University of Virginia Library

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING.

                                                                 

EDWIN ANDERSON ALDERMAN, D. C. L., LL. D.,	President.
WILLIAM MYNN THORNTON, LL. D.,	Dean.
FRANCIS HENRY SMITH, M. A., LL. D.,	Emeritus Professor of Natural Philosophy.
JOHN WILLIAM MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S.,	Emeritus Professor of General and Industrial Chemistry.
WILLIAM MORRIS FONTAINE, M. A.,	Professor of Geology and Mineralogy.
WILLIAM MYNN THORNTON, LL. D.,	Professor of Applied Mathematics.
FRANCIS PERRY DUNNINGTON, B. S., C. E.,	Professor of Analytical and Industrial Chemistry.
WILLIAM HOLDING ECHOLS, B. S., C. E.,	Professor of Pure Mathematics.
JAMES MORRIS PAGE, M. A., Ph. D.,	Professor of Pure Mathematics.
ROBERT MONTGOMERY BIRD, B. S., Ph. D.,	Collegiate Professor of Chemistry.
THOMAS LEONARD WATSON, Ph. D.,	Professor of Economic Geology.
JOSEPH HOEING KASTLE, M. S., Ph. D.,	Professor of Chemistry.
LEWIS LITTLEPAGE HOLLADAY, B. S.,	Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering.
JOHN LLOYD NEWCOMB, B. A., C. E.,	Associate Professor of Civil Engineering.
LLEWELYN GRIFFITH HOXTON, B. S., M. A.,	Associate Professor of Physics.
CHARLES HANCOCK, B. S.,	Adjunct Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Drawing.
DAVID VANCE GUTHRIE, M. A., Ph. D.,	Instructor in Physics.
GRAHAM EDGAR, B. S., Ph. D.,	Instructor in Chemistry.
ALBERT RONALD MERZ, B. S.,	Instructor in Chemistry.
CHARLES WATSON GIVENS, B. A.,	Instructor in Mathematics.
EDWARD STAPLES SMITH, M. E.,	Instructor in Mathematics.
STEPHEN TABER, B. A.,	Instructor in Economic Geology.
THOMAS ELVIN DIDLAKE,	Instructor in Mathematics.
JAMES VASS BROOKE,	Instructor in Mathematics.
JOHN MARVIN GALLALEE,	Instructor in Drawing.
JOHN WILBUR WATSON,	Instructor in Chemistry.
STANLEY REEVES, B. A.,	Assistant in Physics.
LESTER PATTON,	Assistant in Chemistry.
HENRY BOYD ANDREWS,	Assistant in Field-Work.
WARNER THROCKMORTON TABB,	Assistant in Applied Mathematics.
RICHARD POTTS JOHNSON,	Assistant in Civil Engineering.
FRANK NELSON LEWIS,	Assistant in Mechanical Engineering.
WILLIAM JACKSON MANN,	Assistant in Electrical Engineering.

ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS.

For admission to the regular Freshman Class in the Department
of Engineering the candidate must be at least sixteen years old. He
must present a certificate of honorable withdrawal from the school
last attended, or other valid proof of general good character. And
he must satisfy the Dean of the University as to his adequate preparation
for the work by passing the Entrance Examinations specified
below or by the presentation of equivalent certificates of preparation
signed by the President of a recognized institution of collegiate rank,

or by the Principal of an accredited high school. The topics required
for entrance and their values in units are as follows:

                     

English A.—Grammar and Grammatical Analysis	1
English B.—Composition and Rhetoric	1
English C.—Critical Study of Specimens of Literature	1
Mathematics A.—Algebra to Quadratics	1
Mathematics B.—Quadratics, Progressions, Binomial Formula	1
Mathematics C.—Plane Geometry	1
Mathematics D1.—Solid Geometry	½
Mathematics D2.—Plane Trigonometry	½
History.—Ancient; Mediæval; English; American (any one)	1
Electives	6
Total	14

The candidate is recommended to include among his six electives
Physical Geography, Chemistry, Physics, Mechanical Drawing, and
Shop-work (valued at one unit each). Other electives which may be offered
are History (3 units), Latin (4 units), German (2 units), French (2
units), Spanish (2 units), Botany (half unit), Zoölogy (half unit).

COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.

The candidate who has satisfied the requirements for entrance as
above defined is matriculated as a student of Engineering and admitted
to the regular Freshman Class. The studies of this class comprise
lecture-courses in Mathematics 1, Physics 1, and Chemistry 1, with
associated laboratory courses in Physics, Chemistry, and Drawing
and Shop-work, as specified below.

For advancement to the Sophomore Class the student must have
completed at least two thirds of his Freshman work. Upon entering
this class he elects his specialty. The courses thereafter diverge according
as the student is an applicant for a degree in Civil, Mechanical,
Electrical, Mining, or Chemical Engineering. Programmes of
study for each degree are given below.

The courses are so ordered that the specified entrance requirements
are adequate for the work of the Freshman Year. Each succeeding
year presupposes the completion of the work for all the foregoing
years. Students are advised to adhere strictly to the regular programmes.
The arrangements specified in them have been carefully
planned and are the best. Haphazard election is discouraged and in
extreme cases will be prohibited. No student will be registered for
a course unless in the opinion both of the Dean and of the professor

his preliminary training has fitted him for the profitable pursuit of
that course.

Students are especially advised against the attempt to crowd too
many studies into their scheme of work, and are warned that admission
to advanced courses will be granted only to those who have
adequate mathematical and scientific training to profit by them. Men
overloaded with work, too great in volume or in difficulty for their
powers, suffer inevitable discouragement and incur almost certain
failure.

MATHEMATICS.

Mathematics 1. [Page.]

In Trigonometry, a complete course in Plane and Spherical Trigonometry
is pursued with constant drill in the solution of problems,
and exercises in the use of logarithms.

In Algebra, the work begins with the Progressions and proceeds
with the study of the Binomial Formula, Convergence and Divergence
of Series, with special study of the Binomial, Exponential, and Logarithmic
Series. The study of Inequalities and Determinants prepares
for the Theory of Equations with which the course is closed.

In elementary Analytical Geometry the study of Cartesian and
Polar Coordinates is followed by numerous exercises on the graphical
representation of equations. Special attention is given to the straight
line and the representation of the general equation of the first degree
in two variables. The course is intended to prepare for the fuller
study of the Analytical Geometry of the conic sections.

Mathematics 2. [Echols].

The subject matter of this course consists of the Analytical
Geometry of the Conic Sections beginning with the circle; Differential
Calculus; Integral Calculus. It is expected to conclude the work
in Analytical Geometry early in November and then to take up the
Differential Calculus which is discussed until the March examinations.
The last term of the session is devoted exclusively to the
Integral Calculus. Applicants for advanced standing must pass a
written examination on the topics of Mathematics 1.

MECHANICS.

Mechanics 1. [Thornton].

The Fall Term is devoted to General Mechanics. The fundamental
laws of motion, force, and energy are established and applied to
the Statics and Dynamics of material particles and rigid bodies.

