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University of Virginia Library

Dictionary of the History of Ideas

Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas

Preface to the Electronic Edition

II.

PSYCHOLOGICAL IDEASIN ANTIQUITY

II.

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLSIN EUROPEAN THOUGHT

II.

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIESIN AMERICAN THOUGHT

VI.

PYTHAGOREAN DOCTRINESTO 300 B.C.

VI.

PYTHAGOREAN HARMONYOF THE UNIVERSE

VI.

VI.

RATIONALITY AMONG THEGREEKS AND ROMANS

III.

REALISM IN LITERATURE

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I.

VI.

VI.

RELATIVISM IN ETHICS

I.

VI.

ORIGINS OF RELIGION

VI.

RITUAL IN RELIGION

VI.

RELIGION AND SCIENCE INTHE NINETEENTH CENTURY

VI.

RELIGIOUS ENLIGHTENMENTIN AMERICAN THOUGHT

VI.

RELIGIOUS TOLERATION

IV.

IDEA OF RENAISSANCE

IV.

RENAISSANCE HUMANISM

II.

RENAISSANCE IDEAOF THE DIGNITY OF MAN

IV.

RENAISSANCE LITERATUREAND HISTORIOGRAPHY

V.

III.

RHETORIC AFTER PLATO

VI.

III.

ROMANTICISM IN LITERATURE

III.

ROMANTICISM(ca. 1780-ca. 1830)

V.

ROMANTICISM INPOLITICAL THOUGHT

VI.

ROMANTICISM INPOST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY

III.

III.

VICTORIAN SENSIBILITYAND SENTIMENT

VI.

SIN AND SALVATION

VI.

SKEPTICISM IN ANTIQUITY

VI.

SKEPTICISM INMODERN THOUGHT

V.

SOCIAL CONTRACT

V.

SOCIAL DEMOCRACYIN GERMANY AND REVISIONISM

VII.

FORMAL THEORIES OFSOCIAL WELFARE

V.

SOCIALISM FROMANTIQUITY TO MARX

I.

I.

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

V.

VI.

ETHICS OF STOICISM

VII.

III.

STYLE IN LITERATURE

III.

SUBLIME INEXTERNAL NATURE

III.

SYMBOL AND SYMBOLISMIN LITERATURE

VII.

SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY

III.

TASTE IN THE HISTORYOF AESTHETICS FROM THE RENAISSANCE TO 1770

I.

III.

TEMPERANCE (SŌPHROSYNĒ)AND THE CANON OF THE CARDINAL VIRTUES

VI.

II.

VI.

I.

TIME AND MEASUREMENT

V.

TOTALITARIANISM

III.

SENSE OF THE TRAGIC

I.

UNIFORMITARIANISMAND CATASTROPHISM

VII.

UNIFORMITARIANISMIN LINGUISTICS

VII.

UNITY OF SCIENCEFROM PLATO TO KANT

II.

VI.

V.

UTILITY AND VALUEIN ECONOMIC THOUGHT

V.

I.

Ut PICTURA POESIS

II.

VIRTÙIN AND SINCE THE RENAISSANCE

II.

IV.

V.

V.

WAR AND MILITARISM

V.

II.

WISDOM OF THE FOOL

II.

V.

SOCIAL ATTITUDESTOWARDS WOMEN

V.

IV.

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DICTIONARY
OF THE HISTORY
OF IDEAS

DICTIONARY
OF THE HISTORY
OF IDEAS

Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas

PHILIP P. WIENER
EDITOR IN CHIEF
VOLUME IV
Psychological Ideas in Antiquity
TO
Zeitgeist

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS ·

NEW YORK

Copyright © 1968, 1973 Charles Scribner's Sons
The Publishers are grateful for permission to quote from
previously published works in the following articles:
“Agnosticism”
from Language, Truth and Logic, by A. J. Ayer, copyright 1935,
by permission of Victor Gollancz Ltd.
“Ambiguity as Aesthetic Principle”
from Virgil, Aeneid, trans. H. R. Fairclough, Loeb Classical
Library, by permission of Harvard University Press
from Camoens: The Lusiads, trans. W. C. Atkinson, copyright
1952, by permission of Penguin Books, Ltd.
from The Odes of Pindar, trans. Richmond Lattimore, copyright
1947 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
from Richard of Saint Victor, ed. Clare Kirchberger, © 1957,
by permission of Harper & Row, Publishers
“Catharsis”
from The Oxford Translation of Aristotle, trans. W. D. Ross,
copyright 1925, by permission of The Clarendon Press, Oxford
“Cosmology”
from Early Science in Oxford, by R. T. Gunther, copyright
1931, by permission of The Clarendon Press, Oxford
THIS BOOK PUBLISHED SIMULTANEOUSLY IN
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND IN CANADA—
COPYRIGHT UNDER THE BERNE CONVENTION
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK
MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT
THE PERMISSION OF CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-7943
SBN 684-16422-1 (pbk.) Volume I
SBN 684-16423-X (pbk.) Volume II
SBN 684-16424-8 (pbk.) Volume III
SBN 684-16425-6 (pbk.) Volume IV
SBN 684-16426-4 (pbk.) Index
SBN 684-16418-3 (pbk.) Set