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Dictionary of the History of Ideas

Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas
  
  

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Max Schlesinger, Geschichte des Symbols (Berlin, 1912);
still useful.

On early history much in R. Wellek, History of Modern
Criticism, 1750-1950,
4 vols. (New Haven, 1955-65). On
Goethe's predecessors: Curt Müller, Die geschichtlichen
Voraussetzungen des Symbolbegriffes in Goethes Kunstan-
schauung
(Berlin, 1937). On Goethe see Maurice Marache,
Le symbole dans la pensée et l'œuvre de Goethe (Paris, 1960).

On French developments before 1886: Margaret Gilman,
The Idea of Poetry in France (Cambridge, Mass., 1958).
Angelo P. Bertocci, From Symbolism to Baudelaire (Carbon-
dale, Ill., 1964).

On the French movement: André Barre, Le symbolisme:
essai historique
(Paris, 1911). E. Raynaud, La mêlée poétique
du symbolisme,
3 vols. (Paris, 1920-23). G. Michaud, Mes-
sage poétique du symbolisme,
3 vols. (Paris, 1947). A. G.
Lehmann, The Symbolist Aesthetic in France, 1885-1895
(Oxford, 1950). K. Cornell, The Symbolist Movement (New
Haven, 1952). M. Décaudin, La crise des valeurs symbolistes
(Toulouse, 1960).

On the international movement: Edmund Wilson, Axel's
Castle
(New York, 1931). Maurice Bowra, The Heritage of
Symbolism
(London, 1943). Anna Balakian, The Symbolist
Movement: A Critical Appraisal
(New York, 1967); a good
sketch. Georgette Donchin, The Influence of French
Symbolism on Russian Poetry
(The Hague, 1958). René
Taupin, L'influence du symbolisme français sur la poésie
américaine de 1910 à 1920
(Paris, 1929). Enid L. Duthie,
L'influence du symbolisme français dans le renouveau
poétique de l'Allemagne
(Paris, 1933). Ruth Z. Temple, The
Critic's Alchemy: A Study of the Introduction of French
Symbolism into England
(New York, 1953).

RENÉ WELLEK

[See also Allegory; Expressionism; Impressionism; Natural-
ism in Art; Romanticism; Style.]