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The Killing of the Monsters, Mescalero Apache Text

excerpted from Chiricahua Apache Texts, with Ethnological Notes

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8. The Killing of the Monsters as told by Horace Torres
 8.1. 
When the earth had been made,
 8.2. 
A cloud moved down.
 8.3. 
Then she reared him under the fire.
 8.4. 
Then:
 8.5. 
"I long so for a child that I often make the excrement of a child."
 8.6. 
Giant knew that she was rearing a little one.
 8.7. 
Killer of Enemies became able to walk about.
 8.8. 
Giant came to her again.
 8.9. 
"I often make a child's tracks,"
 8.10. 
He spoke thus:
 8.11. 
Then she did it for him.
 8.12. 
Then Giant spoke thus:
 8.13. 
Then Killer of Enemies became older.
 8.14. 
Killer of Enemies spoke thus.
 8.15. 
Then White Painted Woman spoke thus to him.
 8.16. 
"I say that I am also dangerous."
 8.17. 
Then he started off hunting.
 8.18. 
Giant came to him.
 8.19. 
He took the meat that was cooked away from him.
 8.20. 
"Let!s shoot at each other,"
 8.21. 
"All right,"
 8.22. 
"You shoot at me first,"
 8.23. 
"No,"
 8.24. 
Then a pine tree was [Giant's] arrow.
 8.25. 
Then [Killer of Enemies] also shot at him.
 8.26. 
Then he shot at [Killer of Enemies] again.
 8.27. 
He then shot at [Giant] again.
 8.28. 
He shot at Killer of Enemies again.
 8.29. 
Then he again shot at him.
 8.30. 
Then he shot at Killer of Enemies again.
 8.31. 
He shot again at him also.
 8.32. 
Then Killer of Enemies returned to his home.
 8.33. 
"My son, people say that he is a dangerous being."
 8.34. 
"I too am dangerous,"
 8.35. 
[Buffalo] lay in the middle of a plain.
 8.36. 
Then [Killer of Enemies] crept up to him behind a bush.
 8.37. 
"Why are you weeping?"
 8.38. 
"Buffalo does not permit people to live. I want to kill him."
 8.39. 
"I'll dig four [tunnels] to him over there.
 8.40. 
Then [Gopher] pulled out [Buffalo's fur.
 8.41. 
"I am plucking out some fur.
 8.42. 
Then [Buffalo] lay down in exactly the same place.
 8.43. 
Gopher returned to [Killer of Enemies].
 8.44. 
Then he was carrying his arrows.
 8.45. 
The Buffalo bellowed.
 8.46. 
Then he took out the Buffalo's intestines.
 8.47. 
Then he returned to his home.
 8.48. 
"My son, people say that he is dangerous."
 8.49. 
In the morning he started off to [Eagle].
 8.50. 
The Eagle's home was on a Red Mountain Peak.
 8.51. 
Then:
 8.52. 
Then [Killer of Enemies] stood up before the children.
 8.53. 
"Who of the four of you can fly down?"
 8.54. 
Then:
 8.55. 
There were four children.
 8.56. 
He spoke to the only one that remained.
 8.57. 
"When the water begins to fall, he will perch over there."
 8.58. 
Then he lay in wait for [Eagle] with the stone club.
 8.59. 
Then:
 8.60. 
"In the evening when the water falls."
 8.61. 
"Where does she usually alight?"
 8.62. 
"She usually alights over there."
 8.63. 
Then he lay in wait for her under [her perch].
 8.64. 
Then he sat on that little one.
 8.65. 
They flew out all over, all these birds on the suface of the earth.
 8.66. 
Then Killer of Enemies returned to his home.
 8.67. 
"My son, people say that he is dangerous,"
 8.68. 
[Owl's] home was in a hole in a rock.
 8.69. 
"Why are you weeping?"
 8.70. 
"I weep for the life of that Owl over there,"
 8.71. 
Then:
 8.72. 
[Killer of Enemies] lay under him.
 8.73. 
[Lizard] ran with [Killer of Enemies] again.
 8.74. 
[Then Killer of Enemies] rushed up the ladder after him.
 8.75. 
Inside, [Owl] was sitting with his children.
 8.76. 
"I'll prepare my own food,"
 8.77. 
[Killer of Enemies] seized it.
 8.78. 
Then he returned to his home.
 8.79. 
"My son, people say that he is dangerous. "
 8.80. 
"I too am dangerous,"
 8.81. 
She made arrows for him:
 8.82. 
Antelope lay in the center of a plain where no one could get to him.
 8.83. 
He [then] shot the blue arrow to the south.
 8.84. 
The Antelope had become very tired.
 8.85. 
[Killer of Enemies] went over there to [Antelope's] home.
 8.86. 
Then [Killer of Enemies] seized him around the neck.
 8.87. 
Then the Antelope spoke thus.
 8.88. 
"No,"
 8.89. 
He had killed all of those who did not permit people to live.
  
Linguistic Notes by Harry Hoijer
  
Ethnological Notes Morris Opler

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8. The Killing of the Monsters[1] as told by Horace Torres

When the earth had been made,

(8.1)[1]
nDii'ágoch'íͅlaadáͅ, 'Íłtségodeeyádáͅ, nDiií bikáee doonnéńgólaadaná'a.
When the earth had been made, At the very beginning, People were not permitted to live on the surface of the earth.
 
[_]
(8.1) Linguistic Notes

doonndéńgólaadaná'a 'people were not permitted to live'. nndé 'people'; ńgólaa 'they were permitted to live' [?]. See the linguistic note to Chirichua text 1.5, § 4.

A cloud moved down.

(8.2)[2]
K'osí daheestoͅná'a.
'Isdzánádaleeshń yáda'neetíͅná'a.
'Ákoo Naaghéé'neesghánéń góͅlíͅná'a.
A cloud moved down.
White Painted Woman lay face upward for it.
And then Killer of Enemies existed.
 
[_]
(8.2) Linguistic Notes

daheestoͅná'a 'it moved down'. 3rd person perf. of dah-hi-...[si- perf.]-ł- toͅ 'to move down' [act. intr.]. dah-hi- 'upon'; -ł- toͅ 'to fall, drop'.

Then she reared him under the fire.

(8.3)[3]
'Ákoo koͅoͅ'í bitł'áhyá ch'insáná'a.
Ghíí'yí kaanádáná'a.
Then she reared him under the fire.
Giant often came to her.
 
