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The Publication of Shaftesbury's
Letter
Concerning Enthusiasm
by
Richard B. Wolf
Early in his Miscellaneous Reflections on the works collected in volumes one and two of Characteristics, Shaftesbury responds to criticism regarding the structure of A Letter concerning Enthusiasm by citing Jean LeClerc's comment that the absence of systematic argument is appropriate to a work which is a letter, not a treatise. He then proceeds to draw a distinction between true private epistles such as his own (in which order and method are quite properly concealed) and public writings merely masquerading in epistolary form or mongrel letters such as those of Seneca to Lucilius in which "the author by degrees loses sight of his correspondent, and takes the world in general for his reader or disciple."[1] Whether this strict notion of genre was present in Shaftesbury's mind at the time he penned his playful discussion of inspiration and plea for religious tolerance, or whether it developed later as a convenient reply to critics of the Letter, it is probably responsible for supplying us with the most specific composition date for any of the works in Characteristics. When the Letter, originally published in 1708, reappeared
S. F. Whitaker in "The First Edition of Shaftesbury's Moralists" briefly alludes to the story of the manuscript circulation of the Letter in the months between its composition and publication, but a fuller and more accurate account seems desirable.[3] The principal source for such an account is a copybook transcription in Shaftesbury's hand of his letter of March 1707/8 to Lord John Somers, "Lord * * * * *" to whom the Letter concerning Enthusiasm is addressed. This curious document not only reveals that the manuscript Letter had been sent to Brookmans, Somers's Hertfordshire estate, shortly after its composition but also records a subsequent experience which had greatly alarmed the work's author. Dining with a group of clergy and university men, Shaftesbury had been amazed to hear one of the company mention that the author of A Tale of a Tub was about to bring out a new piece addressed to Somers concerning prophecy, "wch the Author, he said, had taken upon him to treat in a very familiar way of Wit & Rallery, by a handle he had borrowd from the new London Prophets who made such a Noise of late."[4] Privately pressing this speaker for details after the meal, Shaftesbury was given a history of the manuscript's circulation which the man had heard from a friend. An acquaintance to whom Somers had lent the work had given it to "a principle Author," who in turn had passed it among the members of his literary club. Although Shaftesbury's informant could recite choice passages, he admitted that he had never actually seen the manuscript, but he added that he had been assured that the work was presently
Perhaps to minimize Somers's embarrassment in an awkward situation, Shaftesbury expressed scepticism about the possibility of imminent publication, speculating that this part of the story might have been invented by one of the early borrowers to prevent further circulation and to hasten the return of the manuscript. He noted with evident concern, however, that he had since learned that a copy of the work remained in the hands of the principal author. Shaftesbury's letter of March 1707/8 is prefaced with his request that Somers conceal or burn the Letter concerning Enthusiasm—a request which was probably an indirect appeal to his correspondent to recall the manuscript or to exert his influence to squelch further circulation and possible publication. Shaftesbury's uneasiness about seeing the work in print was not, as he told Somers, on account of any ill consequences that might befall its author but because "in ye beginning . . . he has accidentally exposd ye weakness of a poor old Prelate who tho he was once a professd Informer from the Roof & Board (one might say Service too) of your Friend's [Shaftesbury's] Ancestour, yet your Friend, whether as an Enthusiast, or as a sound Christian, has too scrupulouse a Conscience to make such a seeming angry Return. And considering the old Clergy-Man's better Service to ye protestant Religion & Whigg-Cause in la[t]er Times, your Friend woud be unwilling to do any thing yt might look like an exposing the Man publickly" (p. 69). The passage to which Shaftesbury referred was plainly his allusion in the Letter to "an eminent, learned, and truly Christian prelate you once knew, who could have given you a full account of his belief in fairies" (I, 7). The man in question was Edward Fowler, Bishop of Gloucester, who had supplied the Cambridge Platonist Henry More with accounts of ghosts and spirits.