University of Virginia Library

Search this document 
Dictionary of the History of Ideas

Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas
2 occurrences of Ancients and Moderns in the Eighteenth Century
[Clear Hits]
  
  
expand section 
  
expand section 
  
  

expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionIII. 
collapse sectionVI. 
  
  
  
  
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionVII. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionII. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionVII. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionII. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVII. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionVII. 
expand sectionVII. 
expand sectionVII. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVII. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionIV. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionVII. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionVII. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionIV. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionIV. 
expand sectionIV. 
expand sectionIV. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionVI. 
expand sectionV. 
expand sectionIII. 
expand sectionVI. 

2 occurrences of Ancients and Moderns in the Eighteenth Century
[Clear Hits]

ix

I. The history of ideas about the external order of nature studied by the physical and biological sciences, ideas also present in common usage, imaginative literature, myths about nature, metaphysical speculation.

                  
Alchemy Genetic Continuity 
Astrology Health and Disease 
Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century Indeterminacy in Physics 
Atomism in the Seventeenth Century Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (Lamarckian) 
Biological Conceptions in Antiquity Inheritance through Pangenesis 
Biological Homologies and Analogies Longevity 
Biological Models Changing Concepts of Matter from Antiquity to Newton 
Conservation of Natural Resources Nature 
Cosmic Images Newton and the Method of Analysis 
Cosmic Voyages Optics and Vision 
Cosmology from Antiquity to 1850 Orgranicism 
Cosmology since 1850  Recapitulation 
Entropy Relativity 
Environment Space 
Environment and Culture  Spontaneous Generation 
Evolutionism Technology 
Experimental Science and Mechanics in the Middle Ages Time and Measurement 
Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism 

x

II. The history of ideas about human nature in anthropology, psychology, religion, and philosophy as well as in literature and common sense.

          
Association of Ideas Psychological Ideas in Antiquity 
Behaviorism Psychological Schools in European Thought 
Empathy Psychological Theories in American Thought 
Imprinting and Learning Early in Life Renaissance Idea of the Dignity of Man 
Types of Individualism Theriophily 
Love Universal Man 
Man-Machine from the Creeks to the Computer Virtù in and since the Renaissance 
Pre-Platonic Conceptions of Human Nature Virtuoso 
Primitivism Wisdom of the Fool 
Primitivism in the Eighteenth Century Witchcraft 

III. The history of ideas in literature and the arts in aesthetic theory and literary criticism.

               
Allegory in Literary History Demonology 
Ambiguity as Aesthetic Principle Evolution of Literature 
 Ancients and Moderns in the Eighteenth Century next hit Expressionism in Literature 
Art and Play Form in the History of Aesthetics 
Art for Art's Sake Genius from the Renaissance to 1770 
Baroque in Literature Genius: Individualism in Art and Artists 
Theories of Beauty to the Mid-Nineteenth Century Musical Genius 
Theories of Beauty since the Mid-Nineteenth Century Concept of Gothic 
Catharsis Harmony or Rapture in Music 
Chance Images Iconography 
Classicism in Literature Impressionism in Art 
Classification of the Arts Irony 
Sense of the Comic Literature and Its Cognates 
Creativity in Art Literary Paradox 
Literary Criticism Millenarianism 

xi

                
Mimesis Periodization in Literary History 
Motif Rhetoric and Literary Theory in Platonism 
Motif in Literature; The Faust Theme Poetry and Poetics from Antiquity to the Mid-Eighteenth Century 
Literary Attitudes Toward Mountains Realism in Literature Music and Science 
Music as a Demonic Art Rhetoric after Plato 
Music as a Divine Art Romanticism in Literature 
Myth in Antiquity Romanticism (ca. 1780-ca. 1830) 
Myth in Biblical Times Satire  
Myth in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance Victorian Sensibility and Sentiment 
Myth in English Literature: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Style in Literature 
Sublime in External Nature 
Myth in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries Symbol and Symbolism in Literature 
Myth in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Taste in the History of Aesthetics from the Renaissance to 1770 
Naturalism in Art Temperance (Sōphrosynē) and the Canon of the Cardinal Virtues 
Neo-Classicism in Art Sense of the Tragic 
Newton's Opticks and Eighteenth-Century Imagination Ut pictura poesis 

