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Individual Stories

"The Sisters"

Date of composition: This was the first story of Dubliners to be written. It appeared in the Irish Homestead on 13 August 1904. Joyce revised it slightly in June 1905 for submission to Grant Richards, and revised it extensively before submission to Maunsel in April 1909.

Texts available: 1) Published Irish Homestead text; 2) 1905 MS; 3)


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revised MS, used for Maunsel printing; 4) late stage of Maunsel page proofs; 5) Grant Richards page proofs; 6) First Edition.

The development of the final text: This aspect of "The Sisters" has been treated thoroughly by Marvin Magalaner in Joyce, The Man, the Work, the Reputation, (1962), pp. 82-87; and Time of Apprenticeship (1959), pp. 74-86.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text: The two major changes from manuscript in the late stage of the Maunsel text which were not picked up in the Richards text seem of slight importance:

a) "We crossed ourselves and came away."
(First Edition, p. 16; Viking Compass Edition, p. 14; Jonathan Cape (1954), p. 13)

"We blessed ourselves and came away."
(late Maunsel, p. 10. The MS reads "crossed". This change must have been made in the late Maunsel only.)

b) ". . . she filled out the sherry . . . ."
(FE., p. 16; VC, p. 15; JC, p. 13)

". . . she poured out the sherry . . . ."
(late Maunsel only, p. 10)

"An Encounter"

Date of composition: The ninth in order of composition, this story was completed by mid-September 1905.

Texts available: 1) MS for Maunsel printing; 2) late stage of Maunsel printing; 3) Richards page proofs; 4) First Edition.

The development of the text: The MS and page proofs show that Joyce continued correcting and improving right up to the end, but most of these changes are small — a word or two at most. The eyes of the peculiar stranger were "sage-green" in the MS and only acquired their more sinister "bottle-green" hue in the Irish proofs. This improvement was not lost in the Richards text, but a few were and are listed below.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text:

a) ". . . some wretched fellow that writes these things for a drink." (FE 22, VC 20, JC 19)

". . . some wretched scribbler that writes these things for a drink." (late Maunsel, p. 20. The priest's condemnation of the author of The Apache Chief is intensified and related more specifically to the writing in the story.)

b) ". . . used slang freely, and spoke of Father Butler as Old Bunser." (FE 24, VC 22, JC 21)

". . . used slang freely and spoke of Father Butler as Bunsen Burner."


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(late Maunsel, p. 23. Mahony's nickname for the priest is given more point.)

c) ". . . a jerry hat with a high crown." (FE 27, VC 24, JC 24)

". . . a jerry hat with a very high crown." (late Maunsel, p. 26. This is not strictly an improvement, since it is the reading of the manuscript also. The "very" drops out of the text in the Richards page proofs, probably accidentally, and never gets back in.)

d) "The man asked me how many I had." (FE 29, VC 25, JC 25)

"The man asked me how many had I." (late Maunsel, p. 27.) As in c) just above, this is the MS reading also, apparently transposed by the compositor in setting the Richards page proofs.)

"Araby"

Date of composition: The eleventh in order of composition, this story was completed in September 1905.

Texts available: 1) late stage of the Maunsel printing; 2) Richards page proofs; 3) First Edition.

The development of the text: Though the absence of MS evidence makes speculation somewhat conjectural, this story seems to have satisfied Joyce as completely as any, for there are no major variations among the three texts available. One punctuation change apparently introduced by the compositor for the Richards edition should probably be corrected:

"It would be a splendid bazaar, she said she would love to go." (FE 36, VC 31, JC 32)

"It would be a splendid bazaar, she said; she would love to go." (late Maunsel, p. 38)

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text: None.

"Eveline"

Date of composition: The second in order of composition, this story was first published in The Irish Homestead on 10 September 1904.

Texts available: 1) Published Irish Homestead text; 2) late stage of the Maunsel printing; 3) Richards page proofs; 4) First Edition.

The development of the text: Joyce revised fairly extensively between the Irish Homestead and the Maunsel versions, and continued tinkering with an odd word or two right up to the First Edition. The changes from the Homestead text are mainly of two kinds. In revising the narration of Eveline's reverie he sometimes replaced words or phrases not quite appropriate for her with more suitable material, and he sometimes added material for the sake of its naturalistic or symbolic point. Consider the examples below. The first consists of an


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entire paragraph from the Homestead version and the late Maunsel version.

