 | University of Virginia record February, 1910 |  |
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE.
| EDWIN ANDERSON ALDERMAN, D. C. L., LL. D., | President. |
| RICHARD HENRY WHITEHEAD, A. B., M. D., LL. D., | Dean. |
| JOHN WILLIAM MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S., | Emeritus Professor of Chemistry |
| JOHN STAIGE DAVIS, M. A., M. D., | Professor of Practice of Medicine and Pediatrics |
| WILLIAM ALEXANDER LAMBETH, M. D., Ph. D., | Professor of Hygiene |
| RICHARD HENRY WHITEHEAD, A. B., M. D., LL. D., | Professor of Anatomy |
| WILLIAM DOUGLAS MACON, A. B., M. D., | Professor of Obstetrics |
| THEODORE HOUGH, A. B., Ph. D., | Professor of Physiology |
| STEPHEN HURT WATTS, M. A., M. D., | Professor of Surgery and Gynecology |
| HALSTEAD SHIPMAN HEDGES, M. A., M. D., | Professor of Diseases of the Eye |
| JOHN AUGUSTINE ENGLISH EYSTER, B. S., M. D., | Professor of Pharmacology, Materia Medica, and Toxicology |
| HARRY TAYLOR MARSHALL, A. B., M. D., | Professor of Pathology and Pathologist to the University Hospital |
| ROBERT FRENCH COMPTON, M. D., | Professor of Diseases of the Ear, Nose, and Throat |
| JOSEPH HOEING KASTLE, Ph. D., | Professor of Chemistry |
| JAMES CARROLL FLIPPIN, M. D., | Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine and University Physician |
| HARVEY ERNEST JORDAN, M. A., Ph. D., | Associate Professor of Anatomy (in charge of Histology and Embryology). |
| HARVEY BRINTON STONE, A. B., M. D., | Adjunct Professor of Surgery and Gynecology |
| CARL RIDGE MELOY, A. M., M. D., | Adjunct Professor of Pathology |
| GRAHAM EDGAR, B. S., Ph. D., | Instructor in Chemistry |
| EDWARD MAY MAGRUDER, M. D., | Clinical Instructor in Physical Diagnosis |
| HUGH THOMAS NELSON, M. D., | Clinical Instructor in Medicine |
| MONTE LEWIS REA, M. D., | Clinical Instructor in Pediatrics |
| RICHARD WINGFIELD GARNETT, M. D., | Clinical Intructor in Dermatology |
| WILLIAM HALL GOODWIN, B. A., M. D., | Assistant in Surgery and Resident Surgeon |
| PEDRO ALCANTARA DE FIGANIERE, M. D., | Interne in the Hospital |
| THOMAS EDWARD JONES, M. D., | Interne in the Hospital |
| ANDREW HARPER CALDWELL, M. D., | Interne in the Hospital |
| ADNA GODFREY WILDE, | Assistant in Pharmacology |
| ALFRED POWER JONES, B. A., | Assistant in Pathology |
| FRANCIS PELZER SMART, B. S., | Assistant in Histology |
| ROCKWELL EMERSON SMITH, | Assistant in Clinical Diagnosis |
Requirements for Admission to the Department of Medicine.—Applicants
for admission to the Department of Medicine are required to
present the diploma of a recognized institution of collegiate rank; or
a certificate of good standing in such an institution; or the diploma of
a recognized public or private high school having a four years course,
or acceptable certificates which represent work equivalent in amount
and character to such a high school course; and, in addition, to present
evidence of the completion of a year's work in an approved institution
of collegiate rank, this work to include satisfactory courses in
Inorganic (General) Chemistry and Biology and one of the following:
Physics, German, or French.
The completion of a year's work in Zoölogy or Botany will be accepted
as satisfying the requirement in Biology.
A student may be admitted conditioned on any one of the above
subjects except Chemistry, this condition to be removed before entering
on the work of the second year.
The requirement in Biology may be waived in the case of graduates
of approved colleges and universities.
Further information concerning the character of these requirements
and forms for certificates may be obtained by addressing the
Dean of the University, or Mr. Howard Winston, Registrar, at the
University.