[_]
(8.3) Linguistic Notes

ghíí'yí 'Giant'. Cf. Chir. ghéé'ye 'Giant' ( linguistic notes to Chiricahua text 1.5, §1.

Then:

(8.4)
'Ákoo:
"'Éłchiné bichaane káási'iͅiͅ."
goołndíná'a, Ghíí'yí.
Then:
"Here is the excrement of a child,"
Giant said to her.

"I long so for a child that I often make the excrement of a child."

(8.5)
"'Éłchiné béńdaastsaago 'éłchiné bichaͅaͅ 'ánágosh'iͅiͅ."

"I long so for a child that I often make the excrement of a child."

Giant knew that she was rearing a little one.

(8.6)
Ghíí'yí bizáͅáͅyéń ch'insáí yégóͅsiͅná'a.
Giant knew that she was rearing a little one.

Killer of Enemies became able to walk about.

(8.7)
Naaghéé'sghánéń naghá silíͅná'a.
Ch'insáná'a.
'Ákoo ntsaa silíͅná'a.
Killer of Enemies became able to walk about.
She reared him.
And he became bigger.

Giant came to her again.

(8.8)
Ghíí'í kanáánádzáná'a.
Koͅoͅbaͅaͅee bikék'ehná'a.
Ghíí'í bikék'ehe kaagoͅoͅłtsáͅná'a.
"'Éłchiné bikék'eh."
ndíná'a.
Giant came to her again.
[Killer of Enemies'] tracks were around the fire.
Giant saw his tracks.
"A child's tracks,"
he said.

"I often make a child's tracks,"

(8.9)
"'Éłchiné bikék'eh 'ánágosh'iͅiͅ."
ndíná'a, 'Isdzánádleeshń.
"I often make a child's tracks,"
said White Painted Woman.

He spoke thus:

(8.10)
'Ándíná'a:
"Haͅaͅshaͅ, 'ágháͅlá 'éłchiné bikék'ehí."

He spoke thus:
"Well then, make a child's tracks."

Then she did it for him.

(8.11)
'Ákoo bá'ághách'íͅlaaná'a.
'Ákoo, goganí ndiibikáyá, 'éłchiné bikék'eh bá'ágoch'íͅlaaná'a, goganíbee.
'Ákoo 'éłchiné dáándí bikék'ehná'ahá.
Then she did it for him.
Then, her hand on the ground, she made a child's tracks for him with her hand.
And they were indeed a child's tracks.

Then Giant spoke thus:

(8.12)
'Ákoo Ghíí'í 'ándíná'a:
"Dáándí 'éłchiné bikék'eh 'ágonlaaí."

'Ákoo goch'áͅnáánóͅóͅdzáná'a, Ghíí'yí.
Then Giant spoke thus:
"It is true that you have made a child's tracks."

Then Giant left her again.

Then Killer of Enemies became older.

(8.13)
'Ákoo Naghéé'neesghánéń ntsaa silíͅná'a.
'Ákoo k'aa bá'ágoch'íͅlaaná'a.
K'aa dádíͅíͅ' bá'ágoch'íͅlaaná'a, Isdzánádleeshń.
K'aa yeediłt'óná'a.
Then Killer of Enemies became older.
And she made arrows for him.
White Painted Woman made exactly four arrows for him.
He began to shoot with the arrows.

Killer of Enemies spoke thus.

(8.14)[14]
'Ándíná'a, Naaghéé'neesghánéń:
"Góͅghéí doo'ághánndéńgólaadaí bich'iͅiͅgodishlé."
ndíná'a.
Killer of Enemies spoke thus.
"I am going after those monsters who do not permit people to live,"
he said.
 
[_]
(8.14) Linguistic Notes

bich'iͅiͅgodishłé 'I am going after them'. bich'iͅiͅ 'toward them'; godishłé 'I am going' [?], no analysis.

Then White Painted Woman spoke thus to him.

(8.15)[15]
'Ákoo 'Isdzánádleeshń 'ábiiłndíná'a.
"Nghé ndéí 'áiłndí, shizhaajé."
biłch'indíná'a.
Then White Painted Woman spoke thus to him.
"People say that they are dangerous, my son,"
she said to him.
 
[_]
(8.15) Linguistic Notes

nghé ndéí 'áiłndí 'people say that they are dangerous'. nghé, 3rd person of ni-...-ghé 'to be dangerous, fearsome' [imp. neut. intr.]. 'áiłndí 'they say of them' [?]. Ordinarily this would be translated 'they say to them' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.15, §3]. Perhaps the phrase should be translated 'they [the monsters] tell people [that] they are dangerous.'

"I say that I am also dangerous."

(8.16)[16]
"Shídó nghégo 'ádishndí."

"I say that I am also dangerous."

 
[_]
(8.16) Linguistic Notes

shídó nghégo 'ádishndí 'I say that I am dangerous also'. Note that nghégo is the 3rd person [see note 8.15] rather than the 1st person the translation would seem to require. Perhaps a better translation would be 'I too say that they [the monsters] are dangerous.'

Then he started off hunting.

(8.17)
'Ákoo deeszhaaná'a.
Dziłíghe'yá naach'it'iná'a, k'aaí naayałjago.
Biͅiͅí yeesxíͅná'a, k'aaíbee.
Koͅoͅdee'dóͅóͅłjéná'a.
Biͅiͅí yeesxíͅní 'iłghałná'a.
'Itsiͅiͅí tséyóͅóͅ'iͅiͅná'a.
Then he started off hunting.
He walked about in the mountains carrying arrows.
He killed a deer with an arrow.
He built a fire.
He was going to eat the deer he had killed.
He put the meat on the fire.

Giant came to him.

(8.18)
Ghíí'yí baach'íńt'iná'a.
"'Ishghał."
ndíná'a.
Giant came to him.
"I will eat it,"
he said.

He took the meat that was cooked away from him.

(8.19)
'Itsiͅiͅí sit'éí kaanáyin'iͅiͅná'a.
'Áhaͅh baanáchin'iͅiͅná'a.
'Itsiͅiͅí kaanáyin'iͅiͅná'a.
Baanáshn'iͅiͅná'a.
He took the meat that was cooked away from him.
[Killer of Enemies] quickly took it back.
He took the meat from him.
[Killer of Enemies] took it back.