The work of the Winter Term is in Graphical Statics. The graphical
method is studied and applied to the analysis of roofs, bridges,
dams, walls, chimneys, and other simple structures. The elements of
the Strength of Materials are also taught.

In the Spring Term a careful study is made of Hydrostatics and
elementary Hydraulics. Special attention is given to problems of large
technical importance; such as the design of dams, aqueducts, and pipe
lines; the theory of the barometer and so on.

Parallel with the lecture courses laboratory exercises are given
in the testing of cements and mortars, of timber, and of iron and steel
and other metals.

Mechanics 2. [Thornton].

The work of the Fall Term is Strength of Materials. The fundamental
laws of strength and elasticity are developed and applied to
the analysis and design of the elements of structures and machines.

The Winter Term is given to the study of Stability of Structures;
as for example Continuous Girders and Trusses, Retaining
Walls and Reservoir Walls, Solid and Braced Elastic Arches, and
other structures of the more complex types.

In the Spring Term a course is given on Hydraulics and Hydraulic
Motors, in which the fundamental principles of this science are established
and applied to the great problems of Hydraulic Engineering;
as for example the design of aqueducts and pipe lines, the analysis
and test of turbines and pumps, and the gauging of rivers.

The practical courses, which run parallel with the lecture courses,
include advanced work in the Strength and Elasticity of Materials;
laboratory practice in Hydraulic Measurements (efflux, pipe friction,
pressure, buoyancy, and so on); and field exercises in gauging the
flow of rivers and canals.

Mechanics 3. [Thornton].

This course constitutes a complete survey of Analytical Mechanics.
The Fall Term is given to Analytical Statics, the Winter Term
to the Dynamics of a Particle, the Spring Term to the Dynamics of a
Rigid Body. For illustrative material use is made not only of such
classical topics as harmonic motion, projectile motion, planetary
motion, meteoric motion, and motion in resisting media; but examples
are taken also from engineering practice in the Kinematics of Machines,
the Dynamics of the Steam Engine, the Balancing of Single
and Coupled Engines, and others of the great problems of scientific
engineering.

PHYSICS.

Physics 1. [Hoxton].

General Physics.—This course includes Elementary Mechanics,
Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity and Magnetism. Instruction is given
by text-books and lectures accompanied by experimental demonstrations.
In addition, recitations, solution of illustrative numerical problems,
and written reports upon quantitative laboratory work done by
the student are required.

Physics 2. [Hoxton].

Electricity and Magnetism.—The elements of the Mathematical
theory are developed, free use being made of the methods of the calculus.
The lectures begin, however, with fundamental principles of
the subject. Laboratory work more advanced than that in Physics 1
will be required, occupying the student from four to six hours a week,
and calling for the more exact measurement of the chief physical
quantities here dealt with.

CHEMISTRY.

Chemistry 1. [Bird].

This class meets three times a week for lectures and works six
hours a week in the laboratory. It studies the fundamental principles
of General Chemistry—Inorganic, Organic, and Physical; but devotes
most of the time to the significant phenomena of Inorganic Chemistry.
At appropriate places the foundations of Analytical Chemistry are
taught and such special exercises are given as will emphasize the
more important chemical properties of the structural materials of Engineering,
fuels, and so on. No previous study of Chemistry is demanded;
but to students, who have received preliminary instruction
in a chemical laboratory, the exercises assigned are of a somewhat
more advanced type.

Chemistry 2. [Kastle and Edgar].

This course consists of two divisions: Part I in Organic Chemistry:
Part II in Physical Chemistry. The class meets three times a
week for lectures and works four hours a week in the laboratory. For
Part II no knowledge of the Calculus is required.

Chemistry 3. [Bird].

This is a course in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. There are three

lectures a week and at least nine hours a week must be devoted to
laboratory studies.

GEOLOGY.

Geology 1. [Watson].

General Geology.—A course of three lectures a week and nine
additional hours a week for laboratory and field work, and private
study, throughout the year. The divisions of Dynamical, Structural,
and Physiographical Geology are covered in considerable detail.
Special emphasis is given to the study of common rock-forming minerals
and rocks, building stones and ores.

Geology 2. [Watson].

Economic Geology.—This course is designed to give a general
but comprehensive account of the origin, nature, distribution and uses
of the metallic and non-metallic products of the earth with especial
reference to those of the United States. Lectures, collateral reading,
laboratory and field work to the amount of twelve hours a week
throughout the year.

DRAWING.

Drawing 1. [Thornton and Hancock].

The Freshman course combines instruction in Mechanical Drawing
and Shop-Work, the exercises begin so correlated that the student
acquires at the same time the elementary technique of Engineering
Drafting and the essentials of accuracy, neatness, and dexterity best
gained by carefully directed practise in the use of hand and machine
tools. Every exercise in the shops is the reproduction of a drawing
already worked out by the student himself at the drawing board.
Three periods a week of three hours each are assigned to this course;
two periods being given to Drawing and one to Shop-Work. The
exercises in the drafting room include free-hand and mechanical lettering,
elementary graphics, projection drawing, machine drawing,
and tracing and blue-printing. The shop exercises include benchwork
in wood and in metals, wood-turning, and work in wood and
metals with machine tools.

Drawing 2. [Thornton and Hancock].

The aim of the Sophomore course is to train the student in the
use of the graphical method not merely as a means of representation
but as an instrument of research both in Geometry and Mechanics.

The Fall Term is devoted to Descriptive Geometry, the Winter Term
to Graphical Statics. In the Spring Term the class is subdivided into
two sections, The Civil and Mining engineers are trained in Topographical
Drawing, including the construction of Maps and Plans.
The Mechanical and Electrical engineers are given a course in Machine
Drawing and Design which covers all the standard elements
used in building up a complete machine. Three periods a week of
three hours each are assigned for this work.

Drawing 3. [Thornton and Hancock].

In the Junior course the student applies the technical skill and the
graphical methods acquired in the earlier years to the independent
solution of more advanced problems in drawing and design. The
Fall Term is given to Structural Drawing, problems being assigned
in which use is made of the parallel studies of the class in the Strength
of Materials. In the Winter Term the study of Shades and Shadows
is taken up as an advanced chapter of Descriptive Geometry. In the
Spring Term a similar study is made of Linear Perspective. In this
course also three periods a week of three hours each are assigned to
the work.

CIVIL ENGINEERING.

Civil Engineering 1. [Newcomb].

Plane Surveying.—Lectures on the use and adjustment of the
Compass, Level, Transit, and Stadia: the Theory of Computations in
Surveying: the methods and proper conduct of Land, Mine, City, and
Hydrographic Surveys. Practical field exercises with Compass, Level,
Transit and Stadia.

Curves and Earthwork.—Lectures on Simple, Compound, Transition
and Vertical Curves; the form of Excavations and Embankments,
Earthwork Surveys, Computation of Volumes, Formation of Embankments,
Computation of Haul, Cost of Earthwork, Blasting. Practical
exercises in Map Drawing and Topography.

Building Construction.—Lectures on the Materials of Construction:
Soil Foundations: the design and construction of Walls, Floors,
Partitions and Roofs of buildings. Practical exercises in Structural
Drawing. Laboratory tests of Building Materials.