[5] Although Fowler's role in betraying one of Shaftesbury's forebears (the notorious first earl?) is obscure, the prelate's later good service to Protestantism and the Whigs may have included his vigorous arguments before the London clergy against the reading of James II's first Declaration of Indulgence in 1687 and the answer to a Jacobite pamphlet which reportedly earned him his bishopric in 1691.[6]
Some four months after his appeal to Somers, Shaftesbury, despite his reluctance on Fowler's account, allowed the Letter concerning Enthusiasm to be published by John Morphew, a major purveyor of tracts on the London prophets. Justifying his decision to Somers in a letter of July 12, 1708, which accompanied a printed copy of the work, the author observed that "'Twas meer Fortune It came not out in Print before now since a Printer severall
Shaftesbury's letter of July 12 to Somers is the earliest known notice of the publication of A Letter concerning Enthusiasm. No evidence of contemporary attribution to Shaftesbury survives, and the printed work, like the manuscript, was apparently believed by many to be the product of the author of A Tale of a Tub. Swift indeed felt obliged to deny his authorship privately to three different correspondents as well as publicly in the Apology first printed with the fifth edition of the Tale (1710).[8]
Publication in no way diminished the notoriety of the Letter. In the August 1708 issue of his Censura Temporum, the Reverend Samuel Parker dubbed it "Nine or ten Sheets full of such flagrant Buffoonry, Raillery and Ridicule upon all Religion, Natural as well as Reveal'd, as are enough to shock an ordinary Atheist," and declared, "When I read it, almost every
In view of the reception accorded the Letter, it is not at all surprising that two English editions of the work exist, although no one to my knowledge has ever noted the fact. Both bear the date 1708, but over half of the pages of the second consist of a line for line resetting of the first, while the remainder were reimpressed from standing type. Collation of six copies of the first edition and five of the second reveals no intermixing of the two sets of sheets, a finding which suggests that copies of the first edition had been gathered before printing of the second was begun. The order of 1708 editions can be conjectured on the basis of a correction introduced into standing type before reimpression: the omission of the redundant second "chiefly" from the sentence "'Tis in Adversity chiefly, or in ill Health, under Affliction, or Disturbance of Mind, or Discomposure of Temper, that we have chiefly recourse to it" (p. 50, lines 7-11).[11] The dropping of end type during the process of reimpression is probably responsible for two apparent errors on reimpressed page 74: the omission of a comma after "essent" (line 1) and omission of the final 's' of the catchword "sets." Improper spacing above the quotation at the top of page 72 is probably the result of another reimpression mishap, which created both vertical and horizontal shifting in the top half of the page.
A conflated description and list of variants (cited by page and line) follow:
[within double rule frame (top rule 86 mm. [first edition], 84 mm. [second edition])] A | LETTER | CONCERNING | ENTHUSIASM, | TO | My Lord *****. | [rule] | [2 rows (the second inverted) of 4 type ornaments] | [rule] | LONDON, | Printed for J. Morphew near Stationers-|Hall. M.DCC.VIII.
Collation: 8: A-K4 L2 [$2 signed (—A1, L2)], 42 leaves, pp. 1-2 3 4 5-84.
Contents: A1r title, A1v blank, A2r TO THE READER, A2v blank, A3-L2 text.
Press figures: H1v-*.
Catchwords: K1v-sets [first edition], set [second edition].
Notes: Reset pages: A-D4 E2-E3 F4 H1r F2v-H3r. Reimpressed pages: E1 E4 G4 H1v-H2r H3v-H4 I-K4 L2.
Copies: First edition: Illinois, Urbana; Michigan, Ann Arbor (microfilm); Miami University; Princeton; 2 Yale, Beinecke. Second edition: Illinois, Urbana; Newberry; Princeton; University of Chicago; Yale, Sterling (microfilm).