"Let!s shoot at each other,"

(8.20)
"'Iłnłt'ó."
goołndíná'a.
"Let!s shoot at each other,"
said [Giant] to him.

"All right,"

(8.21)
"'Áhaͅh,"
biłch'indíná'a.
"All right,"
he said to him.

"You shoot at me first,"

(8.22)
"nDí 'íłtsé shíńłt'ó."
Ghíí'í goołndíná'a.
"You shoot at me first,"
Giant said to him.

"No,"

(8.23)
"Dooda,"
biłch'indíná'a.
"nDígo 'íłtsé shíńłt'ó."
biłch'indíná'a.
"No,"
he said to him.
"You shoot at me first,"
he said to him.

Then a pine tree was [Giant's] arrow.

(8.24)[24]
'Ákoo béńch'iyé bik'aaná'a.
Béńch'iyéí bik'aaí beegonłt'óná'a.
Naaghéé'neesghánéń chíńłt'óná'a.
Yíńyolná'a.
K'aa naa'indiiná'a.
Then a pine tree was [Giant's] arrow.
He was about to shoot at him with the pine tree arrow.
He shot at Killer of Enemies.
He blew at it.
The arrow was shattered.
 
[_]
(8.24) Linguistic Notes

1. yíńyolná'a 'he blew at it'. 3rd person, perf. with 3rd person object of ni-...[ni- perf.]-yooł 'to blow at' [act. tr.]. Cf. baanáách'íńyolná'a 'he blew at it again' [passage 26]. Here the 3a person perf. of the above verb is preceded by baa- 'to it, at it' and the prefix náá- 'again'. Finally, in passage 28, is found nááyíńyolná'a 'he blew at it again'.

2. naa'indiiná'a 'it was shattered'. 3rd person imp. of naa-'i-...[si- perf.]- ndii 'several fly about' [act. intr.]. I am not certain of this analysis.

Then [Killer of Enemies] also shot at him.

(8.25)[25]
'Ákoo bídó chíńłt'oná'a.
Bééshí bighahnaach'óͅóͅłteelná'a.
Then [Killer of Enemies] also shot at him.
A flint [coat] slid off of him.
 
[_]
(8.25) Linguistic Notes

bighanaach'óͅóͅłteelná'a 'it slid off of him'. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 2.29, §3.

Then he shot at [Killer of Enemies] again.

(8.26)
'Ákoo náágóńłt'óná'a.
K'aaí baanáách'íńyolná'a.
K'aa naanáá'indiiná'a.
Then he shot at [Killer of Enemies] again.
He blew at the arrow again.
The arrow was again shattered.

He then shot at [Giant] again.

(8.27)
Bídó náách'íńłt'óná'a.
Bééshí bighanaanáách'óͅóͅłteelná'a.
He then shot at [Giant] again.
Another flint [coat] slid off of him.

He shot at Killer of Enemies again.

(8.28)
Naaghéé'neesghánéń náách'íńłt'oná'a.
K'aaí naayíńyolná'a.
K'aa naanáá'indiiná'a.
He shot at Killer of Enemies again.
He blew at the arrow again.
The arrow was shattered again.

Then he again shot at him.

(8.29)
'Ákoo bídó náách'íńłt'oná'a.
Bééshbi'éde bighahnaanáách'óͅóͅłteelná'a.
Then he again shot at him.
Another flint coat of his slid off of him.

Then he shot at Killer of Enemies again.

(8.30)
'Ákoo Naaghéé'neesgháńéń náách'íńłt'oná'a.
'Ákoo díͅíͅn silíͅná'a.
K'aa naanáá'indiiná'a.
Then he shot at Killer of Enemies again.
And this was the fourth time.
The arrow was shattered again.

He shot again at him also.

(8.31)
Bídó náách'íńłt'oná'a.
Ch'iyeesxíͅná'a, Ghíí'yí'.
He shot again at him also.
He had killed the Giant.

Then Killer of Enemies returned to his home.

(8.32)
'Áshíͅ Naaghéé'neesghánéń bikooghaͅ nádzáná'a.
"'Iyánéłizhiní bich'iͅiͅdiyéshdzá."
ndíná'a.
Then Killer of Enemies returned to his home.
"I am going to the Buffalo,"
he said.

"My son, people say that he is a dangerous being."

(8.33)
"Shizhaajé, ndénghéí ndé 'áiłndí."

"My son, people say that he is a dangerous being."

"I too am dangerous,"

(8.34)[34]
"Shídó nghé."
ndíná'a, Naaghéé'neesghánéń.
Yich'iͅiͅdiyeesdzáná'a.
"I too am dangerous,"
said Killer of Enemies.
He started off to him.
 
[_]
(8.34) Linguistic Notes

shídó nghé 'I too am dangerous'. Here, again, the verb seems to have the wrong person for the translation given. See note 8.16.

[Buffalo] lay in the middle of a plain.

(8.35)
Gołgai 'iłndíyá sitíͅná'a.
Dáhaadí yałtsééłí yiiłtseená'a.
Doo'ághánndéńgólaadaná'a.
[Buffalo] lay in the middle of a plain.
He killed whoever he saw.
He did not permit people to live.

Then [Killer of Enemies] crept up to him behind a bush.

(8.36)
'Ákoo tł'ohí bi'aͅaͅshíͅ baach'iyeedzáná'a.
Ch'ichago bich'iͅiͅch'iisdáná'a, tł'ohí 'aͅaͅshíͅ.
Łíͅghe'naa'indilí goch'iͅiͅha'óͅóͅndilná'a.
Then [Killer of Enemies] crept up to him behind a bush.
Weeping, he sat facing him from behind the bush.
A Gopher came to him.

"Why are you weeping?"

(8.37)[37]
"'Iyáabaͅncha?"

"Why are you weeping?"

 
[_]
(8.37) Linguistic Notes

'iyáabaͅncha 'why are you weeping?' 'iyáabaͅaͅ 'for what reason' plus the 2nd person imp. of -cha 'to weep' [act. intr.].

"Buffalo does not permit people to live. I want to kill him."

(8.38)
"'Iyánéłizhiní doo'ághánndéńgólaada. 'Áń shishxégo 'ásh'iͅiͅ."

"Buffalo does not permit people to live. I want to kill him."

"I'll dig four [tunnels] to him over there.

(8.39)
"Káábich'iͅiͅyá díͅíͅn ha'ishndííł. Shinénł'íͅ. Díͅíͅn'iłyaaee godishchii. Bijéíí bighaaí baahishndíísh."