Civil Engineering 2. [Newcomb].

Masonry Construction.—Lectures on Foundations; the design and
construction of Dams, Retaining Walls, Bridge Piers and Abutments,

Culverts, Arches; the Theory of Reinforced Concrete; the design
and construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures. Practical exercises
in the design of Masonry Structures and in Structural Drawing.

Short Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction
of standard types of Steel and Timber Bridges. Each student makes a
complete bridge design with all necessary computations and drawings.

Railway Engineering.—Lectures on Reconnoissance and Preliminary
Surveys, Office Location, Field Location; the construction, maintenance
and operation of Railroads. In Field Work the class is divided
into squads, each squad making complete Surveys, Maps, Profiles,
and Estimates for a mile of located line.

Civil Engineering 3. [Newcomb].

Long Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction of
the more intricate Simple Trusses, Cantilever Bridges, Steel Arches,
Continuous Girders, and Swing Bridges. Each student is required to
work out stress sheets and general drawings for specified types of long
span Bridges.

Water Works and Sewers.—Lectures on the quality, sources, collection,
conveyance, purification and distribution of City Water Supplies;
the laws of flow in pipe lines and aqueducts; the drainage of
houses and streets; the collection and conveyance of sewage; the
disposal of sewage; the construction and maintenance of the works.
Practical exercises in the design of pipe lines and sewers.

Roads, Streets, and Street Railways.—Lectures on the Principles
of Road Location; the Construction and Maintenance of Earth Roads,
Broken Stone Roads, Gravel Roads; the pavements for City Streets
and Sidewalks; the Location and Construction of Street Railways.
Laboratory tests for Road Materials.

PROGRAMME OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

                                     

Class	Topics
Freshman	Mathematics 1. Trigonometry, Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry.
	Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry.
	Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism.
	Chemical Laboratory. 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing, Shop-work in wood and iron.
Sophomore	Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics.
	Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus.
	Civil Engineering 1. Plane Surveying, Curves and Earth Work, Building Construction.
	Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Topographical Drawing.
Junior	Mechanics 2. Strength of Materials, Stability of Structures, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors.
	Geology 1. General Geology, Geological Field-Work, Geological Laboratory.
	Civil Engineering 2. Masonry Construction, Short-Span Bridges, Railway Engineering.
	Drawing 3. Structural Drawing, Shades and Shadows, Perspective.
Senior	Civil Engineering 3. Long-Span Bridges, Water-Works and Sewers, Roads and Streets.
	Mechanics 3. Analytical Statics, Dynamics of a Particle, Dynamics of a Rigid Body.
	Engineering Electives.
	Graduating Thesis.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

Mechanical Engineering 1. [Hancock].

Machine Kinematics.—A careful study of plane, spheric, and screw
motions, turning pairs, slider crank chains, cams, ratchets, escapements,
toothed gears and so on. Free use is made of the drawing
board, the bulk of the work consisting in the graphic solution of problems
and the production of finished plates.

Shop work under instructors in Joinery and Turning.

Machine Design.—Consideration of the straining actions to which
machine parts are subjected; analysis and design of machine parts,
such as fastenings, journals, shafts and bearings, the investigation of
these parts or elements being, as far as possible, independent of
their application to any special machine. Both carefully penciled designs
and finished plates are required.

Shop work under instructors in the Machine Shop.

Elementary Steam Engineering.—An elementary study of the
properties of steam; of the standard modern types of steam boilers,
engines, feed water heaters, and condensers; of gas, gasoline, oil, and
alcohol engines; and of steam turbines. Laboratory exercises in
steam tests for pressure, temperature and humidity; and in tests of
steam and gasoline engines for speed, horse-power, and mechanical
efficiency.

Mechanical Engineering 2. [Hancock].

Steam Engines and Steam Boilers.—Thermodynamics of the Steam
engine; behavior of steam in the engine cylinder; effects of superheating,
jacketing, compounding, and condensing; study of the steam
boiler as a means of transferring heat energy from fuel to engine,
based on a preliminary study of the heat values of fuels, of economizers
and of feed-water heaters. Laboratory tests for steam consumption,
heat consumption, and thermodynamic efficiency of a steam
engine.

Shop work under instructors in Pattern Making.

Engine and Boiler Design.—Study and design of valves, valve
gears, and governors; straining actions to which engine parts are subjected
and the design of these parts; balancing the engine; capacity,
strength, and proportions of steam boilers and boiler furnace design;
artificial and natural draft and chimney design; design of steam mains

PROGRAMME OF STUDIES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

                                     

Class	Topics
Freshman	Mathematics 1. Trigonometry, Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry.
	Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry.
	Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism.
	Chemical Laboratory. 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing, Shop-work in wood and iron.
Sophomore	Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics.
	Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus.
	Mechanical Engineering 1. Machine Kinematics, Machine Design, Elementary Steam Engineering.
	Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Machine Drawing.
Junior	Mechanics 2. Strength of Materials, Stability of Structures, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors.
	Electrical Engineering 1. Electrical Measurements, Direct Current Machinery, Telephony, Electric Batteries.
	Mechanical Engineering 2. Steam Engines and Boilers, Engine and Boiler Design, Steam Turbines, Gas Engines.
	Drawing 3. Structural Drawing, Shades and Shadows, Perspective.
Senior	Mechanical Engineering 3. Hydraulic Machinery, Heating and Ventilation, Locomotive Engineering.
	Mechanics 3. Analytical Statics, Dynamics of a Particle, Dynamics of a Rigid Body.
	Engineering Electives.
	Graduating Thesis.

and boiler accessories. A complete engine and boiler design are required
of each student.

Shop work under instructors in the Forge Shop and in the
Foundry.

Steam Turbines and Gas Engines.—Thermodynamic theory of the
steam turbine; behavior of steam in nozzles and flow from orifices;
power and efficiency of the turbine; materials of construction, mechanics
of the turbine, and balancing the motor; study of standard types
of turbines. Theory of internal combustion engines; power, efficiency,
and economy; forces due to gas pressure and inertia; dimensions of
the engine parts. Laboratory exercises in thermodynamic and mechanical
efficiency tests of gasoline and alcohol engines. Complete
test of a steam power plant in the vicinity.

Mechanical Engineering 3. [Hancock].

Hydraulic Machinery.—Review of Theoretical Hydraulics as applied
to efflux from orifices, weirs, nozzles, and flow in pipes, canals,
and rivers; computation of the horse-power of streams and of hydraulic
transmissions; pressure machines, reciprocating pumps, water
wheels, turbines and centrifugal pumps, Complete hydraulic and
mechanical efficiency test of some water-power plant in the vicinity.

Heating and Ventilation.—Careful study and analysis of fuels
and determination of heat-values; types and arrangement of furnaces
and boilers; settings, appliances, and pipe fittings; principles of ventilation;
heat given off from radiating surfaces; systems of heating
and their design; special study of heating and ventilating public
buildings from the standpoint of correct sanitation. Laboratory exercises
in fuel tests, radiation from heating surfaces, and efficiency
tests of heating systems in large buildings.

