BIBLIOGRAPHY
There are few explicit studies of the relationship between
ideas and protest. The spread of ideas before three major
revolutions has been treated in the following: Christopher
Hill, Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (Oxford
and New York, 1965); Daniel Mornet, Les origines intellec-
tuelles de la révolution française (Paris, 1933); Avrahm
Yarmolinsky, Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian
Radicalism (New York, 1959). Correctives to the temptation
to overstress the role of ideas in the first two revolutions
are: Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints; A Study
in the Origins of Radical Politics (Cambridge, Mass., 1965;
London, 1966) and Georges Lefebvre, The French Revolu-
tion, 2 vols. (New York, 1962-64). Two treatments of the
German Revolution of 1848 suggest the difficulties of
interpreting the role of ideas: Jacques Droz, Les révolu-
tions allemandes de 1848 (Paris, 1957) stresses ideological
factors in a careful assessment, while Theodore Hamerow,
Restoration, Revolution, Reaction; Economics and Politics
in Germany, 1815-1871 (Princeton, 1958) notes that the
formal ideas involved had little to do with the motives of
most participants in the revolution. Ernst Troeltsch, Social
Teaching of the Christian Churches, 2 vols. (London, 1950)
includes a comprehensive treatment of the relationship
between Christianity and protest, both before and after
Protestantism. For medieval protest and its heritage see also
Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Millennial Dreams in Action; Essays in
Comparative Study (The Hague, 1962). Two studies which
provide vital insights into pre-industrial protest are: George
Rudé, The Crowd in History, 1730-1848 (New York, 1964),
and Eric Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels; Studies in Archaic
Forms of Social Movement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries (New York, 1957). Three books on protest leaders,
of quite different sorts, contribute to an understanding of
the role of ideas in modern protest: Elizabeth L. Eisenstein,
The First Professional Revolutionist: Filippo Michele
Buonarroti... (Cambridge, Mass., 1959); Eric Hobsbawm,
Labouring Men; Studies in the History of Labour (New York,
1965); James Joll, The Anarchists (New York, 1964). On the
labor movement significant books are: Asa Briggs, Chartist
Portraits (London, 1959); Guenther Roth, Social Democrats
in Imperial Germany; A Study in Working Class Isolation
and National Integration (Totowa, N.J., 1963); Gerhard
Ritter, Die Arbeiterbewegung in wilhelminischen Reich
(Berlin, 1959). Harvey Mitchell and Peter N. Stearns,
Workers and Protest (Itasca, Ill., 1971) deals with the relation-
ship between ideas and the European labor movement, and
provides a convenient bibliography. Barrington Moore, So-
cial Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy; Lord and Peas-
ant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, 1966) is
perhaps the most useful single book on the conditions and
nature of modern protest, though more concerned with the
impact than the process of unrest; there is an extensive
bibliography. New and rather tentative efforts to generalize
about protest attribute little importance to formal ideas,
as opposed to economic conditions and aspirations: see
Ronald G. Ridker, “Discontent and Economic Growth,”
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 15 (1962-63),
1-15; Ted Gurr, The Conditions of Civil Violence; First Tests
of a Causal Model, Center of International Studies Research
Monograph No. 28 (Princeton, 1967).
PETER N. STEARNS
[See also
Anarchism; Church as an Institution; Democracy;
Heresy; Ideology; Nationalism; Progress; Reformation;
Rev-
olution; Skepticism;
Socialism; Utopia.]
