University of Virginia Library

II.
INDIAN DOCTORS.

When an Indian is sick and wants “the Doctor” as we say, or a
medicine man, as they say,—they call them also priests, doctors and
jugglers,—a messenger is sent for one, with a pipe filled in one hand,
and payment in the other; which fee may be a gun, blanket, kettle
or anything in the way of present. The messenger enters the
wigwam (or teepee, as the houses of the Sioux are called) of the
juggler, presents the pipe, and lays the present or fee beside him.

Having smoked, the Doctor goes to the teepee of the patient, takes
a seat at some distance from him, divests himself of coat or blanket,
and pulls his leggins to his ankles. He then calls for a gourd,
which has been suitably prepared, by drying and putting small
beads or gravel stones in it, to make a rattling noise. Taking the
gourd, he begins to rattle it and to sing, thereby to charm the
animal that has entered the body of the sick Sioux. After singing
hi-he-hi-hah in quick succession, the chorus ha-ha-ha, hahahah
is more solemnly and gravely chaunted. On due repetition of this
the doctor stops to smoke; then sings and rattles again. He
sometimes attempts to draw with his mouth the disease from an
arm or a limb that he fancies to be affected. Then rising, apparently
almost suffocated, groaning terribly and thrusting his face into a
bowl of water, he makes all sorts of gestures and noises. This is
to get rid of the disease that he pretends to have drawn from
the sick person. When he thinks that some animal, fowl or fish,
has possession of the sick man, so as to cause the disease, it becomes
necessary to destroy the animal by shooting it. To accomplish
this, the doctor makes the shape of the animal of bark, which
is placed in a bowl of water mixed with red earth, which he sets
outside of the wigwam where some young men are standing, who
are instructed by the doctor how and when to shoot the animal.

When all is ready, the doctor pops his head out of the wigwam,
on his hands and knees. At this moment the young men fire at
the little bark animal, blowing it to atoms; when the doctor jumps
at the bowl, thrusting his face into the water, grunting, groaning
and making a vast deal of fuss. Suddenly a woman jumps upon
his back, then dismounts, takes the doctor by the hair, and drags
him back into the teepee. All fragments of the bark animal are
then collected and burned. The ceremony there ceases. If
the patient does not recover, the doctor says he did not get the
right animal. The reader must be convinced that it is not
for want of the most strenuous exertions on the part of the
physician.

These are some of the customs of the Dahcotahs, which, however
absurd they may appear to us, are held in sacred reverence
by them. There are some animals, birds and fishes, that an Indian
venerates; and the creature thus sacred, he dare neither kill nor
eat. The selection is usually a bear, buffalo, deer, otter, eagle,
hawk or snake. One will not eat the right wing of a bird; another
dare not eat the left: nor are the women allowed to eat any part
that is considered sacred.

The Sioux say it is lawful to take revenge, but otherwise it is
not right to murder. When murder is committed, it is an injury
to the deceased, not a sin against the Great Spirit. Some of their
wise men say that the Great Spirit has nothing to do with their
affairs, present or future. They pretend to know but little of a
future state. They have dreamy ideas of large cities somewhere
in the heavens, where they will go, but still be at war with their
enemies and have plenty of game. An Indian woman's idea of
future happiness consists in relief from care. “Oh! that I were
dead,” they will often say, “when I shall have no more trouble.”
Veneration is much regarded in all Indian families. Thus a son-in-law
must never call his father-in-law by his name, but by the
title father-in-law, and vice versa. A female is not permitted to
handle the sac for war purposes; neither does she dare look into
a looking-glass, for fear of losing her eyesight.

The appearance of a brilliant aurora-borealis occasions great
alarm. The Indians run immediately for their guns and bows and
arrows to shoot at it, and thus disperse it.