 | University of Virginia |  |
Academic Department.
| WILLIAM E. PETERS, LL. D., | Professor of Latin. |
| MILTON W. HUMPHREYS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D., | Professor of Greek. |
| JAMES A. HARRISON, L. H. D., LL. D., | |
| Professor of English, French and Spanish. | |
| W. HOWARD PERKINSON, Ph. D., | Professor of German and Italian. |
| CHARLES W. KENT, M. A., Ph. D., | Professor of English Literature. |
| GEORGE FREDERICK HOLMES, LL. D., | Professor of Historical Science. |
| R. HEATH DABNEY, M. A., Ph. D., | |
| Professor of History and Political Economy. | |
| NOAH K. DAVIS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D., | Professor of Moral Philosophy. |
| WILLIAM H. ECHOLS, B. S., C. E., | Professor of Mathematics. |
| JAMES M. PAGE, A. M., Ph. D., | Adjunct Professor of Mathematics. |
| WILLIAM M. THORNTON, LL. D., | Professor of Applied Mathematics. |
| ORMOND STONE, M. A., | Professor of Practical Astronomy. |
| FRANCIS H. SMITH, M. A., LL. D., | Professor of Natural Philosophy. |
| JOHN W. MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S., | Professor of Chemistry. |
| FRANCIS P. DUNNINGTON, B. S., | Professor of Analytical Chemistry. |
| WILLIAM M. FONTAINE, M. A., | Professor of Natural History and Geology. |
| ALBERT H. TUTTLE, M. S., | Professor of Biology. |
| WILLIAM J. HUMPHREYS, B. A., C. E., Ph. D., | Instructor in Physics. |
| C. CHRISTOPHER WRIGHT, | Assistant Instructor in Latin. |
| HUGH M. BLAIN, M. A., | Assistant Instructor in English and French. |
| C. M. LONG, B. A., | Licentiate in Latin and Greek. |
| J. J. WHITE, | Licentiate in Latin. |
| M. LEE BONNER, B. S., | Licentiate in English Literature. |
The Academic Department is composed of the Schools of Languages, Literature,
History, Philosophy and the Sciences. Each of the included schools offers one or
more undergraduate courses of instruction, comprising the work required of students
who elect the course in question as one of the requisites for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts. These are followed in each School by graduate courses, the
completion of any one of which, together with that of the undergraduate course
preceding it, entitles the student to a diploma of graduation in the School in
question. A certain number of these graduations is required of Bachelors of
Arts who proceed to the degree of Master of Arts. Subsequent work of a still
more advanced and specialized character is now also offered in the various Schools
detailed account of the courses and equipment of the Schools is given, followed
by a specific statement of the requirements for academic degrees.
SCHOOL OF LATIN.
Professor Peters,
Mr. Wright.
B. A. COURSE.
A. First Year.—A student who is able to translate Cæsar or Vergil, and has
a proper acquaintance with the Forms, is prepared to enter this course, which
begins with Sallust or a writer of like difficulty. Systematic attention is given to
the study of the Forms. The syntactical work is the study of the Case-relations,
the exact force of the Tenses, and a consecutive outline of the connections in
which the Subjunctive Mood is required. Principles and facts explained are
applied by frequent exercises in Latin Composition. The reading is confined to
selected portions of Sallust, Ovid, Curtius and Vergil. A limited amount from
each author is prescribed for private reading. For the examinations, passages
are selected for translation from the Latin assigned as private reading. These
examinations are conducted in writing.
B. Second Year.—The work of this year will be directed to the acquirement
of readiness in translation and syntactical interpretation, with as little specialistic
investigation as is consistent with a general but sound and permanent knowledge
of the language. As an indispensable auxiliary to this end, written exercises in
translating English into Latin and Latin into English will be required. Proper
attention will be given to Roman History and Literature. The metrical work
will be limited to the structure and accurate recitation of the Dactylic, Anapæstic,
Trochaic, and Iambic verses, with the verses occurring in the odes of Horace.
Translation will be confined to Livy, Horace, Cicero, Seneca and Tacitus. Selections
from each author will be assigned as parallel reading. The student who
completes the work of this year will be entitled to a diploma of graduation in the
B. A. course in Latin.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
This course commences with Juvenal or Livy, and includes selected portions of
Juvenal, Livy, Cicero, Seneca, Tacitus and Plautus. The Case-relations are reviewed,
and the Syntax of the Verb is systematically presented. Latin versification
is taken up early in the session and continued throughout the term. A
theoretical acquaintance with this subject is insufficient. Prompt identification
and correct recitation of every variety of Latin verse is insisted upon. A very
prominent place is assigned to Latin Composition as an indispensable means of
acquiring an exact knowledge of the language. Portions of the authors read in
the lecture room are designated as parallel and private reading. The object of
parallel reading is to enable a student to acquire a more copious vocabulary than
is furnished by the limited amount of Latin read in the lecture room, and to afford
a wider field for the application of the principles explained in the lectures. The
examinations are conducted in writing. For the third or final examination, passages
which the class has not read. In Roman History and Literature the work is that
of the B. A. course. The completion of the work of this year entitles the student
to the diploma of graduation in the M. A. course in Latin, if the work of the
B. A. course has been completed.
Text-Books.—Any approved edition of the authors above named.
Grammars.—Gi dersleeve's, Syntax of the Verb by the Professor, Print d Lectures
by the Professor on the Latin Cases and Versification.
History.—Liddell's, with Long's or any approved Atlas.
Lit rature.—Bender's, as a Handbook and Guide, supplemented by Lectures
PH. D.
This course is intended for students who propose to teach, or desire to equip
themselves for original investigation in the language. The scope of the work is
such as to familiarize them with the language in its several periods. An extensive
course of reading is prescribed, and subjects for independent investigation are
from time to time assigned. The lecture room exercises consist in translation and
the discussion by the student of the passage translated. He is invited to propound
such questions to the Professor, or to a member of the class, as he would to a
pupil. In addition, a careful translation from some one of the best Latin prose
writers is prepared, and the student is required at once to write on the blackboard
his Latin rendering of it, and to give his reasons as well for the periods as for the
syntactical constructions employed. Though it requires at least two years to complete
this course, yet one year given to it abundantly repays the student, as the
greater part of the first year of the course is devoted to the Archaic period of the
language, which cannot be considered to any great extent in the undergraduate
course.
SCHOOL OF GREEK.
Professor Humphreys.
In this School there are three courses:
B. A. COURSE.
I. A general course, comprising what is deemed essential to a liberal classical
education. This course extends over two years.
