BIBLIOGRAPHY
Universal determinism is analyzed in Gustav Bergmann,
Philosophy of Science (Madison, 1957), and Ernest Nagel,
The Structure of Science (New York, 1961). Whether scien-
tific history presupposes determinism is discussed in A. C.
Danto, Analytical Philosophy of History (Cambridge and
New York, 1965); W. H. Dray, Philosophy of History (Engle-
wood Cliffs, N.J., 1964); and Morton White, The Founda-
tions of Historical Knowledge (New York, 1965); and also
in articles in Patrick Gardiner, ed., Theories of History
(Glencoe, III., 1959), and W. H. Dray, ed. Philosophical
Analysis and History (New York, 1966). On special deter-
minist theories see especially Henry Adams, The Degradation
of the Democratic Dogma (New York, 1919); Isaiah Berlin,
Historical Inevitability (London and New York, 1954); J. B.
Bury, The Idea of Progress (1920; American ed., New York,
1932 and reprints); R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of History
(Oxford and New York, 1946), and R. G. Collingwood, Essays
in the Philosophy of History, ed. W. Debbins (Austin, 1965);
George Lichtheim, Marxism (New York, 1961); M. F. Ashley
Montagu, ed., Toynbee and History (Boston, 1956).
ALAN DONAGAN
[See also
Causation in History;
Free Will; Hegelian...;
Historicism; Theodicy.]
