BIBLIOGRAPHY
The classical works for the development of empathy in
Germany are Robert Vischer, Das optische Formgefühl,
reprinted in Drei Schriften zum ästhetischen Formproblem
(Halle, 1927), and Theodor Lipps, Raumästhetik und
geometrisch-optische Täuschungen (Leipzig, 1897), and
Ästhetik, 2 vols. (Hamburg and Leipzig, 1903-06; 2nd ed.
1914-20). Vernon Lee [Violet Paget], Beauty and Ugliness
and other Studies in Psychological Aesthetics (London and
New York, 1912), written with C. Anstruther-Thompson; and
The Beautiful (Cambridge, 1913) are the sources for her
form of the theory. Herbert Langfeld, The Aesthetic Attitude
(New York, 1920), is the best introduction in English. The
fullest recent consideration is David A. Stewart, Preface to
Empathy (New York, 1956).
Shorter selections of Lipps translated into English may
be found in E. F. Carritt, Philosophies of Beauty (London
and New York, 1930) pp. 252-58; Melvin Rader, A Modern
Book of Aesthetics, 3rd ed. (New York, 1960), pp. 574-82;
and Karl Aschenbrenner and Arnold Isenberg, Aesthetic
Theories (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1965), pp. 403-12.
For further reference see Wilhelm Worringer, Abstraction
and Empathy (New York, 1953); Victor Basch, Essai critique
sur l'esthétique de Kant (Paris 1927); I. Kant, Critique of
Judgment, trans. J. H. Bernard (New York, 1951), pp. 45-46.
The development of the method of Verstehen and
empathic understanding occurs in Wilhelm Dilthey, Ideen
über einer beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie
(Leipzig, 1894); and Max Weber, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur
Wissenschaftslehre (Tübingen, 1920). The best short state-
ment and analysis of the idea occurs in Theodore Abel, “The
Operation Called 'Verstehen',” in the American Journal of
Sociology, 54 (1948-49), 211-18, reprinted in Edward H.
Madden, ed., The Structure of Scientific Thought (Boston,
1960), pp. 158-66. The full reference for Houkom is Alf S.
Houkom, “Lucas Foss and Chance Music,” Music: the
A.G.O. and R.C.C.O. Magazine, 2, no. 2 (Feb. 1968), 10.
CHARLES EDWARD GAUSS
[See also Iconography;
Impressionism; Metaphor;
Mimesis;
Psychological Schools;
Ut pictura poesis.]