"I'll dig four [tunnels] to him over there. You watch me. I'll dig four [tunnels] ...under one another. I'll pull fur from [the region of] his heart."

Then [Gopher] pulled out [Buffalo's fur.

(8.40)
'Ákoo bighaaí baach'óͅóͅndijná'a.
'Iyánéłizhiní nádiitłijná'a.
"'Iyáaheená?"
ndíná'a.
Then [Gopher] pulled out [Buffalo's fur.
Buffalo jumped up.
"What are you doing?"
said.

"I am plucking out some fur.

(8.41)[41]
"Nghaaí naahishndíísh. Shizháańne shaadaasdlí."
biłch'indíná'a.
"I am plucking out some fur. My children are cold."
he said to him.
 
[_]
(8.41) Linguistic Notes

shaadaasdlí 'they are cold'. shaa- ? plus the 3rd person distrib. of -d-dlí 'to be cold' [si- perf. neut.]. Does shaa- mean 'because of me' and the whole phrase 'they are cold because of me' or, more freely, 'I have let them become cold'?

Then [Buffalo] lay down in exactly the same place.

(8.42)
'Ákoo dá'ákaaná' neetíͅná'a.
Bijéí si'ání 'ákaa ch'indííshná'a, bighaaí.
'Áshíͅyá díík'eh ká'áíͅlaaná'a.
Then [Buffalo] lay down in exactly the same place.
[Gopher] plucked out his fur there it the region of his heart.
And he did all of that for [Killer of Enemies].

Gopher returned to [Killer of Enemies].

(8.43)
Kaanách'íńt'iná'a, Łíͅghe'naa'indilí.
"Koyá 'ii'áńyá bich'iͅiͅch'íͅté. K'adi bighaaí hóóndijí ńłt'ó. Díͅíͅn 'ii'ání dásíyaahéyá 'ákáá 'ńgee."

Gopher returned to [Killer of Enemies].
"Go over there toward him in the tunnel. Then shoot him where I have pulled out his fur. [Then] run into the fourth [and] lowest tunnel."

Then he was carrying his arrows.

(8.44)[44]
'Ákoo díík'aaí ch'ałjaná'a.
Bijéíí dágołgayá dách'it'igo ká'áíͅlaaná'a, Łíͅghe'naa'indilí.
Ch'íńłt'oná'a.
'Édeeshná'eestaná'a.
Dásíyaahéyá 'ii'áńyá 'ich'inóͅóͅgoná'a.
Then he was carrying his arrows.
Gopher had exposed [Buffalo's] moving heart for [Killer of Enemies].
He shot it.
He began to run back.
He dashed into the lowest tunnel.
 
[_]
(8.44) Linguistic Notes

The second line is literally as follows: "His heart / right in the open / it moving / he had made it so for him, it is said / Gopher."

dách'it'igo 'it moving'. dá- 'just' plus the 3rd person cont. imp. of ch'i-...[? perf.]-t'é 'to move' [?]. See linguistic notes to Mescalero text 1.1, §4.

The Buffalo bellowed.

(8.45)[45]
'Iyánéłizhiní 'oóchaná'a.
Bideeí yeegodeedzíͅíͅdzná'a.
'Áshíͅda náánáyaahéyá bidee yeenáágodeedzíͅíͅdzná'a.
'Áshíͅda náánáyaahéyá bidee yeenáágodeedzíͅíͅdzná'a.
'Ákoo bidee yeenáágodeedzíͅíͅdzná'a, 'ich'inóͅóͅgoníyá.
Dágé bideeí keenahéńghałgo, naanóͅóͅkaaná'a.
Ch'iyeesxíͅná'a.
Doo'ághánndeńgólaada 'áí bíká 'ách'ił'iͅiͅná'a.
The Buffalo bellowed.
He tore up [the topmost tunnel] with his horns.
And then he also tore up the one below it with his horns.
And then he also tore up the next one below it with his horns.
Then he also began to tear up with his horns the one into which [Killer of Enemies] had run.
Just as he reached him with his horns, he fell over.
[Killer of Enemies] had killed him.
He had done so because he did not permit people to live.
 
[_]
(8.45) Linguistic Notes

keenahéńghałgo 'as he had reached him with them'. I cannot analyze this verb.

Then he took out the Buffalo's intestines.

(8.46)
'Ákoo 'Iyánéłizhiní bich'íí hach'óͅóͅłtáͅná'a.
Náshneest'asná'a.
'Ághách'íńjaaná'a, bidiłí.
'Áí bidiłí bich'ííghe'á 'ághábanch'íńłtáͅná'a.
Then he took out the Buffalo's intestines.
He uncoiled them.
He handled his blood in a similar fashion[2].
He put that blood into the intestines of [the Buffalo].
 
[_]
Ethnological Note 2
This is somewhat ambiguous. It is clear, however, that the informant meant to indicate that Killer of Enemies also took blood from the body of the dead Buffalo.

Then he returned to his home.

(8.47)
'Ákoo gokooghaͅyá nách'íͅdzáná'a.
"'Its'átsoí bich'iͅiͅdiyéshdzá."

Then he returned to his home.
"I am going to the Eagle."

"My son, people say that he is dangerous."

(8.48)
"Shizhaajé, nghéí ndé 'áiłndí."

"My son, people say that he is dangerous."

In the morning he started off to [Eagle].

(8.49)
Neełdáͅgo bich'iͅiͅnááshdiyeesdzáná'a.
'Ákaa 'Iyánéłizhiní ch'iyeesxíͅní bich'íí 'ék'eshdeedisná'a, gots'ísí díík'eenyá.
Tséhałí ch'a'ááłgo, gołgajiͅ baach'éch'íńyáná'a.
In the morning he started off to [Eagle].
Then he wrapped the intestines of the Buffalo that he had killed all over his body.
Carrying a stone club, he went out into the plain.

The Eagle's home was on a Red Mountain Peak.

(8.50)[50]
'Itsátsoí Tsét'ágołchíyá bighaͅná'a.
Bizháańne 'ákaiłch'iisjéná'a.
Gołgajiͅ baach'éch'íńyáná'a.
'Ákoo, dágoͅoͅłtsáͅee, góńgoná'a.
Gojishná'a.
Gołnádiit'áná'a.
Tsét'ágołchíyá nágóńłtíͅná'a.
Bizháańne yaanágóńłtíͅná'a.
The Eagle's home was on a Red Mountain Peak.
His children lived there with him.
[Killer of Enemies] went out into the plain.
Then, as soon as [Eagle] saw him, he swooped down on him.
He seized him.
He flew up with him.
He carried him back to the red mountain peak.
He had carried him back to his children.
 
