BIBLIOGRAPHY
The relation of socialism to the development of the idea
of equality is treated in S. A. Lakoff, Equality in Political
Philosophy (Cambridge, Mass., 1964). For comprehensive
accounts of the development of socialist thought see A.
Gray, The Socialist Tradition (London, 1946); O. Jaszi, “So-
cialism,” Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York,
1930), XIV, 188-212, which includes a bibliography. See
also, from the second edition (New York, 1968) articles by
Maurice Dobb, “Socialist Thought,” under “Economic
Thought,” IV, 446-54; Alfred G. Meyer, “Marxism,” X,
40-46; Daniel Bell, “Socialism,” XIV, 506-34.
The history of the concept of the “Golden Age” is treated
in A. O. Lovejoy and G. Boas, Primitivism and Related Ideas
in Antiquity (Baltimore, 1935) and G. Boas, Essays on
Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity (Baltimore,
1948). Apocalyptic ideas and movements are examined in
N. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (London, 1957) and
J. Taubes, Abendländische Eschatologie (Bern, 1947). G. H.
Williams, The Radical Reformation (Philadelphia, 1962)
provides the most complete classification and history of the
left wing of continental Protestantism. For the Puritan left
see D. W. Petegorsky, Left-Wing Democracy in the English
Civil War (London, 1940). See also G. H. Williams and A.
Mergall, eds., Spiritual and Anabaptist Writers (Phila-
delphia, 1957) and G. H. Sabine, ed., The Works of Gerrard
Winstanley (Ithaca, N.Y., 1941). For utopian thought see
J. H. Hexter, More's Utopia: The Biography of an Idea
(Princeton, 1952) and F. E. and F. P. Manuel, eds., French
Utopias (New York, 1966). For Babeuf see V. Advielle,
Histoire de Gracchus Babeuf et du babouvisme, 2 vols. (Paris,
1884) and J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democ-
racy (London, 1952).
The best survey in English of the rise of modern socialism
is G. D. H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. I,
Socialist Thought: The Forerunners, 1789-1850 (London,
1953), which contains useful bibliographic references in the
notes. See also G. Lichtheim, The Origins of Socialism (New
York, 1969), which includes a critical bibliography. See also
A. E. Bestor, “The Evolution of the Socialist Vocabulary,”
Journal of the History of Ideas, 9 (June, 1948), 259-302.
For non-Marxian socialism in the nineteenth century see
Charles Fourier, Oeuvres complètes, 6 vols. (Paris, 1841-5);
E. Poulat, Les Cahiers manuscrits de Fourier (Paris, 1957),
which includes a guide to studies of Fourierism; Oeuvres
choisies de C. H. Saint-Simon, 3 vols. (Brussels, 1859);
Oeuvres de Saint-Simon et d'Enfantin, 47 vols. (Paris,
1865-78); for Proudhon see C. Bouglé and H. Moysset, eds.,
Oeuvres complètes, 21 vols. (Paris, 1923-61); and R. Owen,
A New View of Society (London, 1927). For biography and
commentary see, for Fourier, F. E. Manuel, The Prophets
of Paris (Cambridge, Mass., 1962); Ch. V, and the notes
contain a valuable critical bibliography.
The complete works of Marx and Engels are available
in German as Werke, 39 vols. (East Berlin, 1961-68). Most
of these works, with the notable exception of the Grundrisse
der Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie and private papers,
are available in English. The editions cited in the text are
Communist Manifesto, introd. H. J. Laski, trans. S. Moore
(London, 1948); Capital, introd. G. D. H. Cole, trans. E.
and C. Paul, 2 vols. (London, 1930); T. B. Bottomore, ed.,
Marx's Early Writings (New York, 1964). See also Capital,
Vol. III, rev. ed. by E. Untermann (London, 1960). Capital
is also available in a three-volume edition, translated by
Engels and Unterman (New York, 1967). The early writings
are also available in English in L. D. Easton and K. H.
Giddat, eds., Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and
Society (Garden City, N.Y., 1967).
SANFORD A. LAKOFF
[See also
Alienation; Christianity in History; Democracy;
Enlightenment;
Equality; Historical and Dialectical Mate-
rialism; Law, Natural;
Liberalism; Marxism; Marxist
Revisionism; Millenarianism; Perfectibility; Primitivism;
Revolution; Social Contract;
State; Utopia.]