A. First Year Class.—As a preparation for this class an accurate knowledge
of the regular Attic inflections and some experience in translating are necessary.
A thorough study of three books of Xenophon's Anabasis may be regarded as
the minimum of preparatory reading. The work of the class is directed to the
acquirement of practical familiarity with the simpler Attic prose. The Grammar
is carefully reviewed, and weekly exercises, based on Greek authors, are written.
The authors read are Xenophon and Lysias.
B. Second Year Class.—This class, for which the work of the preceding
year, or some equivalent, is the appropriate preparation, continues the study of
Attic prose, and enters upon the study of Epic and Ionic Greek and the Drama.
The Syntax is reviewed, and weekly exercises are given for translation into Attic
prose. The authors read are Plato, Demosthenes, Euripides, Herodotus, and
Metres. Graduation in this course is prescribed for those who select Greek as
one of their studies for the degree of B. A.
In preparing students for the B. A. course teachers are urged not to use Homer,
but to confine the instruction to Attic prose.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
II. An advanced course, adapted especially to the requirements of those who
desire to become teachers of the classics. It extends through one session of nine
months. For admission to this course, graduation in the preceding course is required;
but, when sufficiently prepared, students may be allowed to pursue both
courses simultaneously. In this course the Syntax of the Verb is thoroughly
studied, and weekly exercises, including passages from modern English authors,
are given to be translated into idiomatic Greek. Lectures are given on Rhythm
and Metres, and the students are practiced in reading rhythmically the lyric parts
of the Drama and the works of the Lyric Poets. The authors read are Demosthenes,
Æschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Thucydides, Pindar, and other Lyric
Poets. The course will be varied and modified as occasion may require. Graduation
in this course is prescribed for those who select Greek as one of their studies
for the degree of M. A.
PH. D.
III. A higher course, designed for those who wish to devote themselves to classical
scholarship. For admission to this course, graduation in the preceding course
is required, but in special cases students may be permitted to prosecute both courses
at the same time. At present it consists of four special courses, each comprising
two hours per week during a half session. The third year's course will be adapted
to the aims of the students. The lectures will be employed chiefly in directing
the private study of students.
The recent acquisition of the library of the late Professor Hertz has greatly increased
the facilities for philological research, and in connection with each course
special topics will be assigned to each student for investigation. In each course,
in addition to the special objects of study, attention will be given to the literary
aspect of the authors read and to the subject-matter involved. The courses offered
are as follows:
I. A course of selected readings extending over the whole field of Greek literature
in the order of historical development. This course is intended as a general
survey.
II. A course in Attic prose, especially the orators, directed partly to questions
of grammar, and partly to the artistic form and the style.
III. A study of the attic drama, including the special study in class of the
Oedipus Tyrannus of Sophocles and the Frogs of Aristophanes.
IV. A study of the Greek poets, with special reference to music, rhythm, metre,
and structure. The ancient doctrine of metre and rhythm will be carefully examined,
and portions of the Lyric poets, including Pindar, read in class.
For all the classes of this School private reading is prescribed, and the examinations
selected from the Greek authors at will.
Text-Books.—Goodwin's Greek Grammar; Goodwin's Moods and Tenses; Hogue's
Irregular Verbs; Veitch's Verbs; Liddell and Scott's Lexicon (Intermediate, and in
Courses II and III, unabridged seventh edition); Myers's History of Greece; Jebb's
Primer of Greek Literature. Any editions of Greek authors may be used, except
when particular ones are specially prescribed; but students should always have at
hand Teubner's texts for reference, and for use on examinations. At present Rhythm
and Metres and some other subjects are taught wholly or partly by lecture.
Hebrew.—Elementary instruction in Hebrew will be given when the demand
for such instruction is sufficient.
SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH.
Professor Harrison,
Mr. Blain.
FRENCH AND SPANISH: General.
The courses offered in this School are General (B. A.), Special (M. A.), and
Advanced, or Post-Graduate (Ph. D.).
B. A. COURSE.
The General Course embraces such a knowledge of the selected language as an
intelligent student may be expected to acquire in one year. Some previous preparation
is most desirable. The aim of this course is to acquaint the student with
the pronunciation, phonology, grammar, and general syntax of the language
through systematic oral and written practice, to initiate him into the literature
through easy and abundant reading, and to lay a solid foundation for the prosecution
of his Special and Advanced courses, if he elects to continue his studies
in this School.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
The Special Course embraces a systematic extension of the General Course
along the same lines, but is at once more comprehensive and more specialized in
certain directions; incessant practice in translation and composition, gradually
increasing in difficulty, is continued; instruction in syntax, in historical grammar,
and in literature is given by lecture and abstract; and an orderly reading
of the great writers in each language, chronologically arranged, is planned and
accomplished by class work and collateral reading.
PH. D.
The Advanced Course is intended for those students who elect Romance Languages
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It embraces two years of
graduate work in any two languages of the group, and is especially adapted to
students who have graduated in Latin and Greek. Study of the comparative
grammar, vocabulary, and literature of these languages is made a special feature
such as French-Italian, Spanish-French, Portuguese-Spanish. Provençal-French,
Latin-French, etc. Graduation in Latin is indispensable for the prosecution of a Ph.
D. course in Romance Languages. Instruction will be given by conference,
assigned private work, and stated examination, and a dissertation evincing original
research in some department of grammar, phonetics, syntax, literature or history,
will in every case be required. Detailed courses for intending students will be
arranged by the Professor on application.
FRENCH: Special.
B. A. COURSE.
Text-Books.—Whitney's Large French Grammar and Introductory French
Reader; Matzke's French Pronunciation; Bruno's Tour de la France; Joynes'
Classic French Plays; Kuhns' St. Pierre's Paul et Virginie; Fortier's Littérature
Française. Exercises. Parallel reading (completion of the texts begun in class).
Heath's, Gasc's or Bellows' Dictionary. The texts used have been so chosen as to
form a suitable general introduction (a) to the grammar, (b) to the vocabulary, (c)
to the history and geography, and (d) to the literature of France in the seventeenth
and nineteenth centuries.
A course in Scientific French, for the benefit of medical and other students, will
be offered as occasion requires.
M. A. COURSE.
For pronunciation: Matzke's French Pronunciation; Koschwitz' Parlers Parisiens.
For reference and study: Harrison's French Syntax; Brachet-Toynbee's Historical
French Grammar. For reading: Fasnacht's Select Specimens of Great French
Writers; Masson's Series of French Prose (for the study of select periods of French
culture and civilization); Voltaire's Siècle de Louis XIV (for the study of one typical
reign); professor's lectures on Eminent French Writers; Chardenal's Advanced
Exercises. Examinations on definite assigned work.