IV. The history of ideas about or attitudes to history, historiography, and historical criticism.

         
China in Western Thought and Culture Freedom of Speech in Antiquity 
Crisis in History Historicism 
Cultural Development in Antiquity Historiography 
Culture and Civilization in Modern Times The Influence of Ideas on Ancient Greek Historiography 
Cycles 
Humanism in Italy Determinism in History 
Enlightenment Oriental Ideas in American Thought 
The Counter-Enlightenment Periodization in History 
Fortune, Fate, and Chance Progress in Classical Antiquity 

xii

   
Progress in the Modern Era Renaissance Literature and Historiography 
Idea of Renaissance Volksgeist 
Renaissance Humanism Zeitgeist 

V. The historical development of economic, legal, and political ideas and institutions, ideologies, and movements.

                       
Academic Freedom Ideology of Soviet Communism 
Alienation in Hegel and Marx Justice 
Analogy of the Body Politic Ancient Greek Ideas of Law 
Anarchism Ancient Roman Ideas of Law 
Authority Common Law 
Balance of Power Concept of Law 
Causation in Law Due Process in Law 
The City Equal Protection in Law 
Civil Disobedience Natural Law and Natural Rights 
Class Legal Precedent 
Conservatism Legal Responsibility 
Constitutionalism Liberalism 
Democracy Loyalty 
Despotism Machiavellism 
Economic History Marxism 
Economic Theory of Natural Liberty Marxist Revisionism: From Bernstein to Modem Forms 
Education Medieval and Renaissance Ideas of Nation 
Equality Nationalism 
Equity in Law and Ethics International Peace 
Legal Concept of Freedom Philanthropy 
General Will Property 
Historical and Dialectical Materialism Protest Movements 
Ideology Revolution 

xiii

       
Romanticism in Political Thought Utopia 
Social Contract Vox populi 
Social Democracy in Germany and Revisionism War and Militarism 
Socialism from Antiquity to Marx Welfare State 
State Social Attitudes Towards Women 
Totalitarianism Work 
Utility and Value in Economic Thought 

VI. The history of religious and philosophical ideas.

                   
Abstraction in the Formation of Concepts Cynicism 
Agnosticism Death and Immortality 
Alienation in Christian Theology Deism 
Analogy in Early Creek Thought Design Argument 
Analogy in Patristic and Medieval Thought Determinism in Theology: Predestination  
Antinomy of Pure Reason Double Truth  
Appearance and Reality Dualism in Philosophy and Religion  
Baconianism Epicureanism and Free Will  
Buddhism Eschatology  
Causation in the Seventeenth Century Problem of Evil  
Causation in the Seventeenth Century, Final Causes Existentialism  
Certainty in Seventeenth-Century Thought Faith, Hope, and Charity  
Certainty since the Seventeenth Century Free Will and Determinism  
Chain of Being Free Will in Theology  
Christianity in History Gnosticism  
Church as an Institution Idea of God from Prehistory to the Middle Ages  
Modernism in the Christian Church Idea of God, 1400-1800  
Cosmic Fall Idea of God since 1S00  
Creation in Religion Happiness and Pleasure  

xiv

                         
Hegelian Political and Religious Ideas Positivism in Latin America 
Heresy in the Middle Ages Positivism in the Twentieth Century (Logical Empiricism) 
Heresy, Renaissance and Later Pragmatism 
Hermeticism Prophecy in Hebrew Scripture 
Hierarchy and Order Prophecy in the Middle Ages 
Holy (The Sacred) Pythagorean Doctrines to 300 B.C. 
Idea Pythagorean Harmony of the Universe 
Ideal in Philosophy from the Renaissance to 1780 Ramism 
Impiety in the Classical World Rationality among the Greeks and Romans 
Irrationalism in the History of Philosophy Reformation 
Islamic Conception of Intellectual Life Relativism in Ethics 
Macrocosm and Microcosm Origins of Religion 
Metaphor in Philosophy Ritual in Religion 
Metaphor in Religious Discourse Religion and Science in the Nineteenth Century  
Metaphysical Imagination Religious Enlightenment in American Thought Moral Sense 
Religious Toleration Necessity 
Right and Good Neo-Platonism 
Romanticism in Post-Kantian Philosophy Ethics of Peace Sin and Salvation 
Perennial Philosophy Skepticism in Antiquity 
Perfectibility of Man Skepticism in Modern Thought 
Pietism Ethics of Stoicism 
Platonism in Philosophy and Poetry 
Platonism in the Renaissance Theodicy 
Platonism since the Enlightenment Time 
Positivism in Europe to 1900 Utilitarianism 