Locomotive Engineering.—Study of the peculiarities in design
of locomotive furnaces and boilers; forced draft; valves and valve
gears; inertia effects on moving parts, their strength and design;
engine balancing; tractive force, hauling capacity, efficiency, and economy;
examination of the peculiar demands of service and investigation
of the means used to meet these demands.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

Electrical Engineering 1. [Holladay].

The work of the Fall Term is devoted to the study of the fundamental
principles of Electrical Measurements, and Electric and Magnetic
Circuits. The Arithmetic of Electrical Engineering is emphasized
by the solution of numerous well graded exercises. A parallel
course in the laboratory familiarizes the student with measuring instruments
and their uses in making tests.

The work of the Winter Term is devoted to the study of the theory
and operation of Direct Current Machinery. In the laboratory the
student submits his theory to test by determining the characteristics
and constants of commercial types of Direct Current Generators and
Motors.

During the Spring Term a study of Telephony is undertaken in
which the general principles of telephony, the design and construction
of commercial apparatus and the circuits connecting such apparatus
into operative systems are discussed. The year's work is completed
by a brief study of Primary and Secondary Batteries, the theory of
their reactions, the methods of manufacture, and some of the uses of
batteries.

Electrical Engineering 2. [Holladay].

The Fall Term is devoted to the study of the fundamental principles
of Alternating Currents and Alternating Current Apparatus.
The physics of the phenomena is emphasized and by the use of
numerous exercises the student is thoroughly drilled in original calculations.
The course is paralleled by selected laboratory exercises
which give the use of standardizing apparatus.

The Winter Term is given to the study of Photometry, Electric
Lighting, and Low Voltage Power Distributions. The student is familiarized
with the different types of Photometers, Photometric Standards,
Incandescent Lamps, Arc Lamps, and Systems of Electrical
Distribution. In the laboratory the student tests various types of
commercial lamps, and studies their luminous effects, efficiency and
general characteristics.

The Spring Term is devoted to the Design of Electrical Apparatus.
Calculations are made of the electric, magnetic and mechanical
parts of Direct Current Machines, Transformers, and Alternators; and
the operation of certain laboratory apparatus is presented and the calculations
are verified by test of the apparatus itself.

Electrical Engineering 3. [Holladay].

The Fall Term is devoted to an advanced study of Alternating
Current Phenomena as encountered in complex Electric Circuits,
Transformers, Induction Motors, Frequency Changers, Alternators
and Synchronous Motors. The Vector Method is freely employed, as
by its use the analysis of the complex phenomena of Alternating Currents
is greatly simplified.

During the Winter Term a study is made of Electric Traction and
Traction Apparatus, including the various types of Direct and Alternating
Current railway motors, controllers, brakes, rolling stock,
track, train performance, and electric railway economics.

The work of the Spring Term is in part a résumé of the
entire course, embracing a general study of the Generation and Transmission
of Electrical Energy, Prime Movers, Generating apparatus,
auxiliary apparatus, switchboards, High Tension Transmission Lines,
and economic designs of modern Electric plants and Transmission
Systems.

Laboratory exercises run parallel with the lectures throughout
the entire course.

MINING ENGINEERING.

Mining Engineering 1. [Newcomb and Hancock].

Plane Surveying.—Lectures on the uses and adjustments of the
Compass, Level, Transit and Stadia; on the computations of the Surveyor;
on the conduct of Land, Mine, City, and Hydrographic Surveys.
Practical field exercises with Compass, Level, Transit, and
Stadia.

Machine Design.—Lectures on the straining actions in Machine
Parts; on the analysis and design of such parts as fastenings, journals,
shafts, and bearings. Drafting exercises including both carefully
penciled designs, and finished plates in Machine Drawing.

Elementary Steam Engineering.—Lectures on the properties of
Steam; on the standard modern types of boilers, engines, condensers,
and feed-water heaters; on modern gas, gasoline, and alcohol engines;
and on the steam turbine. Laboratory exercises in testing steam for
pressure, temperature, and humidity; and steam and gasoline engines
for speed, horse-power, and mechanical efficiency.

[This course is identical with Chemical Engineering 1].

PROGRAMME OF STUDIES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

                                     

Class	Topics
Freshman	Mathematics 1. Trigonometry, Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry.
	Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry.
	Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism.
	Chemical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing, Shop-work in wood and iron.
Sophomore	Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics.
	Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus.
	Electrical Engineering 1. Electrical Measurements, Direct Current Machinery, Telephony, Electric Batteries.
	Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Machine Drawing.
Junior	Mechanics 2. Strength of Materials, Stability of Structures, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors.
	Physics 2. Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, Magnetic Induction, Theory of Electrical Measurements.
	Electrical Engineering 2. Alternating Currents and A. C. Apparatus, Electric Lighting and Photometry, Design of Electric Apparatus.
	Drawing 3. Structural Drawing, Shades and Shadows, Perspective.
Senior	Electrical Engineering 3. Alternating Current Phenomena, Electric Traction, High Voltage Electric Transmission.
	Mechanics 3. Analytical Statics, Dynamics of a Particle, Dynamics of a Rigid Body.
	Engineering Electives.
	Graduating Thesis.

Mining Engineering 2. [Holladay and Newcomb].

Electrical Measurements.—Lectures on the principles of electrical
measurements, and of electric and magnetic circuits. Practical
exercises in the arithmetic of Electrical Engineering, involving the
solution by the student of numerous well-graded problems. Laboratory
work on measuring instruments, and their uses in making tests.

Direct Current Machinery.—Lectures on the theory and operation
of Direct Current Electric Generators and Motors; Laboratory exercises
on the tests for determining the characteristics and the electric
and magnetic constants of commercial types of machines.

Building Construction.—Lectures on the materials of construction;
on foundations and the bearing powers of soils; on the design and construction
of walls, floors, partitions and roofs of buildings. Practical
exercises in drafting and computation. Laboratory tests of building
materials.

[This course is identical with Chemical Engineering 2].

Mining Engineering 3. [Thornton].

Exploitation of Mines.—Lectures on the principles to be observed
in prospecting; on the work of opening the mine by shaft or adit
tunnel; on the layout of the underground workings and the extraction
of the mineral; on timbering the excavation; on lighting the mine; on
mine explosions and other accidents; on mine surveys, maps, and
plans. Practical exercises solved by the student in nocturnal surveying
and on the computations and drawings of the Mining Engineer.

Mining Machinery.—Lectures on the central power plant for mining
undertakings; on the theory and operation of power transmission
lines; on the machinery for haulage, hoisting, drainage, and ventilation;
on the methods and machinery used in hydraulic mining; and on
the machinery for quarrying and ore dressing. The lectures are paralleled
by a series of practical exercises in which the student makes
independent estimates on the mechanical equipment of a projected
mine or reports on the operation and outfit of some actual mine inspected
by him.