SPANISH: Special.
B. A. COURSE.
Text-Books.—Manning's Spanish Grammar (for rapid survey); Knapp's Reader
(for current Spanish Prose); Todd's Don Quijote, with Selections from Lope and
Calderon (for classical prose and poetry); Valera's Pepita Jiménez; Harrison's History
of Spain; Seoane's Dictionary. Exercises. Definite collateral reading and examinations
on assigned work.
M. A. COURSE.
Text-Books.—Knapp's Grammar, with lectures based on Foerster's Sprachlehre
and Wiggers' Grammatik der Spanischen Sprache; Selections from the lyric and
dramatic poets and from the great prose writers, in connection with Ticknor's History
of Spanish Literature; Isla's Le Sage's Gil Blas; El Romancero del Cid;
Seoane's Dictionary. Exercises, assigned collateral reading, and stated examinations
on definite assigned work.
Ph. D. Courses in Old French, Provençal and Old Spanish will be arranged and
offered as they are required. The texts, editions, grammars, and chrestomathies of
Schwan, Bartsch, Keller, Groeber, Suchier, Vietor, Gaston Paris, Meyer, Darmesteter,
and others, will be used, and the professor's extensive collection of Modern
Language works will be freely open to students of the School.
ENGLISH.
B. A. COURSE.
The B. A. course in English is designed to lay a broad foundation for the intel-
ligent study of the language on both the historical (philological) and the literary
side. The opportunity is seized from the beginning to interest the student in the
history and etymology of current English words and phrases, to point him by a
general course of Anglo-Saxon (Old English) and Middle English to the gradual
genesis and evolution of Modern English as we have it now, and to furnish him
with ample material for the prosecution of further study and research in one of
the most delightful fields open to the modern student. A carefully graded series
of texts and text-books will lead the student from the language of Alfred through
Chaucer and the Elizabethans to the English of Victoria; and practical weekly or
fortnightly exercises in English composition on assigned topics will, it is hoped,
shape his style and enlarge his knowledge of contemporary English. Three times
a week.
Text-Books.—First Term: Sweet's or Harrison and Baskervill's Primer of Anglo-Saxon;
Morris's Elementary Historical English Grammar (revised); Williams' Composition
and Rhetoric.
Second Term: Cook's First Book in Old English; Corson's Introduction to Chaucer;
Morris's Elementary Hist. Grammar (completed); Williams' Composition and
Rhetoric (continued); Brooke's English Literature (begun).
Third Term: Cook, Brooke, Corson and Williams, completed; Hales' Longer English
Poems; the Arden Shakspere.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
This course is a more specialized form of the B. A. course on the same general
lines; a knowledge of Anglo-Saxon is essential to its profitable prosecution.
The historical study of the language is pursued in greater detail; the student's
attention is concentrated on the history and origins of English; lectures on the
Poetry and Life of the Anglo-Saxons are given; Fourteenth Century English receives
detailed attention, and selected works of the Elizabethan period will be
examined and studied critically.
The effort will constantly be made to make these courses in the English Language
run parallel on the linguistic side with the courses in English Literature, so
that the two may profitably be taken together. Three times a week.
Text-Books.—First Term: Sweet's or Bright's Anglo-Saxon Reader; Sweet's Short
English Grammar; Morris and Skeat's Specimens, II.
Second Term: Skeat's Principles, I; the Student's Chaucer; Brooke's History of
Old English Literature; Professor's Lectures.
Third Term: Beowulf; Skeat's Principles, II; Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (completed;
Moulton's Literary Study of the Bible; Brooke (completed).
Note: In 1898 the M. A. class discussed once a week in the English Seminary, second
term, written reports on points connected with Chaucer's language, vocabulary,
proverbs, learning, versification, etc. During the third term the English Bible
formed the centre of the Seminary work.
A piece of technical work, such as the construction of a vocabulary, the examination
author, may be required of the M. A. graduate.
PH. D.
Here only general hints and suggestions can be given, the course adapting itself
to the preferences of the student. The foundations will be laid in a thorough
knowledge of Gothic, Old and Middle High German, and Old French to the Sixteenth
Century; phonetics will be carefully studied; and the principles of comparative
grammar and syntax will be duly explained.
Frequent conference, stated examination, and original research will form essential
parts of this course.
The Professor's large and choice collection of Anglo-Saxon, English, German,
and French philological works is open to the students.
SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
GERMAN AND ITALIAN.
Professor Perkinson.
GERMAN.
In the department of German the following courses are offered.
B. A. COURSE.
Students who desire to take this course should possess an accurate knowledge
of English grammar and some familiarity with the rudiments of German.
The course embraces a study of elementary syntax, exercise in pronunciation
and oral and written translation; also weekly written exercises and a brief course
in the history and literature of the language. The main object of this course is
to enable the student to read at sight ordinary German and to give him an insight
into the literature of the language. Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 10-11 a. m.
Text-Books.—Whitney's Brief Grammar; Thomas' Grammar; Whitney's Introductory
German Reader; Three German Tales (Nichols); Schiller's Wilhelm Tell;
Goethe's Egmont.
SCIENTIFIC GERMAN.
This course is designed for students who need only a reading knowledge of the
language in pursuing their studies. No previous knowledge of the language is
required, and no diploma is given for this course.
It will be found helpful to students of Biology, Chemistry and Medicine especially.
Two hours a week. Time to be fixed to suit the convenience of applicants.
Text-Books.—Whitney's Brief Grammar; Scientific Reader to be announced
later.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
This course is open to those who have completed the B. A. course, or its
equivalent. Here the syntax and historical grammar are treated at length by
lectures, aided by books of reference. More difficult translation and composition
graduation in this course are required to translate at sight any passages that may
be assigned, and to render at sight into German one or more English selections.
Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 9-10 a. m.
Text-Books.—Whitney's Grammar (compendious) for reference; Heine's Prosa;
Goethe's Dichtung und Wahrheit (Buchheim), Iphigenie auf Tauris, and Faust.
The authors to be specially considered during the session of 1898-99, are Heine and
Goethe.
PH. D.
This course is designed for students who desire to make a special study of the
language, either from its literary, or its scientific side. It is open to those who
have completed the lower courses or their equivalents.
Applicants for the degree of Ph. D. who take German as a major are required
to prepare a thesis showing a capacity for original work, and to devote at least
three years to the subject, after the completion of the B. A. course.
The following are offered for 1898-99:
1. Gothic.
Text-Books.—Wright's Primer of the Gothic Language; Braune's Gotische Grammatik
and Ulfilas (Heyne).
