 | University of Virginia catalogue |  |
LITERARY DEPARTMENT.
| WILLIAM E. PETERS, LL. D. | Professor of Latin. |
| MILTON W. HUMPHREYS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D. | Professor of Greek. |
| M. SCHELE DE VERE, Ph. D., J. U. D. | Professor of Modern Languages. |
| JAMES M. GARNETT, M. A., LL. D. | Professor of English. |
| GEORGE FREDERICK HOLMES, LL. D. | Professor of Historical Science. |
| NOAH K. DAVIS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D. | Professor of Moral Philosophy. |
| WM. H. PERKINSON, Ph. D. | Adjunct Professor of Modern Languages. |
| R. HEATH DABNEY, M. A., Ph. D. | Adjunct Professor of General History. |
| ROBERT S. RADFORD, | Instructor in Latin and Greek. |
SCHOOL OF LATIN.
Professor Peters.
This School is divided into three classes—Junior, Intermediate and
Senior.
Junior Class.—A student who is able to read Cæsar or Vergil, and
has a proper acquaintance with the Forms, is prepared to enter this
class. The class begins with Sallust or a writer of like difficulty.
Systematic attention is given to the study of the Forms. The syntactical
work is the study of the Case-relations, the exact force of the
Tenses, and a consecutive outline of the connections in which the Subjunctive
Mood is required. Principles and facts explained are applied
by frequent exercises in Latin Composition. The reading is confined
to selected portions of Sallust, Ovid, Curtius, and Vergil. A limited
amount from each author is prescribed for private reading. For the
examinations, passages are selected for translation from the Latin assigned
as private reading. There are two examinations—the Intermediate,
held about the middle of the session; the Final, at its close.
These examinations are conducted in writing.
Intermediate Class.—Work in this class will be directed to the acquirement
of readiness in translation and syntactical interpretation,
with as little specialistic investigation as is consistent with a general
but sound and permanent knowledge of the language. As an indispensable
auxiliary to this end written exercises in translating English
into Latin and Latin into English will be required. Proper attention
will be given to Roman History and Literature. The metrical work
Anapæstic, Trochaic, and Iambic verses, with the verses occurring in
the odes of Horace. Translation will be confined to Livy, Horace,
Cicero, Seneca, or Tacitus. Selections from each author will be assigned
as parallel reading. There will be two written examinations—
Intermediate and Final.
Senior Class.—This class commences with Juvenal or Livy, and
reads during the session selected portions of Juvenal, Livy, Cicero,
Seneca, Tacitus, or a play of Plautus. The Case-relations are reviewed,
and the Syntax of the Verb is systematically presented. Latin versification
is taken up early in the session and continued throughout the
term. A theoretical acquaintance with this subject is insufficient.
Prompt identification and correct recitation of every variety of Latin
verse is insisted upon. A very prominent place is assigned to Latin
Composition as an indispensable means of acquiring an exact knowledge
of the Language. Portions of the authors read in the Lecture-room
are designated as parallel and private reading. The object of
parallel reading is to enable a student to acquire a more copious vocabulary
than is furnished by the limited amount of Latin read in the
Lecture-room, and to afford a wider field for the application of the
principles explained in the Lectures. In this class there are two examinations—one
occurring about the middle of the session, the second at
its close. The examinations are conducted in writing. For the second
of Final examination, passages for translation are selected partly from
the parallel and partly from Latin which the class has not read. In
this class due attention is given to Roman History and Literature:
Text-Books.—Any approved edition of the authors above named.
Grammars—Gildersleeve's, Syntax of the Verb by the Professor, Printed Lectures
by the Professor on the Latin Cases and Versification.
History—Liddell's, with Long's or any approved Atlas.
Literature—Bender's, as a Hand-book and Guide, supplemented by Lectures.
The Graduate Course in this school is intended for students who
propose to teach or who desire to equip themselves for original investigation
in the language. The scope of the work is such as to familiarize
them with the language in its several periods. An extensive
course of reading is prescribed, and subjects for independent investigation
are from time to time assigned. The Lecture-room exercises consist
in translation and the discussion by the student of the passage translated.