Electricity in Mining.—Lectures on the installation of electric
lines for light and for power in mines; on the special types of generators
and motors suitable for mines; on electric locomotives and haulage;
on electrically driven hoists, pumps, and fans; on electric coal
cutters; on electric lights for mines; and on electric methods of signaling.
Practical exercises in electric computations for mine intallations

PROGRAMME OF STUDIES IN MINING ENGINEERING

                                       

Class	Topics
Freshman	Mathematics 1. Trigonometry, Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry.
	Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry.
	Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism.
	Chemical Laboratory. 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing, Shop-work in wood and iron.
Sophomore	Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics.
	Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus.
	Mining Engineering 1. Surveying, Machine Design, Elementary Steam Engineering.
	Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Topographical Drawing.
Junior	Mechanics 2. Strength of Materials, Stability of Structures, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors.
	Geology 1. General Geology, Geological Field-Work, Geological Laboratory.
	Mining Engineering 2. Electrical Measurements, Direct Current Machinery, Building Construction.
	Drawing 3. Structural Drawing, Shades and Shadows, Perspective.
Senior	Geology 2. Economic Geology, Geological Field-Work, Geological Laboratory.
	Industrial Chemistry. Chemistry of Arts and Manufactures.
	Mining Engineering 3. Exploitation of Mines, Mining Machinery, Electricity in Mining.
	Analytical Chemistry 1. Manipulation, Blowpipe Analysis, Fire Assaying, Systematic Qualitative Analysis.
	Graduating Thesis.

ANALYTICAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY.

Analytical Chemistry 1. [Dunnington].

This course consists of three lessons a week throughout the session,
after each of which the students spend three or four hours in
practical experiments in the Laboratory. A course in Chemical
Manipulation is first given, then Blowpipe Analysis, Recognition of
Ores, Fire Assaying of Ores of Lead, Gold, and Silver, and a systematic
course in Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, followed by practice
in the analysis of salts, alloys, and ores, and the examination of potable
water, coal, limestone, clay, and so on, including some simpler
quantitative determinations. Weekly written exercises are required.

Analytical Chemistry 2. [Dunnington].

The work of this course is also given in three lessons a week
throughout the session, each being followed by four hours or more
of practical laboratory work. This course is primarily one in Quantitative
Analysis. After some training in manipulation and gravimetric
estimations, the class pursues volumetric estimations and a full
course in Quantitative Analysis of minerals, ores, coal, soil, iron and
steel, technical products, and so on. Weekly written exercises are
required. As the student advances in the course he is encouraged to
undertake original research and assisted in its prosecution; and in determining
his fitness for graduation, work of this kind is considered as
having much weight.

The laboratory is open to students six days in the week, during
all the working hours of the day.

Industrial Chemistry. [Dunnington].

This course is concerned with the applications of chemistry to the
purposes of human life. It examines in detail the chemical principles
and processes specially involved in the more important arts and manufactures;
as for example the Metallurgy of iron, steel, copper, and all
the important metals: the Manufacture of limes, cements, mortars, and
other building materials: the Chemistry of explosives, lubricants,
paints, and other preservatives. Exercises in chemical computations
are regularly required.

The collections of the University in illustration of the processes
and products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured at much
expense and pains in this country, England, France, and Germany,
and are usually extensive and good; among the best on this side of the
Atlantic.

PROGRAMME OF STUDIES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

                                     

Class	Topics
Freshman	Mathematics 1. Trigonometry, Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry.
	Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry.
	Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism.
	Chemical Laboratory. 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations.
	Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing, Shop-work in wood and iron.
Sophomore	Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics.
	Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus.
	Analytical Chemistry 1. Manipulation, Blowpipe Analysis, Fire Assaying, Systematic Qualitative Analysis.
	Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Machine Drawing.
Junior	Chemistry 2. Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry.
	Analytical Chemistry 2. Gravimetric and Volumetric Determinations, Systematic Quantitative Analysis.
	Geology 1. General Geology, Geological Field-Work, Geological Laboratory.
	Chemical Engineering 1. Surveying, Machine Design, Elementary Steam Engineering.
Senior	Industrial Chemistry. Chemistry of Arts and Manufactures.
	Chemical Engineering 2. Electrical Measurements, Direct Current Machinery, Building Construction.
	Chemistry 3. Elementary Research Work in Inorganic Chemistry.
	Graduating Thesis.

CONFERENCE CLUB AND THESIS WORK.

Every candidate for a degree in Engineering will be required at
the beginning of his graduating year to submit to the Dean some
subject for independent study suited to the student's especial course
and aims. After such subject has been approved by the Dean and
the Professor in charge, the student will be expected to carry out
for himself the necessary literary and laboratory researches and to
present his results in the form of a Graduating Thesis. Such thesis
must be typewritten on standard sheets, 8 by 10½ inches, bound in
a proper cover, and handed in for final approval not later than May
25th. All necessary computations and drawings must accompany the
thesis. Serious weight will be given to this work in estimating the
student's fitness for graduation.

To stimulate the independent work of the candidates for graduation
the Junior and Senior students of this Department and the members
of the Faculty will be organized into a Conference Club, which
will conduct weekly conferences on engineering problems of immediate
value and present importance. At these meetings the candidates
for graduation will make from week to week reports of progress on
their thesis work. In addition reports will be made and illustrated
lectures will be delivered on great engineering undertakings of current
interest. From time to time addresses will be made before the
Club by the alumni of this Department and other engineers engaged
in professional practice. By vote of the regular members a limited
number of the students of the lower classes may be granted the privileges
of the Club.

A Reading Room has been fitted up for the use of the regular
members of the Club. In it the more important Engineering periodical
publications will be kept on file.

ENGINEERING ELECTIVES.

In his Senior year each candidate for graduation is required to
choose from the technical studies not required in his own group a
set of elective studies, sufficient to make up the equivalent of one
complete course. These electives are intended to broaden his outlook
on the problems of his chosen profession, and must be approved
by the head professor of the student's group and by the Dean of the
Department. As far as is consistent with a wise election the student's
personal preferences will be observed.

SCHEDULE OF LECTURE AND LABORATORY HOURS

1910-1911

                                                                 