Some knowledge of Greek is indispensable for this course.
Two hours a week, first half sesson.
2. Old High German.
Text-Books.—Braune's Abriss der Althochdeutschen Grammatik and Lesebuch,
and Tatian (Sievers).
Some knowledge of Latin is needed for this course.
Two hours a week, second half session.
ITALIAN.
What has been said above in reference to German is applicable likewise to
Italian, except that at present only two courses are offered.
B. A. COURSE.
No previous knowledge of the language is required, but some knowledge of
Latin or French will be helpful. The object of this course is to introduce the
student into the language by easy steps and to present to him the language in its
modern form as represented by the most popular authors. A rapid review is made
of the grammar, then an introductory reader is taken up, and then some complete
work. Special stress is laid on pronunciation and weekly exercises are required.
Text-Books.—Grandgent's Grammar; Bowen's Reader; De Amicis' Cuore and La
Vita Militare; Pellico's Le Mie Prigioni.
M. A. COURSE.
The same requirements exist here as in M. A. German.
Text-Books.—Vockeradt's Grammatik; Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi; Tasso's
Jerusalemme Liberata; Dante's Divina Commedia.
LINDEN KENT MEMORIAL SCHOOL OF ENGLISH
LITERATURE.
Professor Kent.
B. A. COURSE.
This course includes practical instruction in prose and poetic composition and
in the critical analysis of prose and poetry, but its general aim, held steadfastly in
view, is literary. The double purpose of the course is: first, to aid the student in
learning the principles of good writing and in acquiring by practice the power of
expressing himself correctly and clearly, if not with facility and literary finish;
second, to raise the standard of reading by cultivating the student's literary taste
and by interesting him in the splendid achievements of English and American
literature.
In order to pursue this course with full profit the student should have, in addition
to a certain maturity of mind and general mental training, an accurate
knowledge of the principles of English grammar, including punctuation and
orthography, and some familiarity with the foundations of rhetoric. Previous
practice in composition is well nigh essential to the successful prosecution of the
work of this class, while general information as to the history and contents of
English and American literature will add materially to the student's appreciation
of the lectures.[1]
This B. A. course includes:
1. Rhetoric.—This will comprise a rapid review of the principles of style as
illustrated by the Sentence and the Paragraph, and a careful study of invention
in prose discourse. There will be frequent written and blackboard exercises, and
particular attention will be given to the critical analysis of selected specimens of
Descriptive, Narrative, Expository, Argumentative, and Persua-ive Prose. This
course, based on Genung's Rhetoric, will be supplemented by lectures, outlines,
diagrams.
Text-Books.—Genung's Rhetoric; Prose Specimens to be selected.
2. Poetics.—This course, following the general outline of the text-book, will
comprise the mechanism of verse, the artistic elements of poetry, history of important
verse forms, poetic style, kinds of poetry, etc.
Class exercises in the analysis of poems, in the composition of verse, and in
recognition of forms, etc., will be assigned from time to time.
Text-Book.—Kent's Study of Poetry (in preparation).
3. American Literature.—This course will consist, first, of a general history
of American literature, of which the text-book will serve as a syllabus; then, of
a closer study of the poets of America, with special studies of Southern poets.
This entire course, consisting of daily examinations, class explanations, graphical
English literature, to which constant references will be made.
Text-Books.—Pancoast's Introduction to American Literature; Stedman's Poets
of America; Kent's Graphical Representations of English and American Literature-
Reference: Pancoast's Introduction to English Literature.
4. Essays.—Besides the frequent written exercises, four essays will be required
of each student applying for graduation in this B. A. Course. These will be due
October 15, December 10, March 11, May 6.
In this connection the earnest attention of those charged with the direction of
academies, high schools and schools of lower grade is called to the sad and disastrous
want of adequate elementary training in English, manifested by many of their representative
students.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
To this class will be admitted such students as have finished the B. A. course
here, or have had such training here or elsewhere as to warrant the belief that
they would pursue the course with profit. But, because of the written work required
in each class, the professor strongly advises young men not to undertake
to pursue the B. A. and M. A. courses both during the same session.
M. A. COURSE.
In this course there will be occasional lectures, but in general the exercises of
the class will be conducted by questions, conversation, and conference. Readings
will be assigned, independent investigation insisted upon, and written reports required
from time to time. The students will be encouraged to form their own
judgments and to express them orally or in writing. References for each author,
period, or subject studied will be given, and the free use of the library in this
and all courses is cordially recommended.
COURSES HERETOFORE OFFERED.
I. Representative Writers of English Prose.
II. History of Lyric Poetry from 1560 to 1800.
III. British Essayists from Bacon to Burke.
IV. Victorian and American Poets.
V. Tennyson, the Representative Poet of the Nineteenth Century.
VI. The British Essay in the Nineteenth Century.
VII. Shakespeare, as a Dramatic Artist.
COURSES ANNOUNCED FOR 1898-99.
VII. Shakespeare, as a Dramatic Artist.
This course is intended (a) to trace the development of Shakespeare's literary
powers and (b) to inculcate a full and reverential appreciation of his mind and
art. His minor poems—particularly the Sonnets—will be studied in so far as
they throw light upon his development, reveal the influences active in his work,
or mark the stages of his progress, but the main effort of the class will be directed
to a careful analysis of the dramatic structure of the plays and to the full comprehension
and enjoyment of these masterpieces. All the plays will be either
examined in class or assigned for parallel reading.
Text-Books.—Barrett Wendell's William Shakspere; Globe edition of Shakspeare's
Complete Works (Macmillan & Co.); Kent's Shakspeare Note-Book. In
addition, for the plays studied in class single annotated volumes are strongly recommended.
VIII. Chief English Literary Tendencies in the Nineteenth Century.
Text-Book.—Saintsbury's Nineteenth Century Literature, used as an outline.
Essays and Dissertation.—As an essential part of this course there will be
required two critical essays and a dissertation. The essays, due October 22, and
December 15, respectively, will treat some literary theme, not necessarily growing
out of the class work, though to such theme preference will be given. The
dissertation must show independent and original investigation of some theme
selected with the professor's approval, and the subject of this dissertation must
be recorded by the professor on or before January 15, 1898. The dissertation
itself is due on or before May 15, 1898.
PH. D.
This course will be, in some measure, adapted to the needs of the students
desiring to pursue it. Its purposes will be to cultivate more fully the love of
letters, to encourage independent and scholarly research, and to further the art
of literary expression. It will include the study of some writer, or school of
writers, or of some period or movement of literature, and will take into consideration
the political, social and literary characteristics of the time under discussion.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL AND ECONOMICAL
SCIENCE.
