BIBLIOGRAPHY
There are a number of investigations of the term “revolu-
tion,” e.g., Arthur Hatto, “Revolution': An Enquiry into
the Usefulness of an Historical Term,” Mind, 58 (1949),
495-516; and Melvin J. Lasky, “The Birth of a Metaphor;
On the Origins of Utopia & Revolution,” Encounter (Feb.
1970), 35-45; (March 1970), 30-42. An analysis of the role
which the idea of revolution played in modern history is
provided by Karl Griewank, Der neuzeitliche Revolu-
tionsbegriff (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1969). However, this book
is somewhat fragmentary, and for the idea of revolution in
the nineteenth century, see the investigation by Theodor
Schieder, “Das Problem der Revolution im 19. Jahrhundert,”
Historische Zeitschrift, 170 (1950), 233-71. For a somewhat
more theoretical discussion of the history of this idea in
recent times see R. Koselleck, “Der neuzeitliche Revolu-
tionsbegriff als geschichtliche Kategorie,” Studium Ge-
nerale, 22 (1969), 825-38; for an analysis of the comple-
mentary concept of counterrevolution, see Arno J. Mayer,
Dynamics of Counterrevolution in Europe, 1870-1956; An
Analytic Framework (New York and London, 1971). For
investigations of the Marxist concept of revolution see
Robert C. Tucker, The Marxian Revolutionary Idea (New
York and Toronto, 1969); and Reidar Larsson, Theories of
Revolution (Stockholm, 1970). Various aspects of the prob-
lem are discussed in Vol. VIII of Nomos entitled Revolution,
ed. Carl J. Friedrich (New York, 1966). For the wider philo-
sophical and sociological aspects of the problem see Karl
Mannheim, Ideologie und Utopie (Bonn, 1929), trans. L.
Wirth and E. Shils as Ideology and Utopia (London, 1936);
Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York, 1963); and A.
T. Van Leeuwen, Development through Revolution (New
York, 1970). Historical studies particularly focused on the
problem of revolution are Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, Die
europäischen Revolutionen und der Charakter der Nationen
(Stuttgart and Cologne, 1951); Crane Brinton, The Anatomy
of Revolution (New York, 1938); and idem, Preconditions
of Revolution in Early Modern Europe, eds. Robert Forster
and Jack P. Greene (Baltimore and London, 1970); Franco
Venturi, Il populismo russo (1952), trans. Francis Haskell
as Roots of Revolution (New York, 1960; also reprint);
Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints (Cambridge,
1965). The approach of the modern social sciences to the
problem of revolution is described in Lawrence Stone,
“Theories of Revolution,” World Politics, 18 (1966), 159-76;
and a work of social science character on this topic is
Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change (Boston, 1966).
See also Harry Eckstein, “On the Etiology of Internal War,”
History and Theory, 4 (1965), 133-63. For Marxist views
of special aspects of the problem, see J. V. Polišenský, “The
Social and Scientific Revolutions of the 17th Century,” XIII
International Congress of Historical Sciences, Moscow, Au-
gust 16-23, 1970, published by Central Department of
Oriental Literature (Moscow, 1970); and M. Kim, “Some
Aspects of Cultural Revolution and Distinctive Features of
Soviet Experience in Its Implementation,” XIII Interna-
tional Congress of Historical Sciences, Moscow, August
16-23, 1970, published by Central Department of Oriental
Literature (Moscow, 1970), pp. 1-14; the problematic char-
acter of the concept in the present-day world is reflected
in Albert Camus' famous book, L'Homme révolté (Paris,
1951).
FELIX GILBERT
[See also
Anarchism; Astrology;
Crisis; Cycles; Marxism;
Nationalism; Utopia.]