Class	Hr.	Mon.	Tues.	Wed.	Thur.	Fri.	Sat.
Freshman	9	Math. 1		Math. 1		Math. 1
	10		Chem. 1		Chem. 1	Ph. Lab. 1	Chem. 1
	11	Draw. 1	Phys. 1	Draw. 1	Phys. 1	Ph. Lab. 1	Phys. 1
	12	Draw. 1	Ch. Lab. 1	Draw. 1	Ch. Lab. 1		Ch. Lab. 1
	1	Draw. 1	Ch. Lab. 1	Draw. 1	Ch. Lab. 1		Ch. Lab. 1
	3-5	Ph. Lab. 1		Ph. Lab. 1		Shop-Work
Sophomore	9	Draw. 2	Draw. 2	Draw. 2	Eng. 1	Eng. 1	Eng. 1
	10	Draw. 2	Draw. 2	Draw. 2
	11	Math. 2		Math. 2		Math. 2
	12
	1	Mech. 1	Mech. 1	Mech. 1
	3-5	M. E. Lab. 1	Mech. Lab. 1	M. E. Lab. 1	Mech. Lab. 1	M. E. Lab. 1
		E. E. Lab. 1		E. E. Lab. 1
		Field Wk.	Field Wk.	Field Wk.	Field Wk.	Field Wk.	Field Wk.
Junior	9	Mech. 2	Mech. 2	Mech. 2
	10	Geol. Lab.	Draw. 3	Geol. Lab.	Draw. 3	Draw. 3	Draw. 3
		Ph. Lab. 2		Ph. Lab. 2
	11	Geol. Lab.	Geol. Lab.	Geol. Lab.	Draw. 3	Draw. 3	Draw. 3
		Ph. Lab. 2		Ph. Lab. 2
	12	Geol. 1	Geol. 1	Geol. 1	Eng. 2	Eng. 2	Eng. 2
	1		Phys. 2		Phys. 2		Phys. 2
	3-5	Field Wk.	Field Wk.	Field Wk.	Field Wk.	Field Wk.	Field Wk.
		M. E. Lab. 2	Mech. Lab. 2	M. E. Lab. 2	Mech. Lab. 2	E. E. Lab. 2	E. E. Lab. 2
						M. E. Lab. 2
Senior	9				Eng. Elec.	Eng. Elec.	Eng. Elec.
	10		An. Chem. 1		An. Chem. 1		An. Chem. 1
					Me. Eng. 3	Me. Eng. 3	Me. Eng. 3
	11	Mech. 3	Mech. 3	Mech. 3	El. Eng. 3	El. Eng. 3	El. Eng. 3
	12		Ind. Chem.
	1	Geol. 2	Geol. 2	Geol. 2	Civ. Eng. 3	Civ. Eng. 3	Civ. Eng. 3
	3-5	Ind. Chem.	E. E. Lab. 3	Ind. Chem	E. E. Lab. 3	M. E. Lab. 3
						Ind. Chem.

EXAMINATIONS AND REPORTS.

Written Examinations are held at the end of each term covering
the work of that term and the results of these examinations, combined
with the student's class standing, give his Term Grade.

Regular Reports are sent out at the end of every term to the
student's parent or guardian. These state for each course followed the
term grade and the number of absences. Further comment may be
added by the Dean or the Professor, if it appears probable that such
comment would be helpful to the student. Parents are urged to examine
these reports carefully, and to exert such parental influence as
may seem needed to establish and confirm the student in habits of
industry and order.

Special Reports are sent to parents at the end of each month for
students delinquent in attendance or studiousness and for delinquents
only. When a student is making steady progress and showing due
diligence in his work only the regular reports are sent. The receipt
of a special report is evidence that, in the judgment of the Faculty,
prompt and pointed parental admonition is urgently needed.

Reexaminations are held during registration week in September.
To these reexaminations the Faculty will admit, on the recommendation
of his professor, any student of the previous session who in any
course fell below the pass mark of seventy-five per cent., but made at
least sixty-five per cent. at the regular examination. For every such
reexamination the student must pay to the Bursar on or before July
15th a fee of $5, which fee is in no case returnable. The student who
fails in any course and does not make up his deficiency on reexamination
will be required to register anew for that course and attend the
lectures and pass the regular examination, unless relieved by special
vote of the Faculty. The Dean will send to every student eligible for
reexamination a programme of the dates of the September examinations.

DEGREES.

Upon the completion of the four years course as defined in any
one of the foregoing Programmes of Study and the presentation of
an acceptable graduating thesis the Faculty will award to any student
in regular and honorable standing the appropriate Degree of Civil
Engineer, Mechanical Engineer, Electrical Engineer, Mining Engineer,
or Chemical Engineer. In each programme will be found the Topics
of Study for the several years. The hours for lectures and laboratory
exercises will be found in the Schedule. The dates for the examinations
are given in the Examination Programme.

PROGRAMME OF EXAMINATIONS—1910-1911

                                     

DATES			Freshman	Sophomore	Junior	Senior
DEC.	MAR.	JUNE
13	15	8			Anal. Chem. 2	Mechanics 3
						Min. Eng. 3
14	16	30	Mathematics 1		Civil Eng. 2	Chemistry 3
					Chemistry 2
15	17	31		Mechanics 1
16	18	1	Drawing 1		Drawing 3	Mech. Eng. 3
17	20	2		Civil Eng. 1		An. Chem. 1
				Mech. Eng. 1
				Elec. Eng. 1
19	21	3	Physics 1		Elec. Eng. 2
					Mech. Eng. 2
20	23	4			Geology 1	Indl. Chem.
					Physics 2
21	23	5		Drawing 2
23	24	7	Chemistry 1		Mechanics 2	Geology 2
23	25	29		Mathematics 2		Civil Eng. 3
						Elec. Eng. 3

(i) The student who makes an average of less than 40 per cent.
on his courses at the end of any term is dropped from the rolls.

(ii) The student who makes an average of 40 per cent., or more
at the end of any term, but who makes less than 65 per cent. on each
of his courses, is on probation for the term next ensuing.

(iii) The student—already on probation—who again makes less
than 65 per cent. on each of his courses at the end of the current
term, is dropped from the rolls.

EXPENSES OF REGULAR STUDENTS.

The average annual expenses of a student who pursues the regular
course in Engineering will be:

             

	Outside Students.	Virginians.
University Fee	$ 40	$ 40
Department Fee (average of four years)	75	30
Living Expenses (for nine months)	225	225
Books and Drawing Materials	20	20
Incidental Expenses (for nine months)	45	45
Total for average conditions	$405	$360

The Department Fee is $90 for the Freshman Year, $80 for the
Sophomore, $70 for the Junior, $60 for the Senior, and averages $75. It
entitles the student to take over again without charge any single
course of the previous year on which he may have failed. But students
who fail on two or more courses of any year are required to take them
over and pay the full fee of that year.

The University Fee of $40 entitles the student to the free use of
the Library, Gymnasium, Shops, and Laboratories; to free medical
attention; to the services of the Instructor in Physical Culture; to the
facilities of the Hospital in case of need; and covers all fees for the
regular examinations, degrees, and diplomas.

The Living Expenses include board, lodging, fuel and lights, servant
and laundry; the average is $25 a month, the minimum $18, and a
reasonable maximum $32. Books and Drawing Materials will cost
about $80 for the four year course. Incidental Expenses ought to be
kept within modest bounds; the above estimate is sufficient; large allowances
of pocket money promote idleness and attract companions
of the baser sort. No allowances are made for clothing or travelling
expenses, which vary too much to be introduced into any general estimate.

The following are payable on entrance: University Fee ($40); Department
Fee ($90-60); Contingent Deposit ($10); Books and Instruments
($20); and one month's Living Expenses ($32-18). The student
will need at entrance about $200.

In Mining and in Chemical Engineering there are additional
laboratory fees as noted below for the advanced courses in Analytical
and General Chemistry.

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVANCED STANDING.

Applicants from other colleges will be admitted provisionally
to advanced standing as candidates for a degree in Engineering upon
presentation of proper certificates covering the courses for which
credit is desired. Such certificates must be filed with the Dean, and
must be acceptable both to him and to the professors in charge of the
accredited courses. The certificate must bear the official signature of
the head of the college; must specify the character and content of the
course followed by the student; must give his marks, which should
not fall below the standard seventy-five per cent. of this University;
and must recommend the student as worthy of admission to the University
of Virginia in respect of both character and scholarship. The
final validation of such a certificate is effected by the successful completion
of the courses attended in this University.

