BIBLIOGRAPHY
There is a vast literature, to which a number of special-
ized reviews and bibliographies are now devoted: e.g.,
Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance (Geneva, since
1941), and earlier as Humanisme et Renaissance (Paris,
1934-41); Renaissance News (New York, since 1948), and
Studies in the Renaissance (New York, since 1954); Bibli-
ographie internationale d'Humanisme et de Renaissance
(Geneva, since 1966). The indispensable guide to the history
of the idea is Wallace K. Ferguson, The Renaissance in
Historical Thought (Boston, 1948), which should be read in
conjunction with Franco Simone, La coscienza della
Rinascita negli umanisti francesi (Rome, 1949), and Il
Rinascimento francese (Turin, 1961). For Burckhardt, see
W. Kaegi, Jacob Burckhardt, eine Biographie, 4 vols. (Basel,
1947-67). A recent discussion of the word itself will be found
in B. L. Ullman, Studies in the Italian Renaissance (Rome,
1955), pp. 11-25. For philosophical aspects see the many
works of P. O. Kristeller and of E. Garin. Kristeller's defini-
tion of humanism is quoted above from The Classics and
Renaissance Thought (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), reprinted
as Renaissance Thought: The Classic, Scholastic and
Humanist Strains (New York, 1961). Recent fundamental
studies of the structure of Renaissance concepts are by Hans
Baron, Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance, 2nd rev. ed.
(Princeton, 1966), together with earlier papers of which two
may be instanced: “Cicero and the Roman Civic Spirit in
the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance,” Bull. J. Rylands
Library, 22 (1938), and “Franciscan Poverty and Civic
Wealth in Humanistic Thought,” Speculum, 13 (1938). See
Eugenio Garin, L'umanesimo italiano (Bari, 1952; trans.
Munz, Oxford, 1965). The best single study of educational
theory remains W. H. Woodward, Studies in Education
during the Age of the Renaissance (Cambridge, 1906; reprint
New York, 1967). For the revival of antiquity, besides Voigt
as in the text above, see J. E. Sandys, A History of Classical
Scholarship, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1903-08); R. R. Bolgar, The
Classical Heritage and its Beneficiaries (Cambridge, 1954).
For the debate over the earlier “Renaissances” two brilliant
books are: C. H. Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth
Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1927), and É. Gilson, Héloïse
et Abélard (Paris, 1938; trans. L. K. Shook, Ann Arbor, 1960);
see in general E. Panofsky, Renaissance and Renascences
in Western Art (Stockholm, 1960). For discussion of the
Renaissance and politics see, inter alia, F. Chabod's contri-
bution to Actes du colloque sur la Renaissance (Paris, 1958);
the matter really needs to be studied, so to speak, on the
ground: e.g., F. Gilbert,
Machiavelli and Guicciardini
(Princeton, 1965). There is nothing adequate on religion in
the Renaissance, but there is an elaborate bibliography by
C. Angeleri,
Il problema religioso del Rinascimento
(Florence, 1952). Lynn Thorndike's criticism from the point
of view of a historian of science is briefly presented in
“Renaissance or Prenaissance,” in
Journal of the History of
Ideas, 4 (1943), 65-74.
DENYS HAY
[See also
Classicism in Literature; Cycles; Enlightenment;
Gothic;
Humanism in Italy; Nationalism;
Periodization;
0">Reformation;
9">Renaissance Humanism; Romanticism;
Virtù.]
