The conquest of the old Southwest the romantic story of the early pioneers into Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Kentucky, 1740-1790 |
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LIST OF NOTES |
 | The conquest of the old Southwest |  |
LIST OF NOTES
Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, a stirring recital
with chief stress thrown upon the militant characteristics of
the frontiersmen, is open to grave criticism because of failure
to give adequate account of social and economic tendencies,
the development of democracy, and the evolution of government
under the pressure of frontier conditions.
Turner: "Significance of the Frontier in American History,"
American Historical Association Report, 1893.
Original diary in German in Archives of the Moravian
Church, Winston-Salem, N. C. Cf. Mereness, Travels in the
American Colonies 1690-1783, 327-356.
Ely: The Finleys of Bucks (Publications, Bucks County
Historical Society); also "Historic Associations of Neshaminy
Valley," Daily Intelligencer (Reading, Pa.), July 29, 1913.
See also Wisconsin State Historical Society, Draper MSS.,
2 B 161.
Raunié: Chansonnier historique du xviiie siècle, iii, 132-3.
This translation is by Barbara Henderson.
See also Hewit in Carroll's Collections, i, 435. Fort Prince
George was located in the fork of the Six Mile Creek and
Keowee River, in the southwestern part of Pickens County,
and was completed probably by the end of 1753 (South
Carolina Gazette, December 17, 1753).
North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 641, 742, 849. Cf. also
Hunter: Sketches of Western North Carolina, 325.
North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 610; Cf. Timberlake's
"A Draught of the Cherokee Country" in Avery's History of
the United States, iv, facing p. 347; Ramsey, History of Tennessee,
57.
Journal: "Concerning a March that Capt. Robt. Wade
took to the New River," in Summers, Southwest Virginia.
62-66.
For a full account of the part which Fort Dobbs played
Mrs. M. H. Eliason.
Maryland Gazette, May 8, 1760; Haywood; Natural and
Aboriginal History of Tennessee, 239-40; North Carolina Colonial
Records, xxii, 822.
"Notes on the Indians and the Early Settlers of Western
North Carolina," Collections of the North Carolina Historical
Commission. Printed in Papers of A. D. Murphy, ii, 380
et seq.
William and Mary College Quarterly, xii, 129-134; Young:
Genealogical Narrative of the Hart Family (1882); Nash:
"History of Orange County," North Carolina Booklet; Henderson:
"A Federalist of the Old School," North Carolina Booklet.
Cf. "Memoir of Pleasant Henderson," Draper MSS. 2CC2123;
W. H. Battle: "A Memoir of Leonard Henderson," North
Carolina University Magazine, Nov., 1859; T. B. Kingsbury:
"Chief Justice Leonard Henderson," Wake Forest Student,
November, 1898.
"The Life and Times of Richard Henderson," in the
Charlotte Observer, March 9 to June 1, 1913; Draper's MS.
Life of Boone; Morehead's Address at Boonesborough, 105 n.
C. W. Alvord: "The Genesis of the Proclamation of
1763," Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, xxxvi.
Washington to Crawford, September 21, 1767, in Sparks:
Life and Writings of Washington, ii, 346-50.
Cf. C. W. Alvord: "The British Ministry and the Treaty
of Fort Stanwix," Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings,
1908.
Compare "John Finley; and Kentucky before Boone,"
being chapter seven in volume two of C. A. Hanna's The Wilderness
Trail (1911).
J. W. Monette: History of the Discovery and Settlement
of the Valley of the Mississippi (1846), ii, 53.
Cf. "The Pioneers of the West" in Missouri Republican
(1847). Cf. also Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 20.
Cf. "Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Trail," Bristol
(Tennessee-Virginia) Herald Courier, Boone Trail Edition,
April, 1917.
Cf. J. S. Bassett: "The Regulators of North Carolina
(1765-1771)", American Historical Association Report for
1894.
The discovery of an immense quantity of contemporary
documents, since Roosevelt's The Winning of the West was
written, betrays the numerous inaccuracies of that fascinating
work, as well as the imperfect perspective in the picture of
the westward expansionist movement. Mr. Roosevelt's virile
apotheosis of the strenuous pioneer seems today almost as
old-fashioned in its method and outlook as is Draper's work
on King's Mountain.
Cf. "Pioneer Contributions of North Carolina to Kentucky,"
Charlotte (N. C.) Observer, November 10, 1913.
North Carolina Colonial Records, xiv, 314. Cf. Farrand:
"The Indian Boundary Line," American Historical Review, x.
Dunmore to Hillsborough, March, 1772. Cf. also Draper,
MS. Life of Boone, Draper MSS., 3 B 87, 88.
Moses Fisk: "A Summary Notice of the First Settlements
made by White People within the Limits which Bound the
1st series (1816).
North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 825-6, 982. MS.
Copy in Minutes of Council, Public Record Office, Colonial Office,
5:355.
A copy of the opinion, bearing this date, is in the Henderson
papers, Draper collection, Wisconsin Historical Society.
Extended investigation establishes beyond question that
Judge Henderson was proceeding in strict accordance with
law in seeking to acquire title by purchase from the Cherokees
instead of applying to the royal government for a grant.