The programme of studies offered by such a candidate for his
degree in Engineering must satisfy all the requirements for that degree
as here established. He must devote at least two full sessions
to engineering studies in this University.

Credits on Practical Work will be allowed to applicants, who
have accomplished successfully courses in Drawing, Field-Work, or
Shop-work equivalent to those given in this University, or have acquired
in professional practice the training which these courses represent.
To secure credit for such work the student must make
written application to the Dean of the Department, and with this
application must file the certificate of the chief draftsman or other
officer under whom the work was done.

Applicants for admission to the Engineering Department, who are
twenty years old, and desire to enter for the pursuit of special elective
courses, must present adequate proofs of good character and of the
needful maturity and training. Such applicants are then registered as
Special Students, and are admitted without formal examination to the
privileges of the University, but not as candidates for any titled degree.

The Expenses of special students, and of all students who pursue
elective courses, are the same as those of regular students, except as
to fees for tuition. The fee for each class taken will be $25, with the
addition of the prescribed laboratory charges, which are $5 for each
class in Mechanics, Engineering, and Physics; $10 for Chemistry.
For each class in Analytical Chemistry a special fee of $50 is charged
for tuition, plus $10 for apparatus and supplies. The fee for each class
in Drawing is $10.

HUMANISTIC STUDIES.

Students, who have enjoyed the benefits of sound preliminary
training in good high schools, are advised in all cases to enrich and
liberalize their professional course by the introduction of humanistic
studies.

Under the elective system of this University it is easy to plan a
schedule of work for a well prepared matriculate, which will at the
end of six years give him in addition to his professional degree the
general culture degree of Bachelor of Science or of Bachelor of Arts.
The additional courses required are two languages (elected from
French, German, and Latin), one historical science (History, or
Economics), English Literature, or Biblical History and Literature,
and one philosophical science (Logic, or Ethics, or Psychology).

The following is a sample schedule leading at the end of six years
to the two degrees of B. S. and C. E.

First Year—

Mathematics 1A, Eng. Lit. 1A, German 1A, Chemistry 1B.

Second Year—

Mathematics 2B, Eng. Lit. 2B, German 2B, French 1A

Third Year—

Physics 1B, French 2B, Logic 1B, Drawing 1.

Fourth Year—

Mechanics 1, Civ. Eng. 1, Economics 1B, Drawing 2.

Fifth Year—

Mechanics 2, Civ. Eng. 2, Geology 1, Drawing 3.

Sixth Year—

Mechanics 3, Civ. Eng. 3, Eng. Electives, Thesis.

The courses printed in italics are those added from the College.

DRAFTING ROOMS.

The drafting rooms are abundantly lighted and are provided with
solidly constructed tables with locked drawers for instruments and
materials. Each student is assigned to a table and has a drawer for
his exclusive use. The regular Drawing Classes execute each one
plate a week under the supervision of the Instructor in Drawing.
The more advanced students have such additional drawings assigned
by their respective professors as are needed for the full development
of the courses of study.

Careful attention is given to the training of the students in lettering,
in the conventional signs of mechanical drawing, in the proper
lay-out of drawings, and in neat and accurate execution. Exercises
are required also in tracing and in blue-printing, the rooms for which
are conveniently arranged and in close contiguity to the drafting
rooms. While, however, technical dexterity is demanded, the graphical
method is taught and used primarily as a powerful and indispensable
instrument of research, the thoughtful mastery of which is
essential for the instructed Engineer.

The construction and theory of the Polar Planimeter, the Slide
Rule, and the Pantograph are carefully taught, and the student is
trained in the practical use of these appliances for the rapid and accurate
production of estimates and copies from finished drawings.

SHOPS.

The Shop Equipment is throughout of the best quality, the machines
being all from good makers and of sizes ample for the purposes
of instruction. A full outfit of hand tools is maintained at all times.
Each shop is equipped for the instruction of a squad of sixteen students,
this being as large a number as one instructor can properly
direct at once. The Machine Shop is provided with four first-class
engine lathes, illustrating the practice of the best American makers;
with a planer, a shaper, two drill presses, a universal drilling machine
(Brown and Sharpe), and a universal grinder (same makers);
also with a gas forge for tempering tools, a cut-off saw for metal
rods, an emery wheel, and so on. The Wood Shop is furnished
with several small lathes, a large pattern maker's lathe, a jointer, a
planer, a saw bench for slitting and cross-cutting, a hand-saw, a jigsaw,
and a wood trimmer for pattern making. The Foundry has a
cupola furnace for working cast iron, a brass furnace, a core oven,
and all needful accessories for moulding and casting; the blast for the
cupola is furnished by a special blower, driven by a small high-speed
steam engine. The Forge Room is equipped with Buffalo down-draft
forges; and the necessary smith's tools; the draft is furnished by the
same blower, and the exhaust is operated by a fan driven also by the
engine. Shop instruction is given for its educational value. The purpose
of this Department is to train engineers, not artisans; and the
claims of the shops are not permitted to infringe on the truly vital
functions of the laboratories, the drafting rooms, and the lectures.

FIELD INSTRUMENTS.

The outfit of Field Instruments contains compasses, transits, and
levels of various approved makes; a solar transit, furnished also with

stadia wires and gradienter for tachymetric work; hand-levels and
clinometers for railway topography; a plane table; a sextant; together
with an adequate supply of leveling rods, telemeter rods, signal poles,
chains, tapes, pins, and so on. For hydraulic work and hydrographic
surveys a hook gauge and a current meter are provided. All students
are instructed in the theory and adjustments of the field-instruments
and in their practical use in the field. They are also required to make
up their field-books in standard forms; to reduce their surveys and
execute all the necessary profiles, plans, and maps; and to determine
lengths, areas, and volumes both from the maps and from the original
notes. A polar planimeter is provided for facilitating such estimates
and a pantograph for making reduced copies of finished drawings.

LABORATORY WORK IN STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.

The Sinclair Laboratory for work in Strength of Materials.—This
was founded on the original donation of Mrs. John Sinclair, of New
York City, as a memorial to her late husband. The collection has
since been considerably enlarged. It contains Richle and Olsen
machines, each of 100,000 pounds capacity, arranged for tensile, compressive,
and transverse tests; an Olsen torsion machine of 50,000
inch pounds capacity; an Olsen compression machine of 40,000
pounds capacity; a Ewing tester for the elasticity of rods; hand
machines for testing rods and wires under pull and small specimens of
timber and cast iron under transverse loads; Fairbanks and Olsen
cement testers of 1,000 pounds capacity each; apparatus for torsional
tests on both long wires and short wires; together with the necessary
accessory apparatus for utilizing these machines.

LABORATORY AND FIELD-WORK IN HYDRAULICS.