Home! She looked round the room, passing in review all its familiar objects. How many times she had dusted it, once a week at least. It was the "best" room, but it seemed to secrete dust everywhere. She had known the room for ten years — more — twelve years, and knew everything in it. Now she was going away. And yet during all those years she had never found out the name of the Australian priest whose yellowing photograph hung on the wall, just above the broken harmonium. He had been a friend of her father's — a school friend. When he showed the photograph to a friend, her father used to pass it with a casual word, "In Australia now — Melbourne."

Home! She looked round the room reviewing all its familiar objects which she had dusted once a week for so many years, wondering where on earth all the dust came from. Perhaps she would never see again those familiar objects from which she had never dreamed of being divided. And yet during all those years she had never found out the name of the priest whose yellowing photograph hung on the wall above the broken harmonium beside the coloured print of the promises made to the Blessed Margaret Mary Alacoque. He had been a school friend of her father's. Whenever he showed the photograph to a visitor her father used to pass it with a casual word:

—He is in Melbourne now.—

Irrelevant matter is pruned away. The word "secrete" which is inappropriate to the thought processes of Eveline is removed, and the Blessed Margaret Mary Alacoque is inserted. When we learn that this saint paralyzed herself with self-inflicted tortures but was cured miraculously when she vowed to dedicate herself to a holy life, we can see that Joyce is not merely adding to the naturalistic description of the home of Eveline but presenting the reader with a symbolic parallel to her own life of emotional paralysis. In other revisions the speech of the edgy Miss Gavan is sharpened a little and we are given more detail on Eveline's past relationship with her father. Compare the following two passages:

Even now — at her age, she was over nineteen — she sometimes felt herself in danger of her father's violence. Latterly he had begun to threaten her, saying what he would do if it were not for her dead mother's sake.

Even now, though she was over nineteen, she sometimes felt herself in danger of her father's violence. She knew it was that that had given her the palpitations. When they were growing up he had never gone


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for her, like he used to go for Harry and Ernest, because she was a girl; but latterly he had begun to threaten her and say what he would do to her only for her dead mother's sake.

Here we have not only the interesting addition of the palpitations and the father's past brutality but a significant change in the syntax of the last clause. The formal "were it not for her dead mother's sake" gives way to the "only for her dead mother's sake" in which we can catch the living rhythm of the father's speech. Though the account is narrated rather than dramatized and the discourse indirect rather than direct, the narrative takes its color from the idiom of the characters rather than from any narrative personality. Through countless little changes of this kind, Joyce carefully eliminated his own personality from Dubliners, as he developed a system whereby the events and characters presented in the narrative rather than any assumed narrative persona determine the diction and syntax of the narrative prose. This elimination of the narrator as a personality does away with the need for consistent narrative idiom and paves the way for the experiments of Joyce's later fiction.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text: None.

"After the Race"

Date of composition: The third in order of composition, this story was first published in The Irish Homestead on 17 December 1904.

Texts available: 1) Published Irish Homestead text; 2) late stage of the Maunsel printing; 3) Richards page proofs; 4) First Edition.

The development of the text: Though this story saw fewer revisions than either of the others which appeared first in The Irish Homestead, Joyce did make quite a few changes in it for the Maunsel printing. The most heavily revised passage occurs midway through the story, in the paragraph describing Segouin's dinner. For comparison, here is the passage, first as it was in the magazine, then as it became in the late stage of the Maunsel text.

The five young men dined in a small comfortable room by candlelight.
They talked a great deal and with little reserve.
The young men supped in a snug room lit by electric candle lamps.
They talked volubly and with little reserve.
Joyce's intention here in electrifying the lighting was probably to add to the impression of meretriciousness which is one of this story's chief characteristics. In a similar revision he altered "That night the city wore the air of a capital" to "That night the city wore the mask of a capital." An air does not imply the deliberate desire to deceive which

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a mask does. And, finally, he pointed up Jimmy Doyle's desire to be deceived in the closing paragraph, by adding the material which follows the comma: "He knew that he would regret in the morning but at present he was glad of the rest, glad of the dark stupor that would cover up his folly." Joyce also made a number of other minor changes, improving a word here and there. Some of these did not find their way into the Richards text and are noted below.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text:

a) "Each blue car, therefore, received a double measure of welcome . . . ." (FE 49, VC 42, JC 44)

"Each blue car, therefore, received a double round of welcome . . . ." (late Maunsel, p. 57)

b) ". . . in the face of a high wind . . . ." (FE 51, VC 44, JC 46)

". . . in the teeth of a high wind . . . ." (LM 59)

"Two Gallants"

Date of composition: The thirteenth in order of composition, this story was finished and sent to Grant Richards to be added to the original twelve on 23 February 1906.