xv

VII. The history of formal mathematical, logical, linguistic, and methodological ideas.

            
Anthropomorphism in Science Linguistics 
Axiomatization Linguistic Theories in British Seventeenth-Century Philosophy 
Casuistry Relativity of Standards of Mathematical Rigor 
Causation Mathematics in Cultural History  
Causation in History Number 
Causation in Islamic Thought  Probability: Objective Theory 
Chance Formal Theories of Social Welfare 
Classification of the Sciences Structuralism 
Continuity and Discontinuity in Nature and Knowledge Symmetry and Asymmetry 
Game Theory Uniformitarianism in Linguistics 
Infinity Unity of Science from Plato to Kant 
Study of Language 



xvii

LIST OF ARTICLES

                     
Abstraction in the Formation of Concepts I 1 Atomism in the Seventeenth Century I 132 
Academic Freedom I 9 Authority I 141 
Agnosticism I 17 Axiomatization I 162 
Alchemy I 27 Baconianism I 172 
Alienation in Christian Theology I 34 Balance of Power I 179 
Alienation in Hegel and Marx I 37 Baroque in Literature I 188 
Allegory in Literary History I 41 Theories of Beauty to the Mid-Nineteenth Century I 195 
Ambiguity as Aesthetic Principle I 48 Theories of Beauty .since the Mid-Nineteenth Century I 207 
Analogy in Early Greek Thought 1 60 Behaviorism I 214 
Analogy in Patristic and Medieval Thought I 64 Biological Conceptions in Antiquity I 229 
Analogy of the Body Politic I 67 Biological Homologies and Analogies I 236 
Anarchism I 70 Biological Models I 242 
Ancients and Modems in the Eighteenth Century I 76 Buddhism I 247 
Anthropomorphism in Science I 87 Casuistry I 257 
Antinomy of Pure Reason I 91 Catharsis I 264 
Appearance and Reality I 94 Causation I 270 
Art and Play I 99 Causation in History I 279 
Art for Art's Sake I 108 Causation in Islamic Thought I 286 
Association of Ideas I 111 Causation in Law I 289 
Astrology I 118 Causation in the Seventeenth Century I 294 
Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century I 126 

xviii

                            
Causation in the Seventeenth Century, Final Causes I 300 Creativity in Art I 577 
Certainty in Seventeenth-Century Though I 304 Crisis in History I 589 
Certainty since the Seventeenth Century I 312 Literary Criticism I 596 
Chain of Being I 325 Cultural Development in Antiquity I 607 
Chance I 335 Culture and Civilization in Modern Times I 613 
Chance Images I 340 Cycles I 621 
China in Western Thought and Culture I 353 Cynicism I 627 
Christianity in History I 373 Death and Immortality I 634 
Church as an Institution I 412 Deism I 646 
Modernism in the Christian Church I 418 Democracy I 652 
The City I 427 Demonology I 667 
Civil Disobedience I 434 Design Argument I 670 
Class I 441 Despotism II 1 
Classicism in Literature I 449 Determinism in History II 18 
Classification of the Arts I 456 Determinism in Theology: Predestination II 25 
Classification of the Sciences I 462 Double Truth II 31 
Sense of the Comic I 467 Dualism in Philosophy and Religion II 38 
Conservation of Natural Resources I 470 Economic History II 44 
Conservatism I 477 Economic Theory of Natural Liberty II 61 
Constitutionalism I 485 Education II 71 
Continuity and Discontinuity in Nature and Knowledge I 492 Empathy II 85 
Cosmic Fall I 504 Enlightenment II 89 
Cosmic Images I 513 The Counter-Enlightenment II 100 
Cosmic Voyages I 524 EntropyII 112 
Cosmology from Antiquity to 1850 I 535 Environment II 120 
Cosmology since 1850 I 554 Environment and Culture II 127 
Creation in Religion I 571 Epicureanism and Free Will II 134 
Equality II 138 