The equipment for this work comprises a steel tank for weir experiments
with adjustable bronze notches; a hook gauge for accurate
measurement of surface levels; a cast-iron stand pipe for experiments
on efflux with adjustable bronze orifices; a series of pipes with bends,
elbows, and tees for measuring pipe friction; and the proper manometers
and gauges for reading pressures. For the field-work the outfit
of field instruments has been enlarged by a current meter of modern
construction and a set of hollow copper ball floats for direct stream
velocity measurements.

ENGINE AND BOILER TESTS.

The Steam Engine Tests are made on the high-speed Ball engine,
which operates the shops. This motor has been specially equipped

for the purpose. It receives steam from the main line through a
Sweet separator; humidity determinations are thus made twice—
once by a separating calorimeter before the steam enters the separator,
and again by a throttling calorimeter as it enters the cylinder.
It is fitted with proper indicators, and permanent indicator rigging
so that at any time cards may be taken and the indicated horsepower
determined. In like manner a rope friction brake is so arranged
that it may be at once applied for the determination of brake
horse-power. Connections are so made with a Wheeler surface condenser
that the engine may at will be operated either condensing or
non-condensing. Provisions are made for measuring the temperatures
and the amounts of the condensation water and the condensed
steam produced during the run. With these data a complete heat
balance of the experimental run is attainable.

For Steam Boiler Tests the boilers of the University heating and
lighting plant are available. The department is equipped with the
necessary apparatus—thermometers, gauges, steam calorimeters, fuel
calorimeters, gas analyzers, scales, tanks, and so on. Students of
Mechanical Engineering are taught by practical lessons in the boiler
room the standard methods for boiler trials, and the class makes each
session at least one complete trial.

The Gas Engine Tests are made on an Otto machine of 15 I. H.
P. and 12 B. H. P. This is also provided with its friction brake, indicator
rigging, and indicator. The cooling water is run in from calibrated
tanks and provision is made for observing not only its amount
but the initial and final temperatures. Gasoline or alcohol is used
as fuel, and is run in from a graduated wrought-iron bottle, so that
the amount consumed is determined. The heating power is obtained
by an independent test with a Rosenhain calorimeter. Samples of the
burnt gases are drawn from the exhaust pipe and analyzed in an
Orsat gas apparatus. With these data, and the observed numbers
of revolutions and explosions, the heat balance is worked out.

The Refrigerating Tests are made on a Remington Ice Machine
of one ton capacity. This is an ammonia compression machine driven
by an electric motor. Instead of brine, plain water is used, heated
by a steam jet to 100 degrees and then cooled down to 40 degrees by
the machine. A run is first made with the pipes empty in order to determine
the friction horse power. The ammonia is then turned on
and the run is made under load. In both cases the power consumed
is measured both by watt-meter and by am-meter and volt-meter
readings. The tanks are accurately calibrated and careful measurements
of the temperature are made through the run. Indicator cards
are also taken from the ammonia cylinders and the number of revolutions
is registered by counter. With these data the mechanical and
thermodynamic performance of the machine are figured out.

LABORATORY WORK IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

The Scott Laboratory of Electrical Engineering.—This laboratory
was equipped and endowed by Mrs. Frances Branch Scott, of Richmond,
Va., as a memorial to her late son, an alumnus of this University.
In addition to full sets of electric meters with the appliances
for testing and calibrating them, galvanometers of the best modern
types, standard cells and resistances, standard condensers, and all
other necessary apparatus for minor tests, it contains numerous
pieces of the very best construction. Such are the Wolff potentiometer,
the Siemens and Halske Double Bridge, the Magnetic Induction
apparatus, the Duddell Oscillograph, the Station Photometer,
and so on. It contains also a number of direct current generators
and motors, a two-phase alternator, induction motors of two and
three phases, several pairs of transformers, and all the apparatus
used in testing such machines.

ROAD MATERIAL TESTS.

In the Road Material Tests the machines used are mainly those
devised by Dr. Logan Waller Page, director of the United States
office of public roads. For measuring the strength of the stone cylindrical
samples are cut out with a diamond drill and tested under impact
and in the 40,000-pound compression machine. The resistance
to abrasion is measured on fragments of the stone, rotated in heavy
cast iron cylinders mounted on their diagonals. The binding power
of the dust is measured by impact tests on cylindrical briquettes
formed under heavy hydraulic pressure. The dust for these briquettes
is produced in a ball mill fed with fine stone broken in a
small crusher. This part of the testing outfit has been installed
largely by the generous aid of Dr. Page. Useful experimental researches
on the road-building rocks and gravels of Virginia are carried
out with it each year.

BUILDINGS.

The buildings devoted wholly or in part to the work of the Department
of Engineering are the following:

The Mechanical Laboratory is the main seat of the instruction in
technical studies. It is 180 by 70 feet and contains on the main floor
the Dean's office and the offices of the three adjunct-professors; the
main lecture room; the laboratory of electrical engineering; and the
drafting room for the First and Second Year students. Above are a
smaller drafting room for advanced students, and blueprint and photographic
rooms. Below on the ground floor are another class room,
the reading room, the testing laboratory, the wood shop, the metal
shop, apparatus and store rooms, the tool room, and the students'
lavatory.

The Power House is a single-story building 110 by 40 feet. In
addition to the University boiler plant and the electric lighting plant
this contains the foundry and the forge room. The boiler plant consists
of two horizontal return-tubular boilers, each of 140 horse
power. The lighting plant consists of three electric generators directly
connected to high speed engines, the respective capacities being
25, 50, and 75 kilowatts. The whole plant is available for purposes of
instruction, study and experiment.

The Laboratory of General Chemistry, situated at the southern
end of West Range, is one of the older buildings recently remodelled
and fitted up for the work of instruction in undergraduate chemistry.
It is furnished with all the necessary apparatus and supplies, and is
comfortably heated and lighted. The engineering students, who are
taught in a separate section, have three hours in lecture each week
and six hours in the laboratory. The work is specially adapted to
their needs. The room used for work in Organic Chemistry is at the
northern end of West Range.

The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry is 150 by 60 feet. It is
a single-story building, containing the lecture room, the laboratory of
analytical chemistry, the rooms for assaying, the balance rooms, the
offices and private laboratories of the professor of Industrial and
Analytical Chemistry, and a number of store rooms. These contain
not only the usual laboratory supplies, but an extensive collection of
specimens, illustrating very completely the processes and products
of industrial chemistry, and of especial interest to engineering students.

The Geological Museum is 120 by 50 feet. It is a three-story
building. The main floor is devoted to the very extensive geological
collection of specimens, charts, relief maps, and so on. The gallery
above contains an equally good collection of minerals and numerous
models of typical crystallographic forms. The upper floor contains
the lecture rooms and the new laboratories of Economic Geology.
In the basement are stored subsidiary collections and new material
accumulated in more recent geological surveys.

The Physical Laboratory faces the Mechanical Laboratory on
the opposite side of the quadrangle, and has almost the same proportions.
The main floor contains the lecture room, the professors'
offices, the laboratory of experimental physics, and the store room for
the very large collection of apparatus used in the lectures. On the
ground floor is the laboratory of theoretical electricity, the storage
battery room, a well equipped shop for the repair and manufacture of
apparatus, and numerous smaller rooms for the work of graduate
students.