[_]
(8.50) Linguistic Notes

1. tsét'ágołchíyá 'on a red mountain peak'. tsé 'rock'; - t'á 'top'; gołchí 'place is red'.

2. gojishná'a 'he seized him'. No analysis.

Then:

(8.51)
'Ákoo:
"Haͅh daa'ałghał."
ndíná'a.
'Ákoogo 'oͅóͅt'aná'a.
Then:
"Eat him up quickly,"
he said.
Then he flew away.

Then [Killer of Enemies] stood up before the children.

(8.52)[52]
'Ákoo bizháańne bich'iͅiͅnách'idiidzáná'a.
'Ákoo díí 'ich'íí gok'edeesdidzí 'ékeenáá'ch'at'aaná'a.
Then [Killer of Enemies] stood up before the children.
And he took off those intestines that he had wrapped around him.
 
[_]
(8.52) Linguistic Notes

'ékeenáá'ch'at'aaná'a 'he took them off'. 'é- reflexive; kee- 'off' [?]; náá- 'again'; 'ich'at'aa, no analysis.

"Who of the four of you can fly down?"

(8.53)
"'Ádíídíí díͅíͅ'nałt'éí haań gosdanát'á?"
goołndíná'a.
Naaghéé'neesghánéń 'ágoołndíná'a.
"Who of the four of you can fly down?"
he said to them.
Killer of Enemies spoke thus to them.

Then:

(8.54)
'Ákoo:
"'Áńń dách'íkéé'naagháń gosdanát'á."
biłch'indíná'a.
Then:
"That one who is the youngest can fly down,"
they said to him.

There were four children.

(8.55)
Bizháa díͅíͅ'iłt'éná'a.
'Ákoo 'áń gosdanát'áń nábí'ch'isii.
'Áń tá'iłt'éńne tséhałí beenaach'iistsee.
There were four children.
Then he spared the one who could fly down.
He killed the other three with the stone club.

He spoke to the only one that remained.

(8.56)
Dáłeená 'idziiń bich'iͅiͅyách'iłtiná'a.
"Ntaań ha'go nnáhadááł?"
biłch'indíná'a.
He spoke to the only one that remained.
"When does your father return?"
he said to him.

"When the water begins to fall, he will perch over there."

(8.57)
Tóí daashdindííłgo, 'iͅiͅshíͅ dahńdaałjíͅíͅł."

"When the water begins to fall, he will perch over there."

Then he lay in wait for [Eagle] with the stone club.

(8.58)
'Áshíͅ bánch'iyeedzáná'a, tséhałíbee.
Tóí daashdindííłná'a.
Koshíͅ 'oͅóͅt'aná'a.
'Áshíͅ dahneesjíͅná'a.
Bitł'áshíͅ ch'iidáná'a, tséhałíbee.
Beech'iisndiiná'a.
Then he lay in wait for [Eagle] with the stone club.
The water began to fall.
From over yonder [Eagle] came flying.
Then he alighted.
[Killer of Enemies] sat under (his perch] with the stone club.
He struck him with it.

Then:

(8.59)
'Ákoo:
"Nmáń ha'go nnáhadááł?"
biłch'indíná'a.
Then:
"When does your mother return?"
he said to him.

"In the evening when the water falls."

(8.60)
"Shá'ii'áhgo tóí daashdinndíiłgo."

"In the evening when the water falls."

"Where does she usually alight?"

(8.61)
"Ha'áshíͅ dahnánłjíͅ?"
biłch'indíná'a.
"Where does she usually alight?"
he said to him.

"She usually alights over there."

(8.62)
"Koshíͅ dahnánłjíͅ."

"She usually alights over there."

Then he lay in wait for her under [her perch].

(8.63)
'Ákoo bitł'áshíͅ bánch'iyeedzáná'a.
Koshíͅ nóͅóͅt'aná'a.
'Áshíͅ dahneesjíͅná'a.
Tséhałí beech'iisndiiná'a.
nDé doobáńgólaadaí bíká 'ách'ił'iͅiͅná'a.
Then he lay in wait for her under [her perch].
She came flying from over there.
Then she alighted.
He struck her with the stone club.
He did so because she did not permit people to live.

Then he sat on that little one.

(8.64)
'Ákoo 'áń bizáͅáͅyéń kaadahch'ineedá.
Gołgosdanóͅóͅt'a.
'Ágohááné galeełgo, ndiijiͅ gołhanyaadeetłijná,
Tséhałí yeech'iisndiiná'a.
Bits'osí hach'iyandishí ch'iyayołná'a.
"Díí ''izháshee' 'áhooghéí."

Then he sat on that little one.
He went down with him.
As they got close, as he started to sink down to the ground with him,
He struck [the Eagle] with the stone club.
He blew on the feathers he was plucking out of him.
"These are called 'birds'."

They flew out all over, all these birds on the suface of the earth.

(8.65)
'Ághahyá ts'éhat'aná'a, díí ndiibikáee 'izhásheí.
'Its'osí hach'iyandishí 'izhásheí ndiibikáee 'izhásheí 'áí díík'eh yich'áͅshíͅ 'át'íͅ.
Naaghéé'neesghánéń 'áíͅlaaná'a.
They flew out all over, all these birds on the suface of the earth.
All the birds on the earth's surface came from the feathers he was plucking out.
Killer of Enemies made them so.

Then Killer of Enemies returned to his home.

(8.66)
'Ákoo bighaͅyá nádzáná'a, Naaghéé'neesghánéń.
"Bindáayee'ighání bich'iͅiͅdiyéshdzá."
ndíná'a.
Then Killer of Enemies returned to his home.
"I am going to the Owl,[3]"
he said.
 
[_]
Ethnological Note 3
Literally: "he who kills with his eyes."

"My son, people say that he is dangerous,"

(8.67)
"Shizhaajé, 'áí nghéí ndé 'áiłndí."
'Isdzánádleeshń bizháań yiiłndíná'a.
Bindáayee'ighání bich'iͅiͅshdiyeesdzáná'a.
"My son, people say that he is dangerous,"
White Painted Woman said to her son.
He had started toward the Owl.