Texts available: 1) Fragment of setting for Richards, 1906; 2) Late stage of Maunsel page proofs; 3) Richards page proofs; 4) First Edition.

The development of the text: Being a late story, this one probably was not revised so extensively as some of the early ones. We have two non-consecutive pages from the typesetting made for Grant Richards on 17 April 1906 which differ in no significant way from the later text.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text:

a) "The notes of the air sounded deep and full." (FE 64, VC 54, JC 58)

"The notes of the air throbbed deep and full." (LM 76)

b) "'Let's have a look at her, Corley,' he said." (FE 65, VC 54, JC 58)

"— Let's have a squint at her, Corley — he said." (LM 76)

c) "Then he walked rapidly along beside the chains at some distance . . . ." (FE 66, VC 55, JC 59)

"Then he walked rapidly along beside the chains to some distance . . . ." (LM 77)

d) "The girl brought him a plate of grocer's hot peas. . . ." (FE 68, VC 57, JC 61)

"The girl brought him a plate of hot grocer's peas . . . ." (LM 80. This change seems less significant than the others, but it is the only one which appears on Joyce's list of late corrections. Possibly the


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others had been made on the proofs and were among the two hundred which were ignored by the printer.)

"The Boarding House"

Date of composition: The fifth in order of composition, this story is dated 1 July 1905 on the only surviving manuscript. Joyce mailed a copy to his brother Stanislaus on 12 July.

Texts available: 1) 1905 MS; 2) Late stage of Maunsel page proofs; 3) Richards page proofs; 4) First Edition.

The development of the text: This story was extensively rewritten between the 1905 MS, which was signed "Stephen Daedalus" and apparently intended for the Irish Homestead, and the Dublin printing of 1910. Several aspects of the rewriting warrant commentary. In one respect the rewriting parallels that of "Eveline" discussed above. In eight significant substantive changes the intent is obviously to make the language more colloquial, more appropriate to the events being narrated than to the more lofty tone of the narrative persona, "Stephen Daedalus." Thus, "obliged to enlist himself" becomes "had to become"; "attacked his wife" becomes "went for his wife"; "started a boarding house" becomes "set up a boarding house"; "an amateur boxer" becomes "handy with the mits"; "she had been specific in her enquiries and Polly had been decided in her answers" becomes "she had been frank in her questions and Polly had been frank in her answers"; plain "Lyons" becomes "Bantam Lyons"; "the loss of his job" becomes "the loss of his sit" (colloquial for situation); "had a bit of money put by" becomes "had a bit of stuff put by." In other revisions, Joyce is busy at the usual phrase-sharpening, and in one case he is at some pains to make his irony less heavy-handed. The last sentence, originally reading "She remembered now what she had been waiting for: this was it" becomes "Then she remembered what she had been waiting for".

But the major revision to the early version of this story consists of an insertion some ten lines long. The nature of the insertion throws light on an interesting aspect of Joyce's technique. Joyce is often praised or blamed (depending on the critic's predilections) for the ambivalence or ambiguity of his fiction. When the artist refuses to provide any authoritative commentary, the critics tell us, we are free to believe whatever we want, and to seek for authorial intention is to commit one of the graver critical fallacies. But to this observer it seems that Joyce gives us our heads expecting us to use them. The insertion in question illustrates how we are to proceed. In the original version there was room for some quibbling about the extent to which each of


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the two principals was seducer or seducee. The added ten lines provide no commentary, but they give us the bit of evidence we need to resolve the problem with considerable certainty.
Then late one night as he was undressing for bed she had tapped at his door, timidly. She wanted to relight her candle at his for hers had been blown out by a gust. It was her bath night. She wore an open combing jacket of printed flannel. Her white instep shone in the opening of her furry slippers and the blood glowed warmly behind her perfumed skin. From her hands and wrists too, as she lit and steadied her candle a faint perfume arose.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text:

a) ". . . the loss of his job." (FE 78, VC 65, JC 70) ". . . the loss of his sit." (LM 92)

A manuscript reading which should probably be restored: "There must be reparation made in such cases" is the MS reading for a line which all the printed texts have as ". . . in such case" (VC 64, JC 70). The error presumably crept in during the Irish printing and was never picked up. If Joyce had wanted the singular he would probably have used the standard "in such a case", but there is no evidence that he wanted any change from the MS.