Professor Dabney.
In this School two distinct sciences are taught. For, although economic conditions
have profoundly influenced the history of nations, and, although there is
such a thing as the history of Economics (just as, for that matter, there is a history
of Mathematics, and as there has been a decided influence of mathematical
discoveries upon History), still History and Economics are distinct subjects, and
are investigated by different methods.
HISTORY.
The study of History, like that of other great subjects, has its own peculiar
charms and advantages. It cannot equal the study of language in cultivating the
habit of minute accuracy and attention to details. Nor can it compete with
mathematical study in accustoming the student to habits of clear and rigidly consecutive
thought. But, on the other hand, there is no other subject that surpasses
History in its power to broaden and deepen both the mind and the heart.
Its charm lies in its human interest. For its theme is man—"the proper study
of mankind"—a theme that must ever be more attractive to the majority of
human beings than either the asymptotes of the hyperbola or the subjunctive
mood. But, while History deals with man, it should not be confounded with
biography, which deals with individual men. Biography is an invaluable adjunct
to History, but History deals with the life of societies, nations and states. Fully
fairly and impartially to comprehend this life in all its marvellously varied social,
political, religious, moral and intellectual manifestations, is totally beyond the
power of any human brain. Yet the earnest student, who seeks the truth and
even so vast a theme to reward him richly for his pains. But let him not yield
credence to the common delusion that History is "easy" to learn,—a mere collection
of entertaining anecdotes concerning eminent men. To understand the
life of nations—the evolution and dissolution of organized masses of men—is a
fascinating, but immensely difficult task. Such a task is, very properly, not attempted
in primary schools, children being taught the rudiments of History with
other purposes in view. Nor is it wise for the younger students at a university to
attempt the task. The greater their maturity, the greater also will be the benefit
they may derive from historical study; and they are therefore advised, as a general
rule, to defer its pursuit until they have had at least one year's training in
other university work.
Two courses in History are offered: one in General History and one in English
and American History.
B. A. COURSE.
General History.—In this course, which comprises the historical work required
for the B. A. degree, great stress is laid on the view that the career of man, as
revealed in History, is not a mere jumble of disconnected dates and facts, but a
continuous stream, having its source, and tributaries in the far-off past, its outlet
in the remote future. No attempt is made, however, to traverse in the classroom
the entire length of this stream; for, although constant efforts are made to demonstrate
the vital connection of nation with nation, of generation with generation,
and of anterior with ensuing conditions of historical development, the lectures are
confined to the more important periods, the student being required to fill the gaps
by private reading. These periods, and, therefore, the text-books studied, may
be more or less varied each year. Three lectures a week.
Text-Books—Fisher's Outlines of Universal History; Grant's Greece in the Age
of Pericles; Froude's Cæsar; Capes's Age of the Antonines; Thatcher's and Schwill's
Europe in the Middle Age; Seebohm's Era of the Protestant Revolution; Gardiner's
Thirty Years' War; Longman's Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War;
Dabney's Causes of the French Revolution; Morris's French Revolution and First
Empire.
GRADUATE COURSE.
M. A.
English and American History.—In this higher course the principles taught in
the one preceding will be applied to a more special field; and, in order that the
students may be encouraged to exercise independent thought and judgment, they
will be required to write essays on assigned topics. Moreover, it should be distinctly
understood that the text-books are by no means regarded by the professor
as infallible authorities. On the contrary, some of them contain much that is
emphatically rejected by him. And yet such books may be exceedingly useful;
for to educate a man is not to stuff him full of cut-and-dried opinions, but rather
to draw forth and develop his own judgment by presenting to his mind opinions
that oppose and even clash violently with each other. Graduates in General
History will derive most benefit from this course. It may be taken, however, by
others; and, as considerable attention will be paid to constitutional development,
students intending to study Law will find the course of advantage. Candidates
both in this course and in the preceding. Three lectures a week.
Text-Books.—Gardiner's History of England; Green's Short History of the English
People; Gardiner's Atlas of English History; Percy Greg's History of the
United States; Thwaites's Colonies; Hart's Formation of the Union; Wilson's Division
and Re-union; Curry's Southern States of the American Union.
ECONOMICS.
In its value both as a mental discipline to the student, and as a subject of practical
interest to the citizen, it is difficult to over-estimate the importance of this
science.
As a mental discipline the study of Economics combines to a certain extent
the advantages of linguistic, mathematical and historical training. One of the
most serious difficulties of the subject is the fact that many of its technical terms
are also used in loose popular significations; and a close study of Economics
teaches a man to be very careful in the exact and discriminating use of words.
The rigid reasoning, too, by which economic laws are deductively derived from a
few simple and fundamental facts in human and physical nature is as relentlessly
logical as that by which the properties of triangles or circles are deduced from
the axioms of Geometry. And, finally, the historical investigation of economic
phenomena with a view to the verification, modification or refutation of the laws
deductively ascertained, or to the inductive discovery of other laws, is attended
with the advantages of other historical study, as above set forth, and sheds a flood
of light upon many questions in social, political, or even religious history.
B. A. COURSE.
Like Mathematics, Economics is treated as Pure and Applied. In the first
term of the session the whole field of Pure or Deductive Economics, an abstract
science which deliberately and properly ignores, for the sake of clearness and
simplicity, many important phases of social life, is traversed in outline; and a
few brief practical applications are made to special topics. In the second term a
thorough deductive, as well as inductive and historical, investigation of the
principles of Money and Credit is undertaken; while a few lectures are devoted
to the consideration of protective tariffs. The third term is devoted to a discussion
of the periodical commercial panics and crises of the nineteenth century, and
to the history of the vast changes in production, transportation and industrial
organization that have taken place throughout the world in recent years.
Text-Books.—Walker's Political Economy, (Advanced Course); Horace White's
Money and Banking; selected pamphlets from the Sound Currency series published
by the N. Y. Reform Club, viz: Nipher's The Appreciation of Gold, Warner's The
Currency Famine of 1893, Watkins's Cotton and the Currency, White's Coin's Financial
Fool, and the Report of the Monetary Commission of the Indianapolis Convention
of 1897; Philpott's Tariff Chats; Porter Sherman's Tariff Primer; Hyndman's
Commercial Crises of the Nineteenth Century; Wells's Recent Economic Changes.
SCHOOL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
Professor Davis.
There are two classes arranged for two successive sessions.