First Edition | Second Edition | |
8.20 | themselves | themselves |
16.2 | general | geneaal |
16.9 | kindˆ; | ~, |
20.16 | wellˆ; | ~, |
21.18 | laugh'd | laught |
35.17 | respect | Respect |
37.13 | theirs: | ~: |
50.10-11 | have chiefly recourse | have recourse |
60.7-8 | excluded in | excluded |
60.10 | settled | settl'd |
74.1 | essent, | ~ ˆ |
Notes
Shaftesbury's concern with establishing the identity of the Letter as a true epistle may also be reflected in his insertion of additional indications of direct address ("My Lord") in the 1711 version. The September date is consistent with the work's reference to a Bartholomew Fair puppet show staged "at this very time" (I, 21). In Shaftesbury's day the fair generally began on August 24 (St. Bartholomew's Day) and lasted about two weeks. Another possible confirmation of the date is provided by a one-sentence Latin note of September 6, 1707, which Shaftesbury's protégé Paul Crelle sent his patron from Oxford (Public Record Office, Shaftesbury Papers, PRO 30/24/45, pt. 3). Crelle wrote that he had located a copy of Polyaenus' Strategematum in one of the Oxford libraries and had decided to transcribe the passage he and Shaftesbury had discussed concerning the origin of the word "panic" (the note's inconclusiveness suggests that it accompanied this transcription). Had Shaftesbury asked Crelle to check the source of the etymological anecdote he wished to employ in the Letter (I, 12-13)?
Whitaker writes: "It is true that the Letter concerning Enthusiasm had been first communicated in manuscript; and it seems that an indiscretion on the part of Shaftesbury's patron nearly led to the publication by certain of his enemies of a clandestine edition with the author's name revealed. The provocation was, in particular, a satirical remark about Bishop Fowler's belief in fairies—a remark which Shaftesbury later modified. However, the Letter duly came to be printed at the author's own instigation, in the form that has become well known as the first treatise of the Characteristics" (The Library, 5th Ser., 7 [1952], 235). Although Whitaker cites the two letters upon which I base the present account, I can find no grounds in either for his inferences that the near-publication of the Letter was the work of enemies of Shaftesbury and was provoked by the allusion to Fowler.
Four of Fowler's accounts had been published after More's death in Joseph Glanvill's Saducismus Triumphatus (London, 1681), II, 230-231, 238-250. Fowler's identity as the prelate in the Letter was first recorded in the anonymous French translation Lettre sur l'enthousiasme (Hague, 1709), p. 9.
PRO 30/24/22, no. 4, pp. 86-87. Hereafter cited in the text. Benjamin Rand's transcription of this letter on pp. 386-387 of his Life, Unpublished Letters, and Philosophical Regimen of Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury (1900) is slightly inaccurate.
For the letters (to Ambrose Philips, Charles Ford, and Robert Hunter), see Harold Williams, ed., The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift (1963-65), I, 100, 110, 122. Swift's playful attribution of the Letter concerning Enthusiasm to Hunter in his letter to that friend apparently misled the dean's early nineteenth-century editor John Nichols, who cited Hunter as the work's author in his Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century ([1812-16; rpt. 1966], I, 339 n., VI, 89 n.). The error was perpetuated (although secondary attributions to Swift and Shaftesbury were recorded) in Halkett and Laing's Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous English Literature, which is probably responsible for the author cards bearing Hunter's name that appear in some library card catalogues today. For Swift's denial of authorship in his Apology, see A Tale of a Tub, To which is added the Battle of the Books and the Mechanical Operation of the Spirit, ed. A. C. Guthkelch and D. Nichol Smith (2d. ed., 1958), p. 6.
This ordering of editions suggests that the other substantive variant in the Letter, which necessitated the overrunning of a line on a reset page, may also be a correction: the omission of the unidiomatic "in" from the phrase "excluded in a Being" (p. 60, lines 7-8). The original infelicity was noted by the author of the first full-length reply to the work (probably Bishop Fowler), who offered his own correction: "I would rather have said out of" (Remarks upon the Letter to a Lord concerning Enthusiasm [1708], p. 37).
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