xix

                           
Equity in Law and Ethics II 148 Harmony or Rapture in Music II 388 
Eschatology II 154 Health and Disease II 395 
Problem of Evil II 161 Hegelian Political and Religious Ideas II 407 
Evolution of Literature II 169 Heresy in the Middle Ages II 416 
Evolutionism II 174 Heresy, Renaissance and Later II 424 
Existentialism II 189 Hermeticism II 431 
Experimental Science and Mechanics in the Middle Ages II 196 Hierarchy and Order II 434 
Expressionism in Literature II 206 Historical and Dialectical Materialism II 450 
Faith, Hope, and Charity II 209 Historicism II 456 
Form in the History of Aesthetics II 216 Historiography II 464 
Fortune, Fate, and Chance II 225 The Influence of Ideas on Ancient Greek Historiography II 499 
Free Will and Determinism II 236 Holy (The Sacred) II 511 
Free Will in Theology II 242 Humanism in Italy II 515 
Legal Concept of Freedom II 248 Iconography II 524 
Freedom of Speech in Antiquity II 252 Idea II 542 
Game Theory II 263 Ideal in Philosophy from the Renaissance to 1780 II 549 
General Will II 275 Ideology II 552 
Genetic Continuity II 281 Ideology of Soviet Communism II 559 
Genius from the Renaissance to 1770 II 293 Impiety in the Classical World II 564 
Genius: Individualism in Art and Artists II 297 Impressionism in ArtII 567 
Musical Genius II 312 Imprinting and Learning Early in Life II 583 
Gnosticism II 326 Indeterminacy in Physics II 586 
Idea of God from Prehistory to the Middle Ages II 331 Types of Individualism II 594 
Idea of God, 1400-1800 II 346 Infinity II 604 
Idea of God since 1800 II 354 Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics(Lamarckian) II 617 
Concept of Gothic II 366 Inheritance through Pangenesis II 622 
Happiness and Pleasure II 374 

xx

                          
Irony II 626 Marxist Revisionism- From Bernstein to Modern Forms III 161 
Irrationalism in the History of Philosophy II 634 Relativity of Standards of Mathematical Rigor III 170 
Islamic Conception of Intellectual Life II 638 Mathematics in Cultural History III 177 
Justice II 652 Changing Concepts of Matter from Antiquity to Newton III 185 
Study of Language II 659 Metaphor in Philosophy III 196 
Ancient Greek Ideas of Law II 673 Metaphor in Religious Discourse III 201 
Ancient Roman Ideas of Law II 685 Metaphysical Imagination III 208 
Common Law II 691 Millenarianism III 223 
Concept of Law III 1 Mimesis III 225 
Due Process in Law III 6 Moral Sense III 230 
Equal Protection in Law III 10 Motif III 235 
Natural Law and Natural Rights III 13 Motif in Literature: The Faust Theme III 244 
Legal Precedent III 27 Literary Attitudes Toward Mountains III 253 
Legal Responsibility III 33 Music and Science III 260 
Liberalism III 36 Music as a Demonic Art III 264 
Linguistics III 61 Music as a Divine Art III 267 
Linguistic Theories in British Seventeenth-Century Philosophy III 73 Myth in Antiquity III 272 
Literary Paradox III 76 Myth in Biblical Times III 275 
Literature and Its Cognates III 81 Myth in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance III 286 
Longevity III 89 Myth in English Literature: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries II 294 
Love III 94 Myth in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries III 300 
Loyalty III 108 Myth in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries III 307 
Machiavellism III 116 Medieval and Renaissance Ideas of Nation III 318 
Macrocosm and Microcosm III 126 Nationalism III 324 
Man-Machine from the Greeks to the Computer III 131 
Marxism III 146 