Facilities for and Methods of Instruction.—In recent years many
additions have been made to the laboratory facilities of the Department,
of Organic and Physiological Chemistry, Gross Anatomy, Histology
and Embryology, Bacteriology and Pathology, Physiology, Pharmacology,
Materia Medica, and Clinical Diagnosis. These laboratories
are all presided over by trained teachers, to whom teaching
and investigation are primary considerations. The number of hours
assigned to the laboratory subjects is quite large and affords ample
time for thorough study by the best methods. The student is brought
into close contact with teachers who are both willing and able to guide
him; he gains a very large part of his knowledge at first hand and by
his own exertions, and thus acquires the habit of working out things
for himself; he becomes self-reliant, a quality essential to the practice
of his difficult profession. Trained in this manner he acquires an
understanding of the medical sciences and the ability to apply the facts
of these sciences to the subsequent study of disease. For these reasons
the great fundamental sciences receive the utmost consideration,
constituting the entire work of the first two years.
The methods of clinical instruction are based upon the belief that
no clinical teaching is efficient which is not governed by essentially
the same principles as those which govern the best laboratory teaching.
This instruction is accordingly designed to enforce a careful,
thorough, face-to-face study of disease and its management by the
individual student. The facilities afforded by the University Hospital
and Dispensary are described on a subsequent page. In the third
year, after two sessions devoted to laboratory training, the student is
introduced to the study of disease in living persons. In the dispensary
and in the hospital he learns the methods of examining patients, of
diagnosing their diseases, and of instituting rational treatment; and he
learns these things in much the same way as he studied in the laboratory,
that is to say, by doing them himself under the direction and
criticism of the instructors. This practical training is accompanied by
a systematic study of the various subjects by means of lectures, textbooks,
and recitations. With this preparation the student is ready to
enter upon the hospital work in his fourth year. Here he has advantages
for clinical training similar to those enjoyed by internes.
Each clinical patient on admission to the hospital is assigned to a
student, and that patient is regarded as his "case." The student conducts
a complete examination, records his observations in a scientific
manner, makes a diagnosis, states his views as to the treatment indicated,
and keeps a complete record of the case, all under the advice
and criticism of the physician or surgeon in charge. He is expected
to keep himself informed of the progress of the case throughout its
course; if it is one requiring surgical treatment, he assists at the operation,
and thus is able to follow all the procedures of the operator
at close range. In addition students make frequent visits to the wards
nature, treatment, and progress of various cases are gone over in detail.
To carry out this method of clinical instruction the Hospital
had last year over 1200 cases. Since the number of students in each
class is relatively small, it is clear that the Department offers capable
young men clinical advantages which are distinctly exceptional.
Opportunities are offered in the fourth year for more extended
training in certain subjects with a view toward possible specialization
after graduation. See especially the description of courses in physiology,
pharmacology, and pathology.
At the meetings of the Medical Section of the Philosophical Society
reviews of important articles and original research are presented
by the instructors and by invited guests. These meetings are open to
the students.
Regulations.—The records given after the regular examination on
a course, with their explanations, are as follows:
PASSED indicates the satisfactory completion of the course and admits
to all dependent subjects.
CONDITIONED means that to obtain a clear record on the course the
student must pass the next special examination. Failure to take or to
pass this examination is equivalent to a record of "failed."
DEFICIENT indicates that part of the work of the course has not
been completed. Upon the satisfactory completion of this work within
the time and in the manner prescribed by the professor in charge the
student receives the record "passed;" otherwise the record is "failed"
on the entire course.
FAILED indicates that the course must be repeated; except that
when the laboratory or other practical work has been satisfactorily
performed, the professor in charge may, at his discretion, excuse
the student from repeating the same; and, by special vote of the faculty,
the student may be granted optional attendance upon the course,
in whole or in part. In general a student who is repeating a course
will be required to attend all the exercises of the course, and will not
be excused from any exercise thereof because of schedule conflicts
with more advanced work.
Absence from a regular examination, when excused because of illness
or other equivalent cause, gives a record of conditioned; if not excused,
a record of failed.
To pass a regular or a special examination a grade of eighty per
cent. is required. If the grade is less than eighty per cent. but not
No student will be admitted to any subject of the second or the
third year if more than one third of the work of the preceding year
remains unfinished. If at the beginning of the year his deficiencies
have not been made up by the satisfactory completion of courses at
some school approved by the instructors in charge at this University, he may
continue as a student in the Department of Medicine only by repeating
the courses in which he has failed. In the interpretation of this rule
the values of the subjects of the first and second years are estimated in
points as follows:
Anatomy 1, 16 points; Anatomy 2, 5 points; Organic Chemistry 15
points; Histology, 14 points; Embryology, 6 points; Physiological
Chemistry, 8 points.