"A Little Cloud"

Date of composition: The fourteenth in order of composition, this story was written in the first part of 1906 and mailed to Grant Richards in July of that year.

Texts available: 1) late stage of Maunsel page proofs; 2) Richards page proofs; 3) First Edition.

The development of the text: Like "Two Gallants", which was also written after the first dozen stories had been submitted to Richards, this one probably required almost no revision for the Maunsel printing. Joyce expressed great pleasure in it in October 1906 while he was still working on revisions for some others.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text: The one change is so slight as hardly to deserve the word improvement, but Joyce made it, probably feeling the word expressed Mrs. Chandler's attitude more accurately.

a) ". . . a regular swindle to charge ten and elevenpence for it." (FE 100, VC 83, JC 91)

". . . a regular swindle to charge ten and elevenpence for that." (LM 118)


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"Counterparts"

Date of composition: The sixth in order of composition, this story was written almost simultaneously with "The Boarding House," and finished by 12 July 1905.

Texts available: 1) the 1905 MS, nearly complete; 2) late stage of the Maunsel page proofs; 3) Richards page proofs; 4) First Edition.

Development of the text: Like "The Boarding House" this story was revised considerably before the Maunsel printing. The most interesting revisions are those for the long pub scene. Here Joyce added considerable color and life just by making more specific the expressions used for drinks. Thus "a drink" becomes "a half one"; "a drink" becomes "tailors of malt, hot"; "drink up" becomes "polish off that"; "said they would have theirs hot" becomes "told Tim to make theirs hot"; "hot specials" becomes "whiskeys hot"; and "one more" becomes "one little smahan more." Here, as in other revisions, the narrative indirect discourse is enriched by the phraseology of the speakers, and the effect is one of dramatization as the narrator adopts more of the speech of his characters. There are many other revisions in individual words and phrases, but the most interesting is a long passage almost entirely rewritten. In the manuscript the episode of the girl in the pub reads as follows:

Farrington said he wouldn't mind having the far one and began to smile at her but when Weathers offered to introduce her he said "No," he was only chaffing because he knew he had not money enough. She continued to cast bold glances at him and changed the position of her legs often and when she was going out she brushed against his chair and said "Pardon!" in a Cockney accent.
This was one of the passages Grant Richards objected to as likely to cause trouble, and especially he objected to the girl's changing the position of her legs. Joyce leaped to the defense of his text, invoking the "Areopagitica" and insisting that without details such as this, "Dubliners would seem to me like an egg without salt." But when he came to revise his text after losing his argument with Richards he took it upon himself to expunge the offensive legs, discovering that he could do all he wanted to with arms and eyes. The vastly improved (if censored) passage reads as follows in the late Maunsel text:
Farrington's eyes wandered at every moment in the direction of one of the young women. There was something striking in her appearance. An immense scarf of peacock blue muslin was wound round her hat and knotted in a great bow under her chin; and she wore bright yellow gloves, reaching to the elbow. Farrington gazed admiringly at the

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plump arm which she moved very often and with much grace; and, when after a little time she answered his gaze, he admired still more her large dark brown eyes. The oblique staring expression in them fascinated him. She glanced at him once or twice and, when the party was leaving the room, she brushed against his chair and said O, pardon! in a London accent. He watched her leave the room in the hope that she would look back at him but he was disappointed.
In the revised version we are not told so bluntly what Farrington is thinking, but we are brought much closer to his point of view. Naturalism has given way to impressionism in the passage. Even the girl's accent seems different when seen from Farrington's perspective rather than the narrator's. Where the narrator and reader heard Cockney, redolent of slums and sordidness, Farrington hears London, as exotic to him as Araby to the little boy of the earlier story. The reader can form his own opinion of that blue and yellow color combination, and he can judge the woman by the way she brushes against Farrington, but he is not told that her glances are "bold." One is tempted to come to the conclusion, however reluctantly, that if Joyce had taken some of Richards' advice instead of battling him on principle at every point, he might have saved himself a lot of grief and not done Dubliners any harm.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text:

a) "Funds were getting low . . ." (FE 115, VC 95, JC 105)

"Funds were running low . . . ." (LM 136)

b) ". . . said with stupid familiarity . . . ." (FE 117, VC 96, JC 107)