The First Class studies during the first half-session, Deductive and Inductive
Logic; during the second half-session, Psychology. Three lectures a week.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Elements of Deductive Logic; Elements of Inductive
Logic; Theory of Thought; and Elements of Psychology.
The Second Class studies during the first half-session, Ethics; during the second
half-session, Philosophy. Two lectures a week.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Essay in Ethics; Janet's La Morale; Lotze's Grund-
zuge der praktischen Philosophie; Kūlpe's Introduction to Philosophy; Ueberweg's>
History of Philosophy.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS
Professor Echols.
Adjunct Professor Page.
The work of the School of Mathematics is divided into two parts:
Part I.—The Undergraduate Course, leading to the degree of B. A., is designed
with a view of giving an intelligent comprehension of the fundamental principles
of mathematics to those who pursue it as a component part of a general education,
and as a preparation to those who desire a working knowledge of the subject for
use in subsequent studies in Physics, Astronomy, and Engineering.
Part II.—The Graduate Course, leading to the degrees of M. A. and Ph. D.,
has a twofold design. In the first place its object is to require a thorough and
systematic study of the chief branches of pure mathematics as exhibited in the
writings of the best authors; and in the second place, to inculcate a serious and
thoughtful contemplation of pure mathematics as an art, a science, and a branch
of philosophy.
In this school, as at present designed, there are six classes.
B. A. COURSE.
In this course there are two classes, each of which meets three times a week
(three hours) throughout the session.
Class A.—This class meets three times a week, and devotes about three months
to each of the three subjects, Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry.
In Algebra the class begins with Ratio and Proportion, proceeding to the progressions,
the Binomial Formula, Convergence and Divergence of Series, Logarithms,
Determinants, and the Theory of Equations.
In Geometry the work begins with the Solution of numerous original exercises
in Plane Geometry, proceeds through Solid Geometry, with exercises, and terminates
with a short course in Geometrical Conic Sections.
The year is closed by a course in elementary Plane Trigonometry, embracing
problems of Heights and Distances, etc.
The preparation necessary to enter this class is a good knowledge of Arithmetic,
of Algebra through Simultaneous Quadratic Equations, and of Plane
Geometry.
Text-Books.—Charles Smith's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with
Exercises; Venable's Notes on Geometric Conic Sections; and Wells' Plane and
Spherical Trigonometry.
Class B.—The preparation for this class consists in a thorough knowledge of
the topics worked over in Class A.
This class devotes about three months to each of the three subjects, Trigonometry,
Analytical Geometry, and Calculus.
The subject of Trigonometry, plane and spherical, is carefully worked over
and followed by the study of the Conic Sections analytically. The last three
months of the session are devoted to the study of the elementary principles and
applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus.
Text-Books.—Loney's Trigonometry, Part I; Charles Smith's Conic Sections;
Osborne's Calculus.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
Class C.—This class meets three times each week (four and a half hours)
throughout the session. It begins with the study of Analytical Geometry of
three dimensions, and takes a systematic course in the Differential and Integral
Calculus, and completes the course with a study of Differential Equations.
Text-Books.—Charles Smith's Solid Geometry; Williamson's Differential and
Integral Calculus; Murray's Differential Equations.
This course is required for graduation in the M. A. course of Mathematics.
PH. D.
Class D.—This class meets three times each week throughout the session. The
topics discussed are: The Theory of the Number System; Determinants; the
Infinitesimal and Finite Calculus and the general Theory of Functions.
Reference Books.—Scott's Determinants; Laurent Traité d'Analyse; Chrystal's
Algebra; Boole's Finite Differences; Tannery's Théorie des Fonctions d'une Variable,
and Harkness and Morley's Theory of Functions; Picard, Traité d'Analyse.
Class E.—The first half-year will be devoted to a course on the Applications of
the Differential and Integral Calculus to Geometry, with special reference to the
Theory of Surfaces—and Curves on Surfaces. During the second half-year a
course in Pure Geometry, beginning with Projective Geometry and proceeding to
elementary Higher Geometry, will be offered.
This class, and the following one, meet three times a week, and the subjects
will be presented by lectures.
Reference Books.—Joachimsthal's "Anwendung der Differential und Integralrechnung
auf die Allgemeine Theorie der Flächen, und der Linien Doppelter
Krūmmung;" Salmon's "Geometry of Three Dimensions;" Darboux's "Theorie
Génēral des Surfaces;" Reye's "Geometrie der Lage;" Klein's Lectures on "Hohere
Geometrie," Volume I; Page's Differential Equations.
Class F.—In this class will be presented a course in Lie's Theory of Transformation
Groups, with Applications to Differential Equations and to Higher
Geometry.
Reference Books.—Lie's Works on Transformation Groups: Klein's Lectures on
"Hohere Geometrie," Volume II.
The candidate for the Ph. D. degree is required to complete the work of all
the classes in the graduate courses, and to present a thesis which shall be acceptable
to the faculty.
SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS.
Professor Thornton.
The work of this School is divided between the Academic and the Engineering
Departments. In the former the following courses are offered, each of three lectures
a week:
B. A. COURSE.
General Mechanics.—In this course, which comprises the work in Mechanics
for the B. A. degree, the subjects studied are Statics, Strength of Materials,
Graphical Statics, Hydrostatics, the Elementary Dynamics of a Particle, and of a
Rigid Body. Elementary mathematical methods are employed; but no student is
prepared to undertake the course who has not a sound working knowledge of
Algebra, Geometry, and Plane Trigonometry, with the elements of Analytical
Geometry.
Text-Books.—Glazebrook's Mechanics; Jacoby's Graphical Statics; Greene's
Structural Mechanics; Lectures.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
Analytical Mechanics.—This course comprises the work in Mechanics for the
M. A. degree. Free use is made of the methods of the Infinitesimal Calculus,
and only suitably prepared students will be admitted to it. The subjects studied
are the Dynamics of a Particle, Analytical Statics, and the Dynamics of a Rigid
Body.
Text-Books.—Williamson's Treatise on Dynamics; Tait and Steele's Dynamics of
a Particle; Todhunter's Analytical Statics; Pirie's Rigid Dynamics. For reference
and parallel reading: Minchin's Statics; Routh's Rigid Dynamics, and Routh's
Analytical Statics.
PH. D.
Graduate work is offered also to candidates for the Ph. D. degree and other
students of Advanced Mathematics. The subjects offered for 1898-99 will be the
Theory of Ela-ticity and the Theory of Attractions. Extended courses of reading
are prescribed, lectures will be delivered on special topics, and investigations
will be planned and carried out in the Mechanical Laboratory.
