BIBLIOGRAPHY
The subject of time and measurement is discussed at
length with many references in G. J. Whitrow, The Natural
Philosophy of Time (London, 1961; New York, 1963). The
history of practical time-measurement is outlined in F. A. B.
Ward, Time Measurement—Part I: Historical Review, 4th
ed. (London, 1958). A more popular account is given in
F. le Lionnais, Time, trans. W. D. O'Gorman, Jr. (London,
1962). A classic work on ancient methods of time-
measurement is M. P. Nilsson, Primitive Time-Reckoning
(Lund, 1920). A good short account will be found in the
chapter by E. R. Leach, “Primitive Time-Reckoning” in A
History of Technology, ed. C. Singer et al., Vol. I (Oxford,
1954). Chinese views are discussed by J. Needham, Time
and Eastern Man (London, 1965). See also J. Needham et
al., Heavenly Clockwork (Cambridge, 1960). Maya achieve-
ments in time-measurement are described by J. E. S.
Thompson, The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization (Norman,
Okla., 1956). Ancient ideas on time are discussed by S. G. F.
Brandon, History, Time and Deity (New York, 1965); M.
Eliade, Cosmos and History: the Myth of the Eternal Return,
trans. W. R. Trask (New York, 1959); and J. F. Callahan,
Four Views of Time in Ancient Philosophy (Cambridge,
Mass., 1948). Greek ideas are briefly discussed by G. J.
Whitrow, “The Concept of Time from Pythagoras to Aris-
totle,” in Proceedings VIII International Congress of the
History of Science (Ithaca, N.Y., 1962; Paris, 1964). The
invention of the mechanical clock is discussed by C. M.
Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (London, 1967).
Ideas on time in different civilizations are described in
various chapters of The Voices of Time, ed. J. T. Fraser (New
York, 1966).
The quotations of Aristotle are from Aristotle, Physica,
trans. R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye, in The Works of Aristotle,
ed. W. D. Ross, Vol. II (Oxford, 1930). The cultural influence
of the mechanical clock in modern civilization is discussed
by Lewis Mumford in Technics and Civilization (New York
and London, 1934), Ch. I.
G. J. WHITROW
[See also Astrology; Continuity;
Cosmology; Cycles; Music
and Science; Newton on Method; Number; Pythagorean
Doctrines;
2">Relativity; Space; Time.]