xxi

                          
Naturalism in Art III 339 Positivism in the Twentieth Century (Logical Empiricism) III 545 
Nature III346 Pragmatism III 551 
Necessity III 351 Pre-Platonic Conceptions of Human Nature III 570 
Neo-Classicism in Art III 362 Primitivism III 577 
Neo-Platonism III 371 Primitivism in the Eighteenth Century III 598 
Newton and the Method of Analysis III 378 Probability: Objective Theory III 605 
Newtons Opticks and Eighteenth-Century Imagination III 391 Progress in Classical Antiquity III 623 
Number III 399 Progress in the Modern Era III 633 
Optics and Vision III 407 Property III 650 
Organicism III 421 Prophecy in Hebrew Scripture III 657 
Oriental Ideas in American Thought III 427 Prophecy in the Middle Ages III 664 
Ethics of Peace III 440 Protest Movements III 670 
International Peace III 448 Psychological Ideas in Antiquity IV 1 
Perennial Philosophy III 457 Psychological Schools in European Thought IV 10 
Perfectibility of Man III 463 Psychological Theories in American Thought IV 16 
Periodization in History III 476 Pythagorean Doctrines to 300 B.C. IV 30 
Periodization in Literary History III 481 Pythagorean Harmony of the Universe IV 38 
Philanthropy III 486 Ramism IV 42 
Pietism III 493 Rationality among the Greeks and Romans IV 46 
Rhetoric and Literary Theory in Platonism III 495 Realism in Literature IV 51 
Platonism in Philosophy and Poetry III 502 Recapitulation IV 56 
Platonism in the Renaissance III 508 Reformation IV 60 
Platonism since the Enlightenment III 515 Relativism in Ethics IV 70 
Poetry and Poetics from Antiquity to the Mid-Eighteenth Century III 525 Relativity IV 74 
Positivism in Europe to 1900 III 532 Origins of Religion IV 92 
Positivism in Latin America III 539 Ritual in Religion IV 99 

xxii

                          
Religion and Science in the Nineteenth Century IV 106 Ethics of Stoicism IV 319 
Religious Enlightenment in American Thought IV 109 Structuralism IV 322 
Religious Toleration IV 112 Style in Literature IV 330 
Idea of Renaissance IV 121 Sublime in External Nature IV 333 
Renaissance Humanism IV 129 Symbol and Symbolism in Literature IV 337 
Renaissance Idea of the Dignity of Man IV 136 Symmetry and Asymmetry IV 345 
Renaissance Literature and Historiography IV 147 Taste in the History of Aesthetics from the Renaissance to 1770 IV 353 
Revolution IV 152 Technology IV 357 
Rhetoric alter Plato IV 167 Temperance (Sōphrosynē) and the Canon of the Cardinal Virtues IV 365 
Right and Good IV 173 Theodicy IV 378 
Romanticism in Literature IV 187 Theriophily IV 384 
Romanticism (ca. 1780-ca. 1830) IV 198 Time IV 389 
Romanticism in Political Thought IV 205 Time and Measurement IV 398 
Romanticism in Post-Kantian Philosophy IV 208 Totalitarianism IV 400 
Satire IV 211 Sense of the Tragic IV 411 
Victorian Sensibility and Sentiment IV 217 Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism IV 417 
Sin and Salvation IV 224 Uniformitarianism in Linguistics IV 423 
Skepticism in Antiquity IV 234 Unity of Science from Plato to Kant IV 431 
Skepticism in Modern Thought IV 240 Universal Man IV 437 
Social Contract IV 251 Utilitarianism IV 444 
Social Democracy in Germany and Revisionism IV 263 Utility and Value in Economic Thought IV 450 
Formal Theories of Social Welfare V 276 Utopia IV 458 
Socialism from Antiquity to Marx IV 284 Ut pictura poesis IV 465 
Space IV 295 Virtù in and since the Renaissance IV 476 
Spontaneous Generation IV 307 Virtuoso IV 486 
The State IV 312 Volksgeist IV 490 

xxiii

    
Vox populi IV 496 Witchcraft IV 521 
War and Militarism IV 500 Social Attitudes Towards Women IV 523 
Welfare State IV 509 Work IV 535 
Wisdom of the Fool IV 515 Zeitgeist IV 530