When Virginia's sea-to-sea charter was abrogated in 1624,
Virginia became a royal province and the settlement of boundaries
a royal prerogative. Of the three presumed Indian
claimants to the trans-Alleghany region, viz., the Iroquois,
Shawanoes, and Cherokees, the Iroquois by defeating the
Shawanoes and their confederates in the Ohio Valley at the
battle of Sandy Island in 1672 acquired title, as understood
by the Indians, to this region. By the treaties of Lancaster
(1744), Loggstown (1752), and Fort Stanwix (1768), the
claims of the Shawanoes and the Iroquois to the transAlleghany
territory were ceded to the crown. While the
Shawanoes and the Cherokees acquiesced in the Treaty of
Fort Stanwix, the crown fully acknowledged the claim of
the Cherokees to the trans-Alleghany region; and by the
treaties of Hard Labor (1768) and Lochaber (1770) confirmed
them in possession of this region to the west of the
boundary line (See Chapter XII). The sovereignty of England
extended over this territory, the right of eminent domain
being vested in the crown. Henderson was legally justified
in disregarding the royal proclamation of 1763 which was
the title to the trans-Alleghany region from the
Cherokees in 1775. The right of eminent domain over the
trans-Alleghany region still vested in the crown after the treaty
of Sycamore Shoals.
MS. Journals of James and Robert McAfee. Durrett
Collection, University of Chicago. These journals are printed
in Woods-McAfee Memorial.
Alvord: The Mississippi Valley in British Politics, ii,
ch. 7; Cotterill: History of Pioneer Kentucky, 65-66.
T. Wharton to Walpole, September 23, 1774, in "Letter
Book of Thomas Wharton," Pennsylvania Magazine of History
and Biography, xxxiii (October, 1909).
Enclosure 6 in Dunmore to Dartmouth, No. 25, March
14, 1775, Public Record Office, Colonial Office, 5:1353.
I am indebted to Miss Lucretia Hart Clay for the privilege
MSS. in her possession.
The voluminous records of the treaty are found in the
Jefferson MSS., vol. 5. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
This quotation is taken from the original manuscript.
The version in De Bow's Review, 1854, is imperfect. For
better printed versions of Walker's two accounts, see Memoirs
of Felix Walker, New Orleans (1877), and Journal of American
History, i, No. 1 (1907).
Draper Collection, Kentucky MSS., ii. For a contrary
view, cf. P. Henry's deposition, Kentucky MSS., i.
Published in Virginia Gazette, March 23, 1775. Cf.
"Forerunners of the Republic", Neale's Monthly, January-June,
1913.
Henderson and Luttrell to the Proprietors, July 18, 1775;
printed in Louisville News-Letter, May 9, 1840.
"The Struggle for the Fourteenth American Colony,"
News and Observer (Raleigh, N. C.), May 19, 1918.
In connection with Transylvania, consult G. W. Ranck:
Boonesborough: Filson Club Publications, No. 16; F. J. Turner:
"State Making in the Revolutionary Era", American Historical
Review, i; G. H. Alden: "New Governments West
of the Alleghanies before 1780."
In a "Proposal for the Sale of its Lands" (Virginia
Gazette, Sept. 30, 1775), the Transylvania Company offered
to any settlers before June 1, 1776, land, limited in amount,
at the rate of fifty shillings sterling per hundred acres, subject
to an annual quit-rent of two shillings. Cf. facsimile.
These increased rates were voted at a meeting of the
Proprietors of Transylvania at Oxford, N. C., September 25,
1775. American Archives, iv.
Cf. for example, Mason to Washington, March 9, 1775,
in Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
Original in Virginia State Archives. This and the aforementioned
petition are printed in the Virginia Historical
Magazine, xvi, 157-163. See also J. R. Robertson: Petitions
of the Early Inhabitants of Kentucky, Filson Club Publications,
No. 27.
Cf. "Richard Henderson and the Occupation of Kentucky,
1775," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, December,
1914. Also A. B. Hulbert: Pilots of the Republic.
Original in North Carolina State Archives. Printed in
Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 134-138.
Original in Draper MSS. Collections. It has recently been
printed in Colonial Men and Times (1915), by Lillie Du P.
Van C. Harper.
The original document is preserved in the archives of
the Tennessee Historical Society. It is printed, with a number
of minor inaccuracies, in Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 94-102.
For a more extended treatment of the subjects dealt with
in the present chapter, see "Richard Henderson, the Authorship
of the Cumberland Compact, and the Founding of
Nashville," Tennessee Historical Magazine, September, 1916.
"Isaac Shelby, Revolutionary Patriot and Border Hero,"
in North Carolina Booklet, xvi, No. 3, 109-144.
While Draper's King's Mountain and its Heroes is most
valuable as a source book, it is very faulty in style and arrangement.
The account of the battle, in particular, is deficient in
perspective; and in general no clear line is drawn between traditionary
and authentic testimony.
F. B. McDowell: The Battle of King's Mountain (Raleigh,
1907). This account was prepared chiefly from unpublished
letters from Isaac Shelby to Franklin Brevard.
A Sketch of the Life and Career of Colonel James D.
Williams, by Rev. J. D. Bailey (Cowpens, S. C., 1898).
A valuable source is the King's Mountain Expedition, by
David Vance and Robert Henry, edited by D. L. Schenck
(Greensboro, 1891).
Sioussat: "The North Carolina Cession of 1784 in its
Federal Aspects," Mississippi Valley Historical Association
Proceedings, ii.
See Charlotte (N. C.) Observer, September 25, 1904. Also
consult North Carolina State Records, xxii, 664 ff.
A single complete draft, in pamphlet form, printed in
1786, is preserved in the archives of the Tennessee Historical
Society. Cf. "The Provisional Constitution of Frankland,"
American Historical Magazine, i.
For a more extended treatment of matters dealt with in
this chapter, compare "The Spanish Conspiracy in Tennessee,"
Tennessee Historical Magazine, December, 1917.
| The conquest of the old Southwest | |