He is invited to propound such questions to the Professor, or to
a member of the class, as he would to a pupil. In addition, a careful
translation from some one of the best Latin prose writers is prepared,
rendering of it, and to give his reasons as well for the periods as for
the syntactical constructions employed. Though it requires at least
two years to complete this course, yet one year given to it abundantly
repays the student, as the greater part of the first year of the course is
devoted to the archaic period of the language, which cannot be considered
to any great extent in the under-graduate course.
Sanskrit.—The Professor will also give instruction in the elements
of Sanskrit whenever a sufficient number of students desire it.
SCHOOL OF GREEK.
Professor Humphreys.
The School is organized in three classes—the Junior, the Intermediate,
and the Senior. The method of instruction is by lectures, by
daily examination upon the matter of the lectures, and upon assigned
portions of the text-books, and by written and oral exercises.
A full knowledge of the regular Attic inflections and some experience
in translation are necessary as a preparation for the Junior
Class. Two books of Xenophon's Anabasis, or some suitable equivalent,
may be regarded as a proper amount of preparatory reading.
Diligent students inadequately prepared often make good progress
with the aid of a Licentiate.
Junior Class.—The work of this class is directed to the acquirement
of a practical familiarity with the simpler Attic prose. The
Grammar is rapidly but carefully reviewed; for translation into Greek,
sentences are given out which involve the vocabulary and the idioms
of the Greek texts studied. The authors read are Xenophon and
Lysias. The Geography and Political History of Greece are taught
in this class.
Intermediate Class.—This class, for which the Junior course, or
some equivalent, is the appropriate preparation, continues the study of
Attic prose usage, and enters upon the study of the Drama and of
Homer. Weekly exercises for translation into Greek are given, each
being a passage of simple but idiomatic English based on a Greek
author. Selected portions of the Grammar are closely studied, and
the whole Syntax is reviewed. The authors read are Lysias, Plato,
Euripides, and Homer. Instruction in Greek Literature and Antiquities
is given in this class.
Senior Class.—The successful pursuit of the Senior course demands
such attainments as may be acquired in the two lower classes, or an
equivalent. The authors read this session are Demosthenes, Sophocles,
Thucydides, Aristophanes, and the fragments of the Lyric Poets.
The Syntax of the Greek Verb is discussed, and courses of lectures
are given upon Metres and the History of Greek Literature. The
weekly exercises are partly based on ancient authors and partly specially
prepared or taken from standard English writers.
Text-books.—Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon (seventh edition), Veitch's
Greek Verbs, Goodwin's Greek Grammar, Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses,
and approved editions of the authors read.
For each class a course of private reading is prescribed, not restricted
to the authors named above.
The state of preparation of a pupil joining the School may often
make it expedient to take two classes at once.
In the examination of candidates for graduation, all the subjects
taught in the School are involved, and the passages set for translation
are selected from the classic writers at will.
The Graduate Course is designed primarily for those who intend
to become teachers of the classical languages, and who desire a thorough
introduction to Greek philology as a part of their professional
equipment. With such students the Professor will read and discuss
the more difficult Greek authors. Courses of private reading are
marked out, including important text-books and monographs; and by
systematic lectures, as well as by constant supervision and advice, the
Professor will aid and direct the student's endeavors. As an exercise
in the independent investigation of philological problems, each student
is from time to time expected to prepare a paper, discussing thoroughly
some topic selected by himself. Constant practice is given in Greek
composition.
Hebrew.—Elementary instruction in Hebrew will be given when
the demand for such instruction is sufficient.
SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
Spanish, Italian and Anglo-Saxon.
Professor Schele De Vere.
In Spanish and Italian each there is one class in which a number
of classic and of modern authors is read, to practice pronunciation, to
to appreciate the literary beauties of eminent writers. A much larger
number of works, mainly by modern authors, is assigned to be read
privately.