Text-Books.—Love's Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity; Routh's
Analytical Statics; Minchin's Statics. For reference: Théorie de l'Elasticité des
Corps Solides de Clebsch, traduite par Saint-Venant et Flamant.
SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.
Professor Stone.
B. A.
General Astronomy.—The primary aim of this course is to give such a knowledge
of the facts, principles, and methods of Astronomy as every well-educated
person should possess.
The preparation required is a good working knowledge of Arithmetic, Algebra
through Quadratics, Plane and Solid Synthetic Geometry, and Plane Trigonometry
through the Solution of Triangles. In this preparation thoroughness is of
more importance than extent.
The instruction is given by oral examinations, by lectures, and by the assignment
of problems. The mental discipline of the student is kept constantly in
view, and an earnest effort is made to create a habit of clear and logical thinking.
To this end as far as possible the student is expected to give with each statement
the reason therefor.
Text-Books.—Young's General Astronomy; Barlow and Bryan's Elementary
Mathematical Astronomy; Gauss's Tables of Logarithms.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
The courses mentioned in the paragraph following this, although primarily designed
to meet the wants of candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,
are also open to candidates for the degree of Master of Arts, who are required to
satisfactorily complete, in addition to the work of the B. A. course, a year's work
in the more advanced courses.
PH. D.
Theoretical Astronomy.—The courses offered vary from year to year. During
the session of 1896-97 lectures were given introductory to Celestial Mechanics,
largely based on the first volume of Tisserand's Mécanique Céleste. During the
session of 1897-98 courses were given on the History of Astronomy, on Least
Squares, and on the Lunar Theory. During the year 1898-99 the Problem of
Two Bodies will be studied. This course will be based on Gauss's Theoria Motus.
Practical Astronomy.—Laboratory courses are offered each year, in which systematic
training is given in numerical computation, and in the use of Astronomical
instruments. Students are also encouraged to engage in such original work as
their time and attainments may permit.
A Seminar is held once a week, at which lectures are given on assigned subjects
by the more advanced students.
Completion of the M. A. course in the School of Mathematics or that of Natural
Philosophy may be substituted, if desired, for the equivalent work in Astronomy
as a qualification for candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by those
who elect Astronomy as one of their subjects.
For information in regard to Fellowships in Astronomy, application should be
made to the professor in charge of the School.
The Astronomical Observatory is situated upon an elevation known as Mount
Jefferson, which furnishes an unobstructed horizon. The principal building is a
rotunda forty-five feet in diameter, and contains the great Clark refractor of twenty-six
inches aperture. The building and instrument are the gift of Leander J. McCormick,
Esq., of Chicago. The computing rooms are adjoining, and contain
clock, chronograph, etc., and a working library. In a smaller building are a three-inch
Fauth transit and a four-inch Kahler equatorial.
SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Professor Smith.
Dr. Humphreys.
This School offers the following courses:
1. Experimental Physics.—This course is intended to include Elementary Mechanics,
Heat, Electricity, Sound, and Light. Instruction is given by lectures
and text-books, with illustrative experiments. The losses of apparatus by the
recent fire have been more than repaired, and ample provision is made for experimentation
both in the lecture-room and the laboratory. The members of this
class are expected to perform a graded set of simple exercises in the Physical
Laboratory, the hours for which are accommodated, as far as possible, to the convenience
of each student.
2. Mathematical Physics.—In this course selected portions of the preceding
one are more fully developed by the aid of mathematics. The subjects studied
may be changed from session to session, according to the preparation or the needs
of the student. The utmost possible freedom, consistent with a proper standard
as to amount and quality, is afforded to him. The Laboratory work in this class
is more advanced and extensive than in the preceding class, and aims at the more
exact measurement of physical quantities.
3. Electricity.—This course is distinguished from the preceding, in being adapted
of design to the needs of such as intend to pursue Electrical Engineering. The
book work and the Laboratory exercises have therefore a practical character.
They are intended to cover the first half of a four years course of Electrical
Engineering.
4. Graduate Work is offered to candidates for the Doctorate of Philosophy and
to others who, for special reasons, may wish to do advanced work in Physics along
special lines. This work will be mainly experimental and, as far as our resources
allow, will be accommodated to the preferences of the student himself. More
detailed information respecting the advanced work will be issued in a special circular,
and may meanwhile be obtained by correspondence or personal interview.
Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, electing this School, are only required
to pass in the class of Experimental Physics.
The course for Master of Arts in this School is that given in the class of Mathematical
Physics.
THE ROUSS PHYSICAL LABORATORY.
This building is now completed, and occupied. Its equipment is such as to offer
unusual facilities for both elementary and advanced practical work. The working
gas and water, as well as steam-heat, are supplied to each of them. The
structure was specially designed to meet the requirements of Practical Physics,
and is convenient within, while it is sightly without.
SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY.
Professor Mallet.
In this School the following courses are offered:
General Chemistry.—This course consists of three lectures a week throughout
the session. The fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations of Chemistry
to Physics, the laws expressing the facts of chemical combination by weight
and by volume, the atomic theory as at present developed in connection with
Chemistry, the chemical nomenclature and symbols now in use, the foundations
of our knowledge of chemical structure, and a general survey of the Descriptive
Chemistry of the elements and their compounds, inorganic and organic, are
brought forward in order, with incidental allusion to the applications in the arts
and manufactures of the facts mentioned.
Text-Books—Fownes's Chemistry (last edition); Syllabus of the Professor's
Lectures. Recommended for reference.—Roscoe and Schorlemmer's Elements of
Chemistry; Lothar Meyer's Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry (English translation);
Bernthsen's Text-Book of Organic Chemistry, translated by McGowan; Watt's
Dictionary of Chemistry.
Industrial Chemistry.—This course, in which also three lectures a week are
delivered, is concerned with the applications of chemistry to the purposes of
human life. It examines in detail the chemical principles and processes specially
concerned in the more important arts and manufactures, upon which the dexelopment
of the natural resources of the country in large measure depends, the
opportunity being thus presented of preparation for such positions as those of
the miner and metallurgist, the chemical manufacturer, the dyer, bleacher,
tanner, sugar-refiner, etc.
Text-Book.—Wagner's Chemical Technology. Recommended for reference.—Richardson
and Watt's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied to Arts
and Manufactures; Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin's Leçons
de Chimie Élementaire appliquée aux Arts Industriels; Percy's Metallurgy; Sadtler's
Handbook of Industrial Organic Chemistry, etc.
The lectures in both courses are illustrated by suitable experiments, and by
such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various subjects require. The collections
of the University in illustration of the processes and products of Industrial
Chemistry have been procured at much expense and pains in this country,
England, France and Germany, and are unusually extensive and good; among
the best on this side of the Atlantic.
