BIBLIOGRAPHY
The literature which deals with, or touches on, revision-
ism in one form or another is immense, and this bibliography
is therefore highly selective.
Bernstein's most important contribution to revisionism is
contained in Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die
Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie (Stuttgart, 1899; republished
in a much enlarged edition, 1920), and in the version in
book form of his Neue Zeit articles published between 1896
and 1898: Zur Geschichte und Theorie der Sozialismus
(Berlin, 1901). A brief and more popular version of his views
is given in Wie ist wissenschaftlicher Sozialismus moglich?
(Berlin, 1901). For his retrospective apologia and self-
presentation see Entwicklungsgang eines Sozialisten in F.
Meiner, Die Volkswirtschaftslehre der Gegenwart in
Selbstdarstellungen, Vol. I (Leipzig, 1924). Discussions of
the intellectual and political development of Bernstein, and
his impact on the history of socialism are Peter Gay, The
Dilemma of Democratic Socialism (New York, 1952), which
includes extracts in English from Bernstein's own writing,
and, more recently and comprehensively, Pierre Angel,
Eduard Bernstein et l'évolution du socialisme allemand
(Paris, 1961). This book, originally a thesis, contains a very
useful bibliography of Bernstein's work, as well as of impor-
tant revisionist, centrist, and radical tests. For revisionism
generally see “The Roots of Revisionism,” Journal of Modern
History, 11 (1939). A discussion of the structural relationship
between revisionist ideas and party praxis is J. P. Nettl,
“The German Social-Democratic Party 1890-1914 as a
Political Model,” Past and Present, 30 (April 1965), 65-95.
Extended historical treatment of the political problem
during and after the revisionist controversy can be found
in Carl E. Schorske's German Social Democracy 1905-1917
(Cambridge, Mass., 1955); more recently in Gerhard A.
Ritter, Die Arbeiterbewegung im Wilhelminischen Reich
(Berlin, 1959). The earlier, introductory period is well
treated in two recent books: Roger Morgan, The German
Social Democrats and the First International 1864-1872
(Cambridge, 1965) for the first years, and Vernon L. Lidtke,
The Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany 1878-
1890 (Princeton, 1967) for the second, more radical phase.
Both these monographs are primarily political histories.
For a more sociological approach, see Gunther Roth, The
Social Democrats in Imperial Germany (Totowa, N.J., 1965).
The intellectual problems of revisionism in the context of
Marxism and the German philosophical tradition are dis-
cussed by George Lichtheim, Marxism: An Historical and
Critical Study (London, 1961). A recent Soviet analysis
emphasizing the philosophical aspects of revisionism is
B. A. Chagin, Iz istorii bor'by protiv filosofskogo revision-
isma v germanskoi sotsialdemokratii (Moscow and Leningrad,
1961). This is of course a modern version of the basic
Bolshevik text on revisionism: Lenin's “Imperialism, the
Highest Stage of Capitalism” (1917), in Collected Works
(Moscow, 1960-), Vol. XXII.
As far as the other theoretical protagonists in the
revisionist debate are concerned, see, for Kautsky, Erich
Matthias, “Kautsky und der Kautskyanismus,” Marxismus-
studien, Second Series (Tübingen, 1957), 151-97; Ernesto
Regioneri, “All'origine del marxismo nella II interna-
zionale,” Critica Marxista, 5/6 (1965), 1-127. Kautsky's
own major statement on Bernstein is Karl Kautsky, Bernstein
und das sozialdemokratische Programm (Stuttgart, 1899). For
Rosa Luxemburg see J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg (London,
1966); her major polemic with Bernstein, and the most
thorough critique of revisionism is Sozialreform oder Revo-
lution? in Ossip K. Flechtheim, ed., Politische Schriften
(Frankfurt, 1966). For Parvus see Z. A. B. Zeman and
W. B. Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution (London and
New York, 1965).
An attempt to capture the contemporary universality of
revisionism, and to relate it to its origins, is made in a
collection of rather summary pieces edited by Leopold
Labedz,
Revisionism: Essays on the History of Marxist Ideas
(London, 1962). This can be compared to a collective Soviet
compendium on the same theme:
Kritika ekonomicheskikh
teorii predshestvennikov sovremennogo revizionizma (Mos-
cow, 1960).
Finally, anyone interested in contrasting the subtleties
of Marx's own system of ideas with both the intellectual
and applied vulgarizations which resulted in the “orthodox”
Marxism of the turn of the century, should refer to Shlomo
Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx
(Cambridge and New York, 1968).
J. P. NETTL
[See also Historical and Dialectical Materialism; Ideology;
Ideology of Soviet Communism;
Marxism; Necessity;
Revo-
lution; Socialism.]