At every meeting a lecture is delivered, and to a large extent illustrated
by examples and quotations. In these lectures the Grammar
and the Syntax of each idiom are discussed. The treatment is mainly
historical, the words, the sentences, and the general structure being
exhibited as they gradually develop themselves from the earliest efforts
made by the infant nation to the highest results obtained in its so-called
Golden Age.
These lectures are accompanied by weekly exercises, translations
from the vernacular into the foreign idioms. They furnish the Professor
with evidence of the degree of success with which he has tried to
explain the rules and usages of each language. After having been
carefully marked, they are returned to the student, and then written,
in correct form. The Professor, as he writes them, accompanies the
exercises with a running commentary on the various rules that have
been violated or misunderstood.
At stated intervals the Professor reads aloud, so as to train the ear;
at others, he dictates extracts from foreign writers for the same purpose.
After the classes have become somewhat familiar with the language,
they are given a series of lectures treating of the history of the idiom.
Its forms, its structure, and its spiritual characteristics are carefully
traced through the different periods, and minutely compared with each
other. This gives an opportunity for instruction in the fundamental
rules of the Science of Language, to which much attention is given.
These lectures are followed by another course on the Literature of each
idiom. The different periods of the literature are explained and illustrated
by sketches of the lives, and criticisms on the works, of the
principal writers of each age. The parallelism between the national
growth of a people and its literary proficiency is constantly pointed
out.
In the Class of Anglo-Saxon the study of the language is mainly
pursued in its aspect as the mother of English, furnishing the student
the means of tracing the history of his native tongue from its earliest
beginning. Much attention is given to the illustration of the history
of words, their birth, their fate under the rule of the Norman, and
their subsequent modification. Extracts from Anglo-Saxon writers are
read, and the boaring of their works on the history of our race is
explained.
The following text-books are used:
Spanish.—The Professor's Grammar; Seoane's Dictionary; Velasquez' Reader;
Breton's La Independencia; Don Quijote; Calderon's El Principe Constante;
Lope's Estrella de Sevilla; Cervantes' Novelas Ejemplares; Galdos's Trafalgar;
Caballero's La Familia de Alvareda; Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature.
In default of the Professor's Grammar, now out of print, Knapp's Spanish Grammar
will be used.
Italian.—Cuore's Grammar; Foresti's Reader; Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi;
Tasso's Gerusalemme Liberata; Pellico's Le Mie Prigioni; Petrarca; Dante's La
Divina Commedia.
Anglo-Saxon.—Shute's Manual of Anglo-Saxon, or Sweet's Primer; The Professor's
Studies in English; March's Anglo-Saxon Grammar (for reference); the
Anglo-Saxon Gospels.
French and German.
Adjunct Professor Perkinson.
There will be two classes in each language.
The Junior Classes embrace the work for the degree of Bachelor
of Arts. Students who desire to enter them must possess an accurate
knowledge of the elements of English grammar. They will study the
grammar of the language, and will be practiced in pronunciation, on
which special stress will be laid, and in translation, supplemented by
weekly written exercises, copious parallel reading, and a course in the
history and the literature of the language. The amount of parallel
reading to be done is definite, and is assigned at the beginning of the
session. Special attention is paid to reading at sight.
The Senior Classes study the historical grammar of the language,
given by lectures, continue the practice of translation and composition,
and enter more minutely into the study of certain authors and selected
periods. Candidates for graduation will be expected to translate at
sight any passage that may be assigned, and to render selections from
English authors into the foreign idiom.
The text-books in all the classes and the authors to be read vary from
year to year, and are subject to change at any time. The following are
the books for class-work in 1891-'92. Parallel reading will be assigned
in all classes at the beginning of the session.
Junior French.—Edgren's Grammar; De Vere's Reader; La Mare au Diable;
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme; Horace; Un Philosophe sous les Toits.
Junior German.—Whitney's Brief Grammar; Joynes-Meissner's Grammar;
Brandt's Reader; Undine; Die Jungfrau von Orleans; Minna von Barnhelm.