". . . said with loutish familiarity . . . ." (LM 138)

"Clay"

Date of composition: The fourth in order of composition, this story seems to have cost Joyce more pains than most. In November of 1904 he began a story, "Christmas Eve," which he abandoned half finished, apparently because the idea for another, "Hallow Eve," had superseded it. (The MS of "Christmas Eve" has been found and the fragment published in The James Joyce Miscellany, Third Series, 1962.) "Hallow Eve" was completed and sent to Stanislaus Joyce for possible publication in The Irish Homestead in January 1905. James Joyce may have done some revision on the story at this point. It was in his mind much and mentioned frequently in his correspondence during the next few months, while the fifth and sixth stories were not written until July. By September the title had been changed to "The Clay." In November of 1906 Joyce was working on the story again, adding the name of the laundry where Maria works. At some later date


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he must have reconsidered the title again, dropping the article from it.

Texts available: 1) Late stage of Maunsel page proofs; 2) Richards page proofs; 3) First Edition.

Development of the text: Until some manuscripts are found we will have to be content with the knowledge that Joyce worked on the story carefully, though we do not know the nature or direction of his improvements. The last change he made, as noted below, suggests that he added some of the details which make Maria appropriately witch-like, a cloak being the proper garment for a witch.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text: On two occasions, Maria's garment is described as a "raincloak" in the late Maunsel text rather than as a "waterproof" which is the reading of the modern editions.

"A Painful Case"

Date of composition: The seventh in order of composition, this story was first written in July of 1905, its original title being "A Painful Incident." A draft was sent to Stanislaus for copying in August of that year. A second manuscript exists, dated 15 August 1905. In August of 1906 Joyce wrote that he had three paragraphs, and then five pages, to add to the story, but the August 1905 manuscript was printer's copy for the Maunsel printing, and there are no lengthy revisions which seem to have been inserted in this text, though this text is longer than the earlier manuscript. The most likely possibilities are these. First, the manuscript dated August 1905 may have been actually written in 1906. This is likely, not so much because Joyce might have misdated it accidentally, though this is possible, but because he often placed the date of original composition on a work which he revised much later. "Tilly" in Pomes Penyeach is backdated in this way, and A Portrait carries both the date of the first draft and that of the last. A second possibility is that the revisions to the story were simply never inserted. This seems to me the least likely alternative.

Texts available: 1) Heavily revised first MS; 2) second MS with few revisions, dated 15 August 1905; 3) portion of the late stage of the Maunsel printing; 4) Richards page proofs; 5) First Edition.

The development of the text: Joyce's revisions have been covered thoroughly by Marvin Magalaner in Time of Apprenticeship (1959), pp. 87-96.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text: None.

"Ivy Day in the Committee Room"

Date of composition: The eighth in order of composition, this story was completed in all its essentials in a draft dated 29 August


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1905, but Joyce continued making minor revisions until the First Edition was printed.

Texts available: 1) MS dated 29 August 1905; 2) a later MS used as copy-text for the Maunsel printing; 3) an intermediate stage of the Maunsel printing; 4) Richards page proofs; 5) First Edition. The intermediate stage of the Maunsel printing consists of pages rather than galleys, but retaining the period in "Mr." and other indications that it is not the "late stage" of proof which is available for most of the other stories in Dubliners. This is the only sample yet discovered of the state of the text which was postulated as a hypothetical "C1" in my study of the text of "The Dead." This is the state of the Maunsel printing from which the Richards edition was set. Such errors as "Parke's" for "Parkes" and "revenge" for "renege" made by the Irish compositor in setting from Joyce's holograph MS are repeated in the Richards page proofs and finally corrected in the First Edition. No doubt if a late stage of the Maunsel text were available we should find the corrected reading there too. This copy of the intermediate state of the Maunsel printing was not itself copy-text for the Richards, for it contains numerous corrections in Joyce's hand which were not made in the Richards page proofs. A virtually uncorrected set of proofs must have been sent to Richards.