Anatomy 3, 16 points; Physiology, 20 points; Bacteriology, 8
points; Pathology, 20 points; Pharmacology, 8 points.
Students will not be allowed to undertake the work of the third or
fourth year until they have completed that of the first year, save by
special consent of the Medical Faculty.
A student may not take any course, either in whole or in part (as
explained under the above definition of "failed"), more than two times.
A second record of "failed" on the same course involves withdrawal
from the Department of Medicine.
Advanced Standing.—Students are admitted to advanced standing
in the second and third years under the following conditions:
1. Satisfaction of the requirements for entrance into this Department.
2. The presentation of a certificate from an accredited school of
medicine showing that the applicant has completed work equivalent to
that maintained by this Department with a grade of at least eighty
per cent. in each subject for which credit is sought. Applicants complying
with these conditions will be admitted to advanced standing
without examination. Applicants who have not completed all of the
work of the year or years preceding that to which they seek admission
are admitted to the Fall Examinations under the conditions stated
in the subsequent paragraph on Examinations. The right is reserved
in every case to obtain satisfactory evidence of the genuineness of a
certificate by correspondence with the proper authority of the school
from which the applicant comes.
No credit can be allowed for time not spent in a regular school of
medicine; except that applicants holding the degree of A. B. or B. S.
from a reputable college or university will be admitted to the second
first-year medical course.
A student who is already a graduate of a reputable school of medicine
may be received as a student in this Department for the fourth
year.
Certificates of Attendance.—Students who attend the whole regular
course of one or more of the four years are entitled to certificates
of attendance.
Requirements for Graduation.—The degree of Doctor of Medicine
is conferred by the University of Virginia upon candidates who have
complied with the entrance requirements of this Department; attended
a regular medical course of four years of at least eight months each,
the last two of which must have been at this institution; and have satisfactorily
completed all of the subjects included in the medical course.
Examinations.—These are in writing, accompanied in many subjects
by individual practical examinations. The regular examinations
are held at stated periods during the session. In addition, examinations
are held each year during the week immediately preceding the
beginning of lectures. To the latter are admitted:
1. Students of the previous session who, from illness or other
equivalent cause approved by the faculty, were unable to present
themselves for examination in any particular subject at the regular
time.
2. Students who at the regular examination of the preceding year
have attained a grade less than eighty per cent. but as much as seventy
per cent. on one or more subjects, as explained in a preceding paragraph;
or any student who has received the record of "conditioned" on
a course taken in this University.
3. Certain applicants for advanced standing, who satisfy the requirements
stated under "Advanced Standing," and meet the above
conditions of this section.
The Fall Examinations for 1910-1911 begin September twelfth,
and close September seventeenth. Application for admission to them
should be made in writing to Dr. R. H. Whitehead, Dean of the Department
of Medicine, not later than September first.
Expenses.—The tuition fees are $110 for the first year, $100 for
the second year, $80 for the third year, and $60 for the fourth year.
The annual expenses exclusive of tuition are $40 for the University
fee (which entitles the student to the use of the library, the gymnasium,
to medical attention, etc.), an average of about $200 for living
expenses, and $20 for books.
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
The work of each of the four years of the course in Medicine continues
through the nine months of the University session. Studies included
are arranged as follows:
During the first session: Organic Chemistry, Anatomy and
Anatomy of the Nervous System; Normal Histology, and Embryology;
Physiological Chemistry.
During the second session: Anatomy; Physiology; Bacteriology
and Pathology; Pharmacology; Physical Diagnosis.
During the third session: Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Toxicology;
Clinical Diagnosis; Theory and Practice of Medicine; Surgery
and Gynecology; Obstetrics.
During the fourth session: Surgery and Gynecology; Neurology,
Pediatrics, Dermatology, and Therapeutics; Hygiene; Diseases of the
Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat; Forensic Medicine; Obstetrics.