Senior French.—Whitney's Practical Grammar; Saintsbury's History of French
Literature; Taine's Notes sur L'Angleterre; Le Cid; Athalie; Le Tartuffe; Les
Travailleurs de la Mer.
Senior German.—Whitney's Grammar; Heine's Prosa; Egmont, Faust; Nathan
der Weise.
Gasc's French Dictionary.
Adler's German Dictionary.
Candidates for graduation in the School of Modern Languages are
required to pass examination in French and German only.
In the Graduate Course in this School students will read additional
foreign authors, pursue the study of Comparative Philology, and
write monthly essays on kindred subjects, which must give proof of
original research. A thorough knowledge of at least one ancient language,
and graduation in two modern languages, are deemed prerequisite.
Such students will have the choice between the two methods of
comparing idioms—either by tracing out the kinship existing between
several languages, or families of languages, such as the Romanic, the
Germanic, or the Slavic, in their lexical, grammatical, or psychological
nature; or by comparing with each other the different aspects borne
by one and the same idiom in its successive periods of life. The writings
of Diez, Hovelacque, Sayce, Max Müller, and others, are carefully
studied; and the final result of the whole course of study is to
be shown in a concluding dissertation evidencing original thought.
SCHOOL OF ENGLISH.
Professor Garnett.
Instruction in this School is given in three classes:
Class of Early English.—In this class the historical and philological
study of the language is pursued, the class beginning with its oldest
forms, and tracing the language, by the study of specimens, through
its different periods to the formation of modern English. After a
thorough study of the grammar, selected pieces of Old and Middle
English prose and poetry are read, with a view to acquiring a philological
knowledge of the origin and structure of English. Lectures on
the position of English in the Indo-European family of languages, and
on the history of the language, are also given. Two lectures a week.
Text-books.—Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Reader; Morris and Skeat's Specimens of
Early English, Parts I and II. For Reference.—Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old
English; Earle's Anglo-Saxon Literature; Ten Brink's Early English Literature.
Class of Modern English.—In this class the study of the descriptive
history of the language is first pursued, and then Shakespere is
with private reading of about one-fourth of the plays, is followed
by similar study of selected works of later authors. Lectures on the
history of the Elizabethan drama are given in connection with the
study of Shakspere. Two lectures a week.
Text-books.—Lounsbury's History of the English Language; for 1891-'92,
Henry V. (Rolfe's Edition); Dowden's Shakspere Primer; Abbott's Shaksperian
Grammar; Milton's Works (Clarendon and Pitt Press editions). For Reference.—The
Globe Shakspere, Fleay's Shakspere Manual; Keltie's British Dramatists.
Class of Rhetoric and English Literature.—In this class the principles
of Composition and Rhetoric are first studied, and then the study
of the history of English Literature is taken up. Along with study of
the text-books selected works of authors are assigned for private reading.
Essays are required at regular intervals. Lectures on each
subject are given in connection with the text-books when deemed
necessary. Three lectures a week.
Text-books.—Genung's Practical Elements of Rhetoric, Genung's Hand-Book
of Rhetorical Analysis; Lectures on the Anglo-Saxon and the Norman Periods;
Nicoll's Landmarks of English Literature; Minto's Manual of English Prose
Literature; Garnett's Selections in English Prose. For Reference.—Saintsbury's
History of Elizabethan Literature; Gosse's History of Eighteenth Century Literature;
Ward's English Poets.
Each class may be attended separately; but graduation in Rhetoric
and English Literature in addition to one of the other classes will be
necessary for a diploma of graduation in the School.
N. B.—Books marked "For reference" are used at the option of the
student.
Graduate Courses will be arranged to suit the needs of those students
who desire to pursue further either philological or literary
studies. The former will comprise the further study of Anglo-Saxon
and Middle English works, especially of Anglo-Saxon poetry, or the
study of Gothic and the comparative grammar of the Teutonic languages.