The development of the text: The future editor of Dubliners will find himself confronted with an embarrassing complexity of riches in the form of authorial revisions to various states of the text of this story. The second MS, printer's copy for the Maunsel type-setting, contains marginal revisions, some of which were included in the Maunsel proofs and some of which were not, possibly because they were made in the MS after it was used by the compositor. The Maunsel proofs contain holograph corrections, some of which appear in the Richards proofs, most of which do not. Some of the overlooked corrections from both of these sources are inserted in the First Edition and some are not. In one case Joyce, who fought so bitterly for every word of his text against Grant Richards, provides a marginal alternate reading for a disputed passage, apparently leaving the decision to an editor or compositor, whoever cared to make it. After the intermediate stage of the Maunsel edition had been set, Joyce went through it, eliminating all the attempts he had made to reproduce the sounds of Irish speech (e.g., "Owl'" gives way to "old"). He apparently decided that it was inartistic to rely on such nineteenth-century devices, and that he would depend on grammar and syntax alone to make his speech Irish. Of course, the Richards compositor did not have the benefit of these


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corrections, so the same culling out had to be performed between Richards page proofs and the First Edition. Joyce seems to have started early to indulge in the practice of making heavy revisions in proof much to the distress of all his publishers. Here are some of the major changes and problems related to the text of "Ivy Day."

a) On his entrance, Father Keon's voice is described in the modern editions as "a discrete, indulgent, velvety voice" (VC 126, JC 141). In the first MS the sentence continued, "which is not often found except with the confessor or the sodomite." In the second MS the clause is crossed out, in the interests of either decency or subtlety.

b) In the second MS Joyce inserted the word "lousy" before the expression "hillsiders and fenians". This should probably be added in the modern texts (VC 125 JC 139). He also substituted "Bantam" for "Lyons" (VC 130 JC 146) in the phrase "Of course Lyons spots the drink first thing" — a change which parallels one in "The Boarding House."

c) For a passage relating to Edward VII Joyce provided an alternate reading in the second MS:

passage: "He's fond of his glass of grog and he's a bit of a rake, perhaps, and he's a good sportsman . . . ."

alternate: "He can take a glass of grog like an honest Christian and, I grant you, he may have [ ] a wild lad in his day and he's a good sportsman." (missing word Joyce's oversight)

The alternate, it seems, was not needed. This, of course, was one of the passages which Joyce and his publishers disputed about so violently.

d) One sentence was added in the margin of the second MS but never printed. It should probably be added to the modern texts. It is a delightful thing in itself and it adds to the characterization of the ubiquitous Bantam Lyons, which seems to have been one of Joyce's general intentions in his revision of these stories. After ". . . a fit man to lead us" insert "Do you think he was a man I'd like the lady who is now Mrs Lyons to know?" The man in question is Joyce's hero, Parnell (VC 132 JC 148).

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text: Since we do not have the late stage of this text, there are none, but the MS changes discussed above should be noted. Perhaps we should also note here one error which has crept into the American text although the First Edition was correct. The phrase "schoolboy of hell" (VC 123) should be "shoeboy of hell". This is not too important, but one critic has already based a clever interpretive paragraph on the misreading. Caveat lector.


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"A Mother"

Date of composition: The tenth in order of composition, this story was finished by late September 1905.

Texts available: 1) MS used as printer's copy for the Maunsel edition; 2) galley proofs, the first stage of the Maunsel edition; 3) Richards page proofs; 4) First Edition.

Development of the text: Joyce made a number of revisions of the mot juste variety between the galleys and the Richards text. This kind of revision is typical of all his corrections to Dubliners and is probably the least significant.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text: Without the late stage of the Maunsel text no lost revisions can be found.

"Grace"

Date of composition: The twelfth in order of composition, this story was called "the last" by Joyce, as it completed his original plan for twelve stories in four groups of three. He began it in October 1905 and finished it sometime before the twelve stories were sent to Grant Richards in December of that year. But during his stay in Rome the following year he did additional research in the Biblioteca Vittorio Emmanuale for the theological parts of the story.

Texts available: MS used for Maunsel printing, very clean copy, probably not 1905 version; 2) Richards page proofs; 3) First Edition.

The development of the text: Between the MS and the Richards page proofs, and, to a lesser extent, between the proofs and the First Edition Joyce made a number of minor revisions. In two of the larger of these we can see him eliminating the superior prose of the narrator in favor of plainer locutions, more suited to the subject matter: "Nor was she an utter materialist for she also believed (to a certain extent) in the banshee and in the Holy Ghost" becomes "Her faith was bounded by her kitchen but, if she was put to it, she could believe also in the banshee and in the Holy Ghost"; and "a confirmed inebriate" becomes "an incurable drunkard." Other revisions are of the mot juste variety.

Lost improvements to the Maunsel text: None. No late Maunsel available.

"The Dead"

See earlier essay, SB XV (1962), 191-205.