[Owl's] home was in a hole in a rock.

(8.68)[68]
Tsédasitáͅyá bighaͅná'a, 'ii'ánéyá.
Tł'ohí 'aͅaͅshé bánch'iyeedzáná'a.
Ch'ichago, bich'iͅiͅch'iidáná'a.
[Owl's] home was in a hole in a rock.
[Killer of Enemies] lay hidden from him behind a bush.
Weeping, he sat facing him.
 
[_]
(8.68) Linguistic Notes

tsédasitáͅyá 'in a high rock'. tsé 'rock'; dah- 'on, upon'; sitáͅ ' a long slender object lies'.

"Why are you weeping?"

(8.69)
"'Iyáabaͅncha?"
goołndíná'a, Ma'ishóͅí.
"Why are you weeping?"
said Lizard to him.

"I weep for the life of that Owl over there,"

(8.70)[70]
"'Ágháń Bindáayee'igháͅń bizéédí báhishcha."
ndíná'a.
"I weep for the life of that Owl over there,"
he said.
 
[_]
(8.70) Linguistic Notes

bizéédí 'his life' [?].

Then:

(8.71)
'Ákoo:
"Shitł'áshíͅgo dahńtee. 'Ájiͅ nł'édenshtá."

Then:
"Lie under me. I'll run over there with you."

[Killer of Enemies] lay under him.

(8.72)
Bitł'áshíͅ dashneetíͅná'a.
Goł'édeeneestaná'a.
'Ákoo Dlóͅóͅ'yí daadiihndí.
'Ákoo 'áíí łáshí bádee'íͅná'a.
Daadii'aahndiiłgo Bindáayee'ighání ch'éͅndágo dee'íͅná'a.
T'áͅyá yaanáchóͅóͅt'iná'a.
[Killer of Enemies] lay under him.
He ran with him.
Then the Prairie Dogs barked.
So those keep watch for [Owl].
While they were barking, Owl ran out and looked.
He went back inside again.

[Lizard] ran with [Killer of Enemies] again.

(8.73)[73]
Goł'édeenááneestaná'a.
Náádaadiihndíná'a.
Ch'énáánéńgoná'a.
Yaakéhiͅiͅ'áí bitł'áshíͅgo dahch'ineesghalná'a.
T'áͅyá náchóͅóͅt'iná'a.
[Lizard] ran with [Killer of Enemies] again.
They barked again.
[Owl] rushed out again.
[Killer of Enemies and Lizard] threw themselves down underneath the ladder[4].
[Owl] went back inside again.
 
[_]
(8.73) Linguistic Notes

yaakéhiͅiͅ'áí 'ladder' [no analysis]. Cf. yaakédahiͅiͅ'áí 'ladder' in line 1 of passage 74.

[_]
Ethnological Note 4
That is, the ladder which led to the doorway of Owl's house.

[Then Killer of Enemies] rushed up the ladder after him.

(8.74)
Yaakédahiͅiͅ'áí bih'iͅiͅhashneegoná'a.
Bich'iͅiͅyaa'ch'óͅóͅyáná'a.
'Ágoháánéjiͅ, doobindáayee'igháͅdaná'a.
[Then Killer of Enemies] rushed up the ladder after him.
He went inside after him.
When one is near [Owl], he cannot kill one with his eyes.

Inside, [Owl] was sitting with his children.

(8.75)[75]
Yahyá, bizháańne yiłnaaheetáͅná'a.
Díͅíͅ'iłt'éná'a.
"Ha'áshíͅgo?"
ndíná'a.
"Yát'áshíͅgo?"
ndíná'a.
"Dándeedégo dóó'iͅiͅ.
biche'ishkéne 'áiłndíná'a:
"Bádáń'álá."

Inside, [Owl] was sitting with his children.
There were four of them.
"Where are you from?"
said [Owl].
"From the sky?"
he said.
"I looked just a while ago."

He spoke thus to his children:
"Prepare food for him."

 
[_]
(8.75) Linguistic Notes

yát'áshíͅgo 'from the sky'. yá 'sky'; -t'á 'top, above'; -shíͅ 'from'.

"I'll prepare my own food,"

(8.76)[76]
"Dásí dáń'áshłá."
goołndíná'a.
'Ik'ałánéí tséyóͅóͅłtsoodzná'a.
'Ájiͅ dainéł'íͅná'a.
'Ik'ałánéí nzhóͅgo sit'éná'a.
Héí baahadaaslíͅná'a.
"I'll prepare my own food,"
said [Killer of Enemies] to him.
He put a large slice of fatty meat on the fire.
They were watching him.
It was being well roasted.
Grease was streaming from it.
 
[_]
(8.76) Linguistic Notes

'ik'ałánéí 'a large slice of fatty meat'. 'ik'a 'fat, fatty meat'. łáné, -é relative of łáͅ 'much'. The connotation 'slice of fatty meat' is given by the following verb which refers to the handling of fabric-like objects.

[Killer of Enemies] seized it.

(8.77)[77]
Ch'iisiłná'a.
Dá'ájiͅná dainéł'íͅgo, ch'iisiłná'a.
'Ik'ałánéí yeebitaich'iistsasná'a, bi'ndák'eejiͅ.
Tséhałí beebitaich'iidzo.
'Ákaa díík'eh naach'iistseená'a.
"Iͅiͅshíͅndáségo doonndáabee'igháͅda."
biłch'indíná'a, Naaghéé'neesghánéń.
[Killer of Enemies] seized it.
Just as they were watching it, he seized it.
He whipped the fatty meat into their eyes.
He beat them with the stone club.
There he killed all of them.
"You will no longer kill with your eyes,"
Killer of Enemies said to them.
 
[_]
(8.77) Linguistic Notes

yeebitaich'iistsasná'a 'he whipped it'; literally ' he whipped them with it'. yee- 'with it' plus the 3a person perf. of 0-taa-ch'i-...[si- perf.]-ł-tsis 'to whip' [act. intr.]. For this prefix complex, see linguistic notes to Chiricahua text 4.9, §3.

Note also beebitaich'iidzo 'he beat them with it', the 3a person perf. of 0ee-0-taa-ch'i- ...[si- perf.]-dzó 'to beat' [act. intr.].

Then he returned to his home.