In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects under
discussion, involving questions put, by, as well as to, the students; and exercises
in writing are from time to time given out to afford practice in the calculations
which are needed by the chemist.
Graduate work is offered in either course, and either or both may be taken by
the candidate for the Ph. D. degree. Laboratory work will be required on subjects
involving original investigation. It is desirable that the student shall,
himself, as far as possible, select subjects for investigation, but when he cannot
do so, suitable questions will be presented to him, and he will be encouraged to
work them out for himself, with only such aid and guidance as may prove to be
indispensable. Advanced reading may also be prescribed, especially in the shape
of the literature of particular topics, to be looked up from various sources and
condensed by the student.
Graduation in General Chemistry is required for the B. A. degree, graduation in
both General and Industrial Chemistry for the M. A. For admission to a graduate
course in the School of Chemistry or in the School of Analytical Chemistry,
previous graduation in both the schools named will be required; but this part of
the requirement may be waived, provided satisfactory evidence be furnished that
the student has already made equivalent attainments elsewhere.
SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.
Professor Dunnington.
The regular work of this school, constituting a complete course in Practical
Chemistry, is divided into two courses, as follows:
1. This course consists of three lessons a week throughout the session, on each
occasion the students spending three or four hours in practical experiments in the
Laboratory. A course in Chemical Manipulation is first given, then Blowpipe
Analysis and recognition of ores and a systematic course in inorganic Qualitative
Analysis followed by practice in analysis of salts, alloys and ores, determination
of minerals and the examination of potable water, coal, clay and so on, together
with some simpler quantitative determinations.
2. The work of the second course is also given in three lessons a week throughout
the session, each being followed by four hours or more of practical laboratory
work. This course is primarily one in Quantitative Analysis. After some training
in manipulation and gravimetric estimations, fire assaying of ores of lead, gold
and silver is pursued, then volumetric estimations and a full course in Quantitative
Analysis of minerals, ores, coal, soil, technical products, and so on. As the student
advances in the course he is encouraged to undertake original research and
assisted in its prosecution; and in determining his fitness for graduation, work of
this kind is considered as having much weight.
The Laboratory is open to students six days in the week during all the working
hours of the day.
Students may matriculate either for the first course, or for both courses at the
same time; candidates for graduation are required to complete both courses.
Those who accomplish it are prepared for work as Analytical Chemists, Assayers,
Druggists, or Teachers of Chemistry.
Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Fresenius's Qualitative
and Quantitative Analysis; Venable's Qualitative Analysis (2d ed.); Greville
Williams's Hand-book of Chemical Manipulation; Woehler's Examples for Practice
in Chemical Analysis; Foye's Hand-book of Mineralogy; A. Classen's Elementary
Quantitative Analysis.
PH. D.
The graduate course is designed for those seeking the degree of Ph. D., and
also for such students as desire to increase the range of their experience as analysts
and to cultivate their powers of original investigation.
It is required of those who enter this course that they shall have previously
graduated both in this School and in General Chemistry, or that they shall have
previously made equivalent attainments elsewhere.
Laboratory work will be conducted daily, and suggestions and due assistance
will be given in its prosecution.
While the work is adapted to the special aims or taste of each student, it will
in all cases comprise some practice in the more elaborate processes of analysis,
ultimate and proximate organic analysis, some study in analytical methods and
some original problems, also the reading and the summarizing of extracts from
current journals, and for all who are seeking the degree of Ph. D., a dissertation
embodying the results of some original research.
SPECIAL COURSES.
In addition to the foregoing, the following Special Courses are given in this
School. They are open without additional charge to the regular students of the
School. For fees to others, see Expenses.
1. A laboratory course of twelve lessons in Practical Pharmacy, including the
compounding and dispensing of drugs. The pursuit of this course will enable the
practitioner satisfactorily to dispense medicines, and it will afford him needed
familiarity with handling chemicals and the forms of prescriptions.
2. A course of twenty-four lectures on Agricultural Chemistry, including a discussion
of the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, of soils and of
plants; the chemistry of the processes of vegetable life so far as they are related
to Agriculture; the chemical composition and preparation of manures; the chemistry
of stock feeding, and so on. This course is open without charge to students
from Virginia and to farmers who are not matriculated students.
For reference: Johnston's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, 17th Edition: London,
1894.
The Chemical Laboratory is a building planned and erected for the purpose. It
is warmed throughout by hot water, completely fitted with the most approved appliances,
and stocked with apparatus, models, materials, and specimens. The commodious
lecture-room, with work and store-rooms attached, is provided with every
convenience for exhibiting a complete series of experiments illustrating the lectures
on General Chemistry. The large room assigned to Analytical Chemistry
will accommodate fifty working students, and is furnished with work-tables, gas
water, and all proper laboratory fixtures; smaller rooms are devoted to weighing,
evaporations, assaying, etc., and all requisite apparatus, chemicals, minerals, materials
for analysis, etc., are kept constantly supplied by home purchase and impor-
tation.
The Museum of Industrial Chemistry contained in the same building, consists
of a very large number of specimens, collected at much expense and pains in this
to the arts and manufacturers, and is so arranged as to be a most valuable aid to
the student of Industrial Chemistry.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY AND
GEOLOGY.
Professor Fontaine.
In this School two subjects are taught, Geology and Descriptive Mineralogy.
There are two courses—first, a course embracing the requisites in Geology for the
attainment of the degree of Bachelor of Arts; and second, a course covering
what is required in Mineralogy and Geology for the degree of Master of Arts.
B. A. COURSE.
Three lectures a week will be given throughout the session. The design of
the course is to enable the student to obtain such a knowledge of the science of
Geology as should be possessed by a well educated man. As full an exposition of
the fundamental principles will be given as the time will allow.
Text-Books.—Scott's Introduction to Geology. The instruction will be in part by
lecture.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
This course consists of two divisions, one in Mineralogy, the other in Geology.
Mineralogy.—The course in Mineralogy closes with the examination which
takes place in January. Three lectures a week are given in it. In this course
attention is paid to crystallography, and especially to the physical properties of
minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy the relations, geological occurrence, and
history of the individual species are made prominent.
Geology.—This division of the course begins after the completion of Mineralogy
in January. Three lectures a week will be given. A knowledge of the principles
taught in the B. A. course will be assumed. The more general and complicated
problems in all the branches of Geology will be dealt with in this course.
As thorough a treatment as possible will be given of Stratigraphy, Lithology,
and Palæontