in
of the patient both in institutions and private practice. Dr. Brown.
Obstetrics and Gynecology.—Three hours of lectures weekly throughout
first and second terms, covering physiology and pathology of pregnancy,
parturition, and puerperium. Dr. Calkins and Associates.
Pediatrics.—Twenty-three hours during the fall term; thirty hours during
the winter term, supplemented by practical work in the out-patient department,
children's clinic. Each section of the class gets seventy hours in
the clinic. This is two and one-half hours three times a week for each section.
The observation and recording of symptoms and signs is taught and
a definite amount of diagnosis and treatment. Twelve hours during each
term are devoted to case conference in which an intensive course is given in
record keeping with an explanation of the significance of the signs and
symptoms elicited during examination. Twelve hours during this term
is given to field-work which consists of sending students under the supervision
of the Social Service Worker into the field to observe home conditions
and make a general sociological survey. Students are then sent out
under supervision for an independent report. Dr. Royster and Dr. W. W.
Waddell.
Elective Courses.—In the second and third terms each student may take
an elective course of approximately five hours weekly. Elective courses
vary from year to year, and include both pre-clinical and clinical subjects.
FOURTH YEAR
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—One hour weekly of medical clinic
throughout the session; five hours weekly of ward classes for one-half the
session with each of the two sections of the class. Full histories are taken
of every case, thorough examinations made, and management indicated by
the students. These records are considered in their final grading. Drs.
Davis, Flippin, Mulholland, Wood and Kimbrough.
Nervous Diseases and Insanity.—Three lectures and recitations weekly,
supplemented by clinical work during the first and second terms. In this
course is given also instruction in electrotherapeutics. Dr. Davis.
Case Teaching, Medical Ethics and Economics, and Insurance Examinations.—
Two hours weekly during the third term. Dr. Davis.
Internal Medicine.—Two lectures weekly throughout the session. In this
course the endeavor is made to bring to the attention of the senior student
the more important problems of Internal Medicine. The relationship of
recent investigations in the fields of normal and pathological physiology,
biochemistry, immunology, etc., to internal diseases is especially emphasized.
No text-book is used; students are referred to the files and current issues
of journals and to reference works in the Medical Library as sources of information.
Dr. Flippin.
Dermatology and Syphilology.—Two ward rounds weekly for nine weeks.
the Hospital for detailed study. Dr. D. C. Smith.
Surgery and Gynecology.—One hour weekly of surgical clinic throughout
the session; five hours weekly of ward classes, supplemented by clinical
work in the wards and operating room for one-half the session with each
of the two sections of the class.
Instruction in surgery is carried on by clinics and bedside demonstrations
in the hospital. In the wards the students are assigned cases, whose
histories they must take. They must also make complete physical and
clinical examinations, urine analyses, blood examinations, etc. In the ward
rounds the diagnosis, operative and other treatment, post-operative care of
the cases, complications, prognosis, etc., are discussed in detail. A large
variety of cases is available and the close contact of the students with their
cases and with the routine of hospital management offers many of the
opportunities that an interneship affords. In the operating rooms the students,
in small groups, take part in the operations, thus acquiring familiarity
with technique, anesthetization, etc. Those of the class who are not
assisting witness the operations, whose important features are demonstrated
to them.
In gynecology, urology and orthopedics the students have the same
general work as in surgery, consisting of the examination and the recording
of the cases in the public wards, attendance on ward rounds, at which the
cases are discussed, and observation and assistance in the operating rooms.
Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin, Dr. J. H. Neff, Dr. Voshell, Dr. Bigger and
Dr. R. J. Neff.
Orthopedics.—One hour weekly throughout one-half the year for ward
rounds. Dr. Voshell.
Surgical Pathology.—Two hours weekly during one-fourth the session.
This course is intended to supplement the general courses in pathology and
surgery and consists of lectures upon the pathology of surgical lesions,
demonstrations of fresh tissues obtained from the operating rooms, and
examination of microscopic sections. The student reviews pathological
technique, and frozen section work is emphasized. Dr. Bigger.
Obstetrics and Gynecology.—In small groups throughout the year instruction
is given in the practical observation of, and participation in, the
care of the pregnant and parturient woman, in the Hospital wards and
labor room. Ward rounds, and mannequin demonstrations and practice by
the individual student. Dr. Calkins and Associates.
Third Term (whole class). Three meetings weekly. Case analysis, and
discussion of special problems complete the training in these subjects. Dr.
Calkins and Associates.
Pediatrics.—Students are instructed in the wards of the Hospital twice
a week in ward rounds. In addition all students serve as clinical clerks and
have cases assigned to them for their personal care under the direction of
laboratory and acquire a knowledge of the preparation of formulae by
practical experience. Dr. Royster and Dr. W. W. Waddell.
Medical Jurisprudence.—One lecture weekly during one term of the
fourth year. The application of medical knowledge and skill to the needs
of the law is presented. References to literature are assigned for the fuller
development of special topics. Dr. J. A. Waddell.
Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat.—Two lectures weekly during
the first two terms, supplemented by regular two to three-hour clinics three
times a week throughout the session and clinical lectures to sections of the
class as suitable cases occur. The class is divided into small sections and
each student is taught the methods of examination and the use of the ophthalmoscope,
head mirror, and of the laryngeal and post-nasal mirrors. In
the clinics each patient is assigned to a student, who must take the history
and keep the record of that patient; the case is then demonstrated by the
professor in charge, and, if possible, each student makes his own examination
under the personal supervision of the attending physician. Clinical
cases are abundant, and during the year the student sees and handles practically
all the common diseases of the eye, ear and upper respiratory tract.
Dr. Hedges and Dr. Woodward.
Hygiene and Preventive Medicine.—Two hours weekly throughout the session.
The course begins with a historical sketch of the developments of
preventive medicine, including short biographical sketches of the pioneers
of hygiene. With this introduction the story of the natural history of contagious
and infectious diseases, modes of propagation and methods of prevention
engage the attention of the student. With this preparation, the
chemical and bacteriological contamination of food, water, air and soil is
made an important study. Instruction is also begun in the proper location
and construction of habitations, hospitals, schoolhouses, etc., with special
reference to the modern methods of heating, ventilating and draining. Notice
is taken of the special relations involved in military and naval hygiene.
Dr. Lambeth and Dr. Young.
| The University of Virginia record February 1, 1926 | |