In the following description of courses, the number of hours represents
the amount of time each student devotes to the course. In addition
to the hours scheduled in the third and fourth years of the
course, each student devotes a considerable amount of time to practical
work which does not appear in the schedule, but the satisfactory
performance of which is essential to graduation. Thus the taking
of histories, the visits to his cases in the hospital, assisting at operations,
attendance upon cases of labour, the employment of microscopical
and chemical methods of diagnosis require much time which
it has not seemed possible to record in a rigid schedule. It should,
however, be stated that each student gives several hundred hours to
this required but unscheduled practical work.
ANATOMY.
Professor Whitehead.
Associate Professor Jordan.
Mr. Waddell.
Mr. Smart.
The work in this subject extends through the entire first year and
the first six months of the second year. It is divided, for the sake of
convenience, as follows:
Anatomy 1.—Six hours weekly until November 1st; twelve hours
weekly from November 1st to the end of the winter term of the first year.
This course begins with a systematic study of the bones, on the completion
and thorax, or the lower extremity and abdomen) is assigned
to each student for dissection and study. For this purpose each cadaver
is considered as composed of four parts; on the completion of
this course and Anatomy 3 each student has dissected a lateral half of
the body. Emphasis is placed upon the benefit to be derived by the
student who obtains his knowledge at first hand and by his own personal
efforts. While practical dissection and the consideration of topographical
relations make up the essential features of the course, there
are occasional lectures and frequent recitations, followed by a final
written examination in March. The satisfactory performance of the
laboratory work is essential to a passing grade. Dr. Whitehead.
Anatomy 2.—Six hours weekly during the spring term of the first
year.—This course consists in a laboratory study of the anatomy of the
central nervous system carried out in considerable detail. The gross
anatomy of the spinal cord and brain is first considered, on the completion
of which sections of the more important regions are studied
carefully with the aid of the microscope. For the purposes of the
course the laboratory is well equipped. Fresh brains are obtained each
year from the dissecting material of the department; and several excellent
series of sections of the cord and brain both of infants and
adults stained by the Weigert-Pal method are thoroughly used. The
laboratory work is supplemented by recitations and occasional lectures.
Dr. Whitehead.
Anatomy 3.—Ten hours weekly from October 1st through the fall
term and fourteen hours weekly during the winter term of the second year.
This course is the continuation of Anatomy 1, and consists of the
systematic dissection and study, by essentially the same methods, of
the parts not studied during the first year. Mr. Waddell.
Histology.—Three lectures or recitations and nine hours of laboratory
work weekly during the fall and winter terms of the first year. The
student's record in the course will depend upon his recitations, laboratory
drawing books, and final examination, both written and practical.
The course aims to acquaint the student primarily with the microscopic
structure of cells, tissues, and organs. Cytogenesis and histogenesis
are briefly considered in the case of many tissues studied; and
the relation of the whole subject of histology to pathology is never
lost sight of. The student is also given opportunity to acquaint himself
with the principles and practice of histological technique. The
laboratory is excellently equipped with microscopes, paraffin baths,
microtomes, and various accessories essential to the most favorable
presentation of this course.
A record of seventy per cent. in this course is required for admission
Dr. Jordan and Mr. Smart.
Embryology.—Nine hours weekly during the spring term of the first
year. The laboratory work (six hours weekly) is accompanied by lectures,
recitations, and the study of models and text-books. The course
aims to give the student a knowledge of developmental processes, in
the light of which he may the better understand the more abstruse
normal conditions of adult anatomy, as well as many anomalies and
variations, neoplasms and malformations. The close correlation of
obstetrics is recognized, and a correct knowledge of the fetus and its
membranes is taught from the embryological approach. The course
is made as practical as possible for the student and practitioner of
medicine. It begins with a consideration of maturation phenomena,
fertilization, segmentation, and the development of the germ-layers.
This study is made chiefly upon the ova and early stages of an invertebrate,
followed by a comparison in an amphibian. The chick is used
for the primary relations of the systems to one another; and this is
followed by the study of pig embryos, where each system is taken up
separately and the organology and histogenesis of its parts are studied.
Finally, the fetal membranes and their relations to the fetus and
uterus are studied in their variations among the amniota. Dr. Jordan
and Mr. Smart.
CHEMISTRY.
Professor Kastle.
Dr. Edgar.