The latter will comprise the study of some distinctive period
in English literature, or of some particular writer, or writers, including
the political, social, and literary characteristics of the age under consideration.
In each course a thesis will be required, giving evidence
of independent private study of some subject cognate with the course
pursued, in addition to such examinations as may be advisable. The
selection of the course and subject is left to the student himself, under
the guidance of the Professor.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE.
Science of Society.
Professor Holmes.
In this class there are two courses, each extending over a half session.
Political Economy.—In the treatment of this department of
knowledge, there is no rigid adherence to the school of Smith,
Ricardo, and Mill. The modification of older doctrines, necessitated
by the increase of productive inventions and productive operations, is
steadily regarded. Attention is paid to the inquiries and criticisms of
Thornton, Cairnes, Jevons, Marshall, etc.; and the altered views propounded
by Laveleye, Walker, and the school of the Cathedrists, are
duly considered.
Text-books.—Walker's Political Economy (advanced course); Mill's Political
Economy (abridged).
Science of Society.—The latter half of the course in this class is
devoted to the Science of Society. In this is prosecuted the investigation
of the laws and movements, the growth, decay, and constitution
of Societies, in the different phases and stages of social development.
The necessary organic functions of Society are studied in their several
forms. They are also regarded in their reciprocal relations and in
their conjoint action in successive forms of civilization. All systems
are interpreted; no ideal constitution is contemplated. The course is
descriptive of processes by which experienced results have been
obtained, not speculative in advocacy of theoretic dreams.
The Class is dependent on notes for the Lectures, as no text-book exists.
History.
Adjunct Professor Dabney.
Class of General History.—In this class—and, indeed, in the other
also—great stress is laid on the view that the career of man, as revealed
in History, is not a mere jumble of disconnected dates and
facts, but a continuous stream, having its sources and tributaries in the
far-off past, its outlet in the remote future. No attempt is made, however,
to traverse in the class-room the entire length of this stream;
for, although constant efforts are made to impress the vital connection
of nation with nation, of generation with generation, and of anterior
with ensuing conditions of historical development, the lectures are
confined to the more important periods, the student being required to
fill the gaps by private reading in a manual of General History. The
varied each year. Three lectures a week.
Text-books for 1890-'91.—Fisher's Outlines of Universal History; Cox's The
Greeks and the Persians; Curteis's Rise of the Macedonian Empire; Smith's
Rome and Carthage; Merivale's Roman Triumvirates; Capes's Age of the Antonines;
Bryce's Holy Roman Empire; Cox's Crusades; Fisher's History of the
Reformation; Dabney's Causes of the French Revolution; Morris's French Revolution
and First Empire.
Class of English and American History.—In this class the principles
taught in the class of General History will be applied to a more
special field. Such students, therefore, as have already completed the
work in General History will derive most benefit from the course. It
may be taken, however, by others; and, as considerable attention will
be paid to constitutional development, it is thought that the course
will be specially advantageous to first-year law students not applying
for a degree. Three lectures a week. Text-books will be announced
later.
The Graduate Course in this school will be varied from year to
year, but will always be designed to train the student in original research
and systematic exposition of the results. Some historical period,
with the accompanying social, political and intellectual development
of the people, will be made the subject of study. Such instructions
and directions as may be required to render those pursuits efficacious
will be given throughout the session.
SCHOOL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
Professor Davis.
There are two classes, best taken in two successive sessions:
The Class in Logic studies Deductive Logic and Inductive Logic.
Two lectures a week.
Text-books.—The Professor's Logic; Mill on Induction.
The Class in Philosophy studies Psychology, Ethics, and History
of Philosophy. Three lectures a week.
Text-books.—The Professor's Psychology; Janet's La Morale; Lotze's Grundsätze
der Praktischen Philosophie; Ueberweg's History of Philosophy.
The Graduate Course embraces the History of Philosophy, ancient
and modern, with a special study of Aristotle and Kant, and a course
in Physiological Psychology.
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