(8.78)
'Áshíͅ bighaͅyá nádzáná'a.
"Hiiskáͅgo Ch'ilaaí bich'iͅiͅdiyéshdzá."

Then he returned to his home.
"Tomorrow I shall go to the Antelope."

"My son, people say that he is dangerous. "

(8.79)
"Shizhaajé, 'áíí nghéí ndé 'áiłndí

"My son, people say that he is dangerous. "

"I too am dangerous,"

(8.80)
"Shídó nghé."
ndíná'a.
"I too am dangerous,"
he said.

She made arrows for him:

(8.81)[81]
K'aa bá'ágoch'íͅlaaná'a:
K'aaíłiit'eeshná'a,
K'aaíłiłitsoná'a,
K'aaíłidatł'ijná'a,
K'aaíłiłiganá'a.
She made arrows for him:
One black arrow,
One yellow arrow,
One blue arrow, [and]
One white arrow.
 
[_]
(8.81) Linguistic Notes

k'aaíłiit'eeshná'a, 'one black arrow'; k'aaí 'arrow'; łi- 'one'; hit'eesh 'it is black' 3rd person imp. neut. intr.,

Antelope lay in the center of a plain where no one could get to him.

(8.82)[82]
Ch'ilaaí gołgai 'iłndíyá sitíͅná'a, dooghanaa'idádago.
K'aaí 'áí łizhiní ha'ii'áhyá baa'ich'óͅóͅsiná'a.
Yádiłhiłí hanóͅóͅsáͅná'a.
'Ádíí Ch'ilaaí 'ákaa 'oͅóͅtaadzná'a.
Antelope lay in the center of a plain where no one could get to him.
[Killer of Enemies] shot the black arrow to the east.
A black cloud arose.
The Antelope ran over there.
 
[_]
(8.82) Linguistic Notes

1. hanóͅóͅsáͅná'a 'it arose'. 3rd person perf. of ha-ná-...[hi- perf.]-ł-zé 'a mass goes up, a group move upward' [act. intr.].

2. 'oͅóͅtaadzná'a 'he ran over there'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.]-táás 'to run away' [act. intr.]. 'i-| 'away'.

He [then] shot the blue arrow to the south.

(8.83)
Nandi'áhíyaayá k'aadatł'ijí baa'ich'óͅóͅsiná'a.
Yádatł'ijí hanóͅóͅsáͅná'a.
'Ákaa 'ináánóͅóͅtaadzná'a.
'I'ii'áhíbiyaayá k'aałitsoí baa'ináách'óͅóͅsiná'a.
'Ákaa 'ináánóͅóͅtaadzná'a.
He [then] shot the blue arrow to the south.
A blue cloud arose.
[Antelope] also ran over there.
[Then] he shot the yellow arrow to the west.
[Antelope] also ran over there.

The Antelope had become very tired.

(8.84)[84]
'Áí Ch'ilaaí hiͅiͅyáná'a.
Doodeeyádago, nánałtiͅiͅłná'a, bikooghaͅjiͅ.
Náhakosíbiyaayá k'aaí łigaí baa'ináách'óͅóͅsiná'a.
Yáłigaí hanóͅóͅsáͅná'a.
'Akaa 'ináánóͅóͅtaadzná'a.
The Antelope had become very tired.
He was not running, he was loping [wearily] to his home.
[Then Killer of Enemies] shot the white arrow to the north.
A white cloud arose.
[Antelope] also ran over there.
 
[_]
(8.84) Linguistic Notes

doodeeyádago, nánałtiͅiͅłná'a 'he was not running, he was loping [wearily]'. doodeeyádago, the negative of deeyá 'he has started to move' [?]. I cannot analyze the second word.

[Killer of Enemies] went over there to [Antelope's] home.

(8.85)[85]
'Ájiͅ bikooghaͅjiͅ 'ákaa ch'íńt'iná'a.
'Ákoo koshíͅ nánałtiͅiͅłná'a.
'Idiͅiͅgo deech'ago bizaadí hoͅóͅ'ágo kaanách'íńt'iná'a.
Hiͅiͅyá.
[Killer of Enemies] went over there to [Antelope's] home.
Soon [Antelope] came loping [wearily] from over there.
His tongue was hanging far out [of his mouth] as [Killer of Enemies] went to him.
He was exhausted.
 
[_]
(8.85) Linguistic Notes

The third line is literally as follows: "Very much / far / his tongue / it extending out / he went to him."

deech'ago 'far' [no analysis].

Then [Killer of Enemies] seized him around the neck.

(8.86)
'Ákoo bizoolshíͅ ch'iisiłná'a.
'Ákoo ch'iyeesxíͅná'a.
'Ákoo:
"K'adi, 'iͅiͅshíͅndáségo, ndéne neehindádaał."

Then [Killer of Enemies] seized him around the neck.
And he killed him.
Then:
"Now, from now on, you will be sustenance for mankind."

Then the Antelope spoke thus.

(8.87)
'Ákoo Ch'ilaaí 'ándíná'a:
"Shighaaí doodaagoyáͅda."
ndíná'a.
Then the Antelope spoke thus.
"They will not eat my fur,"
he said.

"No,"

(8.88)
"Dooda."
biłch'indíná'a.
"Doha'yá ndí'ádeeda."
biłch'indíná'a.
"No,"
he said to him.
"Even if there is nothing on you,"
he said to him.[5]
 
[_]
Ethnological Note 5
The sense of this interchange is somewhat obscure.

He had killed all of those who did not permit people to live.

(8.89)
Doo'ághán'ndéńgólaadaí díík'eh naach'iistseená'a.
'Áshíͅndáségo ndé góͅlíͅná'a.
He had killed all of those who did not permit people to live.
From now on people existed.

Linguistic Notes by Harry Hoijer

[_]
(8.1) Linguistic Notes

doonndéńgólaadaná'a 'people were not permitted to live'. nndé 'people'; ńgólaa 'they were permitted to live' [?]. See the linguistic note to Chirichua text 1.5, § 4.

[_]
(8.2) Linguistic Notes

daheestoͅná'a 'it moved down'. 3rd person perf. of dah-hi-...[si- perf.]-ł- toͅ 'to move down' [act. intr.]. dah-hi- 'upon'; -ł- toͅ 'to fall, drop'.

[_]
(8.3) Linguistic Notes

ghíí'yí 'Giant'. Cf. Chir. ghéé'ye 'Giant' ( linguistic notes to Chiricahua text 1.5, §1.