Organic Chemistry.—Lectures and recitations, three hours weekly;
laboratory work four hours weekly, during the fall and winter terms of the
first year. This course includes the systematic study of organic chemistry
or the chemistry of the compounds of carbon, with special reference
to substances of importance in their relation to medicine. The
object of this course of study is to familiarize the student with the
more important organic compounds and with the methods at present
employed in chemical synthesis and to lay the foundation for subsequent
work in physiological chemistry, pharmacology, etc., etc.
A record of seventy per cent. on this course is required for admission
to physiological chemistry.
Physiological Chemistry.—Three lectures, three recitations and nine
hours of laboratory work weekly during the spring term of the first year.
This course has for its object to afford instruction in the fundamentals
of physiological chemistry, especially the chemical structure, properties,
and reactions of the more important compounds with which the
student must deal in his subsequent studies of physiology. The laboratory
thorough study of the properties of the carbohydrates, fats, soaps,
fatty acids, and proteins and of the more important members of each
of these groups; the composition of blood, milk, muscle, pancreas,
and other organs; the action of the more important digestive enzymes
and of the bile; and the chemistry of the urine. Accurate quantitative
determinations are required of urea (Folin), total nitrogen (Kjeldahl),
uric acid (Hopkins-Folin), ammonia (Folin), sugar (Fehling and
Benedict), and kreatinin (Folin). Other processes of quantitative
analysis, such as the Soxhlet method of fat determination and the
silver nitrate method of determining the total purins, are either demonstrated
or their essential manipulations carried out by the student
himself. The exceptional preparation of students not only in general
but also in organic chemistry makes it possible to acquire in this
course not only a clear understanding of the problems of physiological
chemistry but also skill in the use of the fundamental qualitative
and quantitative methods.
A grade of seventy per cent. on this course is required for admission
to Physiology.
PHYSIOLOGY.
Professor Hough.
Physiology.—Four hours weekly of lectures, recitations, and demonstrations
throughout the second year; six hours weekly of laboratory
work in the fall and winter terms. The physiology of muscle and nerve;
blood and lymph; the circulation; respiration; secretion; digestion and
nutrition; excretion; the sense organs; and the central nervous system.
The laboratory is equipped with kymographs, induction coils,
signals, muscle and heart levers, tambours, manometers, etc., for
thirty men working at one time in pairs. The work of the laboratory
closely follows the lectures and is an integral part of the study of
each subject. The student becomes practically acquainted with the
methods of modern physiological investigation and is required to hand
in tracings or other records together with full descriptions of his experiments.
The satisfactory completion of the laboratory work is as
necessary to a clear record on the course as is the passing of the final
examinations.
Open only to students who have obtained a grade of seventy per
cent. in Histology and in Physiological Chemistry. The satisfactory
completion of the laboratory work of this course is necessary for admission
to Pharmacology.
During the winter and spring terms a student's Physiological Journal
and discuss current literature.
Advanced Physiology.—Six hours weekly throughout the winter and
spring terms. An elective open to third and fourth year students who
have completed Physiology. Some one portion of physiology
—the subject changing from year to year—is studied more fully than
is possible in the required courses and students are referred to the
original literature as far as possible. As an introduction to the methods
of experimental investigation, either a number of more difficult
experiments are assigned or else the student repeats the experimental
work of some original memoir. He then undertakes, under the
guidance of the professor in charge, an investigation, which may be
continued, if desired, into the spring term. There are weekly conferences
for the discussion of the assigned reading and experiments.
The object of the course is to afford those students who are inclined
to specialize in physiology the opportunity to do so. The
course must at present be limited to four students.
BACTERIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY.
Professor Marshall.
Adjunct Professor Meloy.
Mr. Jones.
Thirteen hours weekly throughout the second year.
Bacteriology and pathology are taught throughout the second year
from September to June. Practical laboratory work by the student
with daily individual attention from the instructors forms the basis of
each course.
In Bacteriology the student is taught to prepare culture media
and to employ the usual methods necessary for the isolation and
identification of bacteria, and he learns the biological peculiarities of
the microorganisms concerned in the common bacterial diseases.
After a few days have been spent in the making of culture media,
sterilization, etc., the general technic is learned by isolating the bacteria
from the air and from exposed surfaces. Following this, the pathogenic
bacteria are taken up serially. Those receiving special attention
are the bacteria concerned in wound infections, in respiratory and intestinal
diseases, and in tuberculosis.
With several diseases the pathogenic action of the bacteria is
studied directly upon animals, the anatomical changes are observed,
the bacteria are recovered, and the diseased tissues are prepared by
the student for miscroscopic examination.
The lectures which accompany the laboratory work are designed
to set forth clearly the relation which bacteria bear to disease, to immunity,
and to preventive medicine.
The course in Pathology extends from January to June. The
greater part of the practical work is devoted to the study of the microscopic
changes occurring in disease. This is supplemented by the
study of autopsy material and museum specimens. Wherever it is possible
the development and progress of the lesions are studied experimentally.
The practical work includes the consideration of the vascular disturbances,
degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, and of benign and
malignant tumors. The diseases produced by animal parasites are
considered briefly. During the course the student has an opportunity
to learn the standard methods employed in preparing tissues for
microscopic examination, and he is called upon to witness and assist
in the autopsies.
A lecture precedes the practical work each day and in addition
selected topics are discussed more fully in a series of lectures.
Both in Bacteriology and Pathology frequent recitations are held,
and the standing of the student is determined largely from these and
from the character of his daily work.
In addition to the courses outlined above, there will be opportunities
for qualified students to engage in special work.
The work in Pathology is open only to students who have obtained
a record of eighty per cent. on Histology.
PHARMACOLOGY, MATERIA MEDICA, AND TOXICOLOGY.
Professor Eyster.
Mr. Wilde.
Pharmacology.—One hour weekly of lectures during the second term
and five hours of lectures, recitations, and demonstration and eight hours
of laboratory work weekly during the third term of the second year. In
this course a study is made of the chemical characteristics and physiological
action of representative drugs from the different pharmacological
groups. The satisfactory completion of the laboratory work
of Physiology is required for admission to the course.
Materia Medica and Pharmacy.—Three hours of lectures and recitation
and four hours of laboratory work weekly during the first term of the
third year. The more important drugs and preparations of the Pharmacopea,
together with newer non-official which bid fair to attain or
have attained considerable use, form the subject of study. In the
laboratory the student becomes familiar with the peculiarities and
methods of preparation of the different preparations of the Pharmacopea,
important drugs. Especial attention is paid to chemical and pharmaceutical
incompatibility. Prescription writing is dealt with by lecture
and frequent practical exercises.
Toxicology.—One hour of lecture and four hours of laboratory
weekly during the second term of the third year. The methods of separation
and identification of poisons.
Forensic Medicine.—One lecture weekly during the first term of the
fourth year.
The laboratory is well equipped for special study and investigation
in Pharmacology and Toxicology, and offers at all times this opportunity
to medical students and others who may wish to pursue some
special line of inquiry. The head of the department will be glad to
suggest and outline problems for investigation to any medical or other
student who has had the necessary preliminary training in physiology
or chemistry for such investigation.
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.
Professor Davis.
Associate Professor Flippin.
Dr. Magruder.
Dr. Nelson.
Dr. Rea.
Dr. Garnett.
Second Year.
Physical Diagnosis.—Four hours weekly during the spring term of the
second year. Instruction is given in the principles and methods of
physical examination. Attention is especially given to study of the
normal subject. Dr. Flippin.
Third Year.
Clinical Diagnosis.—Six hours weekly during the fall and winter
terms of the first year. In this course the student is made familiar with
those modern laboratory methods which are practically helpful in the diagnosis
of disease. These include, among others, the systematic examination
of blood, sputum, urine, gastric contents, feces, exudates,
transudates, and milk. The student is not only required to understand
the methods employed in such examinations, but by practice to
acquire the skill necessary for accurate results. The instruction is
given in the new Clinical Laboratory, situated in the north wing of
the Hospital. This laboratory is well equipped with instruments and
apparatus, and the wards of the Hospital furnish ample material for
the proper presentation of the subject. Dr. Flippin and Mr. Smith.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—Three hours weekly of lectures
and recitations throughout the third year; nine hours weekly in the clinics
for one half the session. A systematic course of lectures, supplemented
by work in the Dispensary and Hospital. The class is divided into
two sections, each of which devotes itself for half the year to the
medical service in the Dispensary and also twice a week receives instruction
on selected cases in the wards of the Hospital. There is a
general medical clinic once a week in the hospital amphitheater for
the third and fourth year students. Dr. Davis, Dr. Flippin, Dr. Magruder,
Dr. Nelson.
Fourth Year.
In the fourth year the same plan is followed in the clinical work;
each of the two sections of the class devotes itself for half the year to
the medical service in the wards of the hospital. Full histories are
taken of every case, thorough examinations made, and management
indicated by the students of each division. The records thus obtained
are kept up by the student assigned to the case, which he is expected
to follow until its discharge. The accuracy and completeness with
which this is done constitutes a large element in the determination
of fitness for graduation.
The subjects treated with the approximate division of time between
them are as follows:
Nervous Diseases and Insanity.—Three lectures and recitations
weekly supplemented by clinical work during the fall term of the fourth
year. In this course is given also instruction in electro-therapeutics.
Dr. Davis.
Pediatrics.—Three lectures and recitations weekly supplemented by
clinical work during the winter term of the fourth year. This course
of lectures is intended to point out in a brief way how disease is modified
by childhood and to indicate how the difficulties of diagnosis and
treatment due to early age may best be encountered. The principles
of infant feeding are emphasized and the student is taught how to prepare
the food. Instruction in the practical details of the subject is
given by work at the Dispensary and in the wards of the Hospital.
Dr. Davis and Dr. Rea.
Dermatology.—A brief course of lectures is given on this subject
embodying a consideration of the commoner diseases met with in medical
practice. At the Dispensary two clinics a week throughout the year
are devoted to the diseases of the skin. The senior class is divided
into sections for the work in this branch. After a brief review of the
anatomic and histologic structure and of the physiology of the skin,
the diseases most commonly met with are discussed.
The clinical material available at the University Dispensary is
utilized to the best advantage to give the students a practical working
knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of affections of the skin.
Dr. Davis and Dr. Garnett.
Case Teaching, Medical Ethics and Economics, and Insurance
Examinations.—Two hours weekly during the spring term of the fourth
year. Dr. Davis.
Therapeutics.—Two lectures weekly during the second half of the
fourth year, with five hours weekly of ward rounds for one half the
session.
The treatment of internal diseases is discussed in a systematic
course of lectures and practically demonstrated in the wards of the
Hospital. Especial attention is given to the clinical side of the
teaching of this subject, the student being required to suggest treatment
for cases assigned to him and to follow closely and make a
record of the results of the therapeutic agents employed throughout
the course of the disease.
The course includes a discussion of the preparation of food for
the sick; demonstrations of the preparation of stupes, plasters, and
poultices; and the methods of giving therapeutic baths, electrical
treatment, massage, and other therapeutic measures. Dr. Flippin.
SURGERY AND GYNECOLOGY.
Professor Watts.
Adjunct Professor Stone.
Dr. Goodwin.
Surgery and Gynecology.—During the third year, five hours weekly
of lectures and recitations, and two hours weekly of surgical clinic
throughout the session, with six hours weekly in the Dispensary for one
half the session.
During the fourth year, two hours weekly of surgical clinic throughout
the session; three hours weekly of ward classes, supplemented by
clinical work in the wards and operating room for one half the session.
Third Year.
The study of Surgery begins in the third year and continues
through the fourth year. In the third year the class room work consists
of lectures and recitations, as arranged in the schedule, in which
the Principles and Practice of Surgery, Surgical Diseases, Surgical
Diagnosis, etc., are thoroughly discussed. This also includes the
surgical specialties, Orthopedics, Genito-urinary Surgery, etc.
The Dispensary course in the third year gives opportunities for
Experience in dressings, bandaging, anesthesia, and minor
surgery is afforded. Surgical appliances and technique are demonstrated
to the students, divided into small groups.
Fourth Year.
In the fourth year the instruction is carried on by clinics and bedside
demonstrations in the hospital. In the wards the students are
assigned cases, whose histories they must take, make complete physical
and clinical examinations, urine analyses, blood examinations,
etc. In the ward rounds the diagnosis, operative and other treatment,
post-operative care of the cases, complications, prognosis, etc., are
discussed in detail. A large variety of cases is available, and the
close contact of the students with their cases and with the routine of
hospital management offer many of the opportunities that an internship
affords.
In the operating rooms the students, in small groups, take part
in the operations, thus acquiring familiarity with technique, anesthetization,
etc. Those of the class who are not assisting, witness the
operations, whose important features are demonstrated to them.
The work in Gynecology follows closely the outlines already
described for surgery. In the third year the general principles of
gynecology are taken up in lectures and recitations. In addition, the
dispensary affords practice in palpation, diagnosis and treatment.