[_]
(8.14) Linguistic Notes

bich'iͅiͅgodishłé 'I am going after them'. bich'iͅiͅ 'toward them'; godishłé 'I am going' [?], no analysis.

[_]
(8.15) Linguistic Notes

nghé ndéí 'áiłndí 'people say that they are dangerous'. nghé, 3rd person of ni-...-ghé 'to be dangerous, fearsome' [imp. neut. intr.]. 'áiłndí 'they say of them' [?]. Ordinarily this would be translated 'they say to them' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.15, §3]. Perhaps the phrase should be translated 'they [the monsters] tell people [that] they are dangerous.'

[_]
(8.16) Linguistic Notes

shídó nghégo 'ádishndí 'I say that I am dangerous also'. Note that nghégo is the 3rd person [see note 8.15] rather than the 1st person the translation would seem to require. Perhaps a better translation would be 'I too say that they [the monsters] are dangerous.'

[_]
(8.24) Linguistic Notes

1. yíńyolná'a 'he blew at it'. 3rd person, perf. with 3rd person object of ni-...[ni- perf.]-yooł 'to blow at' [act. tr.]. Cf. baanáách'íńyolná'a 'he blew at it again' [passage 26]. Here the 3a person perf. of the above verb is preceded by baa- 'to it, at it' and the prefix náá- 'again'. Finally, in passage 28, is found nááyíńyolná'a 'he blew at it again'.

2. naa'indiiná'a 'it was shattered'. 3rd person imp. of naa-'i-...[si- perf.]- ndii 'several fly about' [act. intr.]. I am not certain of this analysis.

[_]
(8.25) Linguistic Notes

bighanaach'óͅóͅłteelná'a 'it slid off of him'. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 2.29, §3.

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(8.34) Linguistic Notes

shídó nghé 'I too am dangerous'. Here, again, the verb seems to have the wrong person for the translation given. See note 8.16.

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(8.37) Linguistic Notes

'iyáabaͅncha 'why are you weeping?' 'iyáabaͅaͅ 'for what reason' plus the 2nd person imp. of -cha 'to weep' [act. intr.].

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(8.41) Linguistic Notes

shaadaasdlí 'they are cold'. shaa- ? plus the 3rd person distrib. of -d-dlí 'to be cold' [si- perf. neut.]. Does shaa- mean 'because of me' and the whole phrase 'they are cold because of me' or, more freely, 'I have let them become cold'?

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(8.44) Linguistic Notes

The second line is literally as follows: "His heart / right in the open / it moving / he had made it so for him, it is said / Gopher."

dách'it'igo 'it moving'. dá- 'just' plus the 3rd person cont. imp. of ch'i-...[? perf.]-t'é 'to move' [?]. See linguistic notes to Mescalero text 1.1, §4.

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(8.45) Linguistic Notes

keenahéńghałgo 'as he had reached him with them'. I cannot analyze this verb.

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(8.50) Linguistic Notes

1. tsét'ágołchíyá 'on a red mountain peak'. tsé 'rock'; - t'á 'top'; gołchí 'place is red'.

2. gojishná'a 'he seized him'. No analysis.

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(8.52) Linguistic Notes

'ékeenáá'ch'at'aaná'a 'he took them off'. 'é- reflexive; kee- 'off' [?]; náá- 'again'; 'ich'at'aa, no analysis.

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(8.68) Linguistic Notes

tsédasitáͅyá 'in a high rock'. tsé 'rock'; dah- 'on, upon'; sitáͅ ' a long slender object lies'.

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(8.70) Linguistic Notes

bizéédí 'his life' [?].

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(8.73) Linguistic Notes

yaakéhiͅiͅ'áí 'ladder' [no analysis]. Cf. yaakédahiͅiͅ'áí 'ladder' in line 1 of passage 74.

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(8.75) Linguistic Notes

yát'áshíͅgo 'from the sky'. yá 'sky'; -t'á 'top, above'; -shíͅ 'from'.

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(8.76) Linguistic Notes

'ik'ałánéí 'a large slice of fatty meat'. 'ik'a 'fat, fatty meat'. łáné, -é relative of łáͅ 'much'. The connotation 'slice of fatty meat' is given by the following verb which refers to the handling of fabric-like objects.

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(8.77) Linguistic Notes

yeebitaich'iistsasná'a 'he whipped it'; literally ' he whipped them with it'. yee- 'with it' plus the 3a person perf. of 0-taa-ch'i-...[si- perf.]-ł-tsis 'to whip' [act. intr.]. For this prefix complex, see linguistic notes to Chiricahua text 4.9, §3.

Note also beebitaich'iidzo 'he beat them with it', the 3a person perf. of 0ee-0-taa-ch'i- ...[si- perf.]-dzó 'to beat' [act. intr.].

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(8.81) Linguistic Notes

k'aaíłiit'eeshná'a, 'one black arrow'; k'aaí 'arrow'; łi- 'one'; hit'eesh 'it is black' 3rd person imp. neut. intr.,

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(8.82) Linguistic Notes

1. hanóͅóͅsáͅná'a 'it arose'. 3rd person perf. of ha-ná-...[hi- perf.]-ł-zé 'a mass goes up, a group move upward' [act. intr.].

2. 'oͅóͅtaadzná'a 'he ran over there'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.]-táás 'to run away' [act. intr.]. 'i-| 'away'.

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(8.84) Linguistic Notes

doodeeyádago, nánałtiͅiͅłná'a 'he was not running, he was loping [wearily]'. doodeeyádago, the negative of deeyá 'he has started to move' [?]. I cannot analyze the second word.

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(8.85) Linguistic Notes

The third line is literally as follows: "Very much / far / his tongue / it extending out / he went to him."

deech'ago 'far' [no analysis].

 
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Ethnological Note 1
This is a Mescalero version of the incidents related in Chiricahua Apache Texts 1-5. Contrary to the usual Mescalero custom, however, this informant makes Killer of Enemies the hero of the tale instead of Child of the Water. This may be explained by the fact that the informant is of part Lipan extraction and spends a great deal of his time with the old Lipan people. Furthermore, he is an ardent convert to a recently developed religious movement [the "Silas John Cult"] which originated on the San Carlos Reservation and therefore designates Killer of Enemies as the chief culture hero to whom songs and prayers are to be addressed. See Ethnological Notes to the Chiricahua Apache Text 1, note 3.
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