In the fourth year the students have the same general work as in
surgery, consisting of the examination and recording of cases in the
public wards, attendance on ward rounds, at which the cases are discussed,
and observation and assistance in the operating rooms. Dr.
Watts, Dr. Stone, and Dr. Goodwin.
In addition to the above course, required of all students, the following
elective courses are offered:
Surgical Pathology.—Two hours weekly during one half of the
year. The work in this course comprises lectures upon the pathology
of surgical lesions, with especial emphasis upon the clinical diagnosis
of tumors and inflammations, the examination of microscopic sections,
and the study of fresh tissues in the gross, obtained from the operating
room. The purpose of the course is to supplement the general
courses in pathology and surgery, and to acquaint the student with
the appearance of fresh pathological material from surgical cases. Dr.
Stone.
Operative Surgery.—Five hours a week during half of the year.
This course consists of lectures upon the development of operations,
performance by the student of these operations upon living animals.
The course affords experience in the use of anesthesia, the handling
of living tissues, and post-operative treatment. The students care
for the animals from the time they enter the clinic until they are
well. Dr. Stone.
OBSTETRICS.
Professor Macon.
Obstetrics.—Three hours weekly of lectures, recitations, and manikin
demonstrations during the third year, supplemented by work with
living subjects in the wards of the Hospital.
The class is divided into sections of five for manikin instruction
and for examination of patients in the Hospital. The manikin course
forms an important part of the work, not only for teaching presentation,
position, and posture, but also the mechanism of normal and
abnormal labor and the application of forceps. When the section is
taken into the wards of the Hospital, the methods of examination,
particularly abdominal palpation, are practiced on the living subject.
In the fourth year the student attends, under the guidance of an
instructor, the labour cases in the Hospital, is required to prepare
the history of patients, and to follow up the cases through the puerperium.
Instruction is also given in the care of the new born. In
addition the student has the chance of attending patients in the outpatient
department and each student is expected to attend at least
four cases of labour.
DISEASES OF THE EYE, EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT.
Professor Hedges.
Professor Compton
Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat.—Two lectures weekly
from the beginning of the session to the first of March, supplemented by
regular clinics twice weekly throughout the fourth year and clinical lectures
to sections of the class as suitable cases occur.
No attempt is made to train specialists, but every effort is made
to render the class familiar with such common diseases of the eye,
ear, nose, and throat as the general practitioner meets in his daily
work. To this end the class is divided into small sections and each
student is taught the methods of examination and the use of the
ophthalmoscope, head-mirror, and of the laryngeal and post-nasal
mirrors. In the clinics each patient is assigned to a student who
must take the history and keep the record of that patient; the case is
student makes his own examination under the personal supervision of
the attending physician. Clinical cases are abundant, and during the
year the student sees and handles practically all the common diseases
of the eye, ear, and upper respiratory tract.
At the operations in the Hospital only as many students are allowed
to be present as can really see and appreciate what is being
done.
Valuable work is also given in the dissecting room, where the
technic of operative work is shown in a way that cannot be employed
with the living patient. Students do this work as far as
possible for themselves, especially in tracheotomy and intubation of
the larynx.
Finally the attempt is made so to ground the student in the
anatomy, physiology, general pathology, and in methods of examination
and treatment that he may diagnose and treat intelligently many
of the cases that cannot afford to go to a perhaps distant specialist;
that he may treat successfully that large class of emergency cases
that first come to the general practitioner and in which immediate
treatment is imperative; and, lastly, that he may recognize and intelligently
refer those cases that need the services of one specially
trained to this branch of work.
HYGIENE.
Professor Lambeth.
Hygiene.—Three hours weekly throughout the fourth year.
The course begins with a historical sketch of the development of
preventive medicine, including short biographical sketches of the
pioneers of Hygiene. With this introduction the story of the natural
history of contagious and infectious diseases, modes of propagation
and methods of prevention engage the attention of the student. With
this preparation, the chemical and bacteriological contamination of
food, water, air, and soil is made an important study. Instruction is
also begun in the proper location and construction of habitations, hospitals,
schoolhouses, etc., with special reference to the modern methods
of heating, ventilating, and draining. Notice is taken of the special
relations involved in military and naval hygiene.
| University of Virginia record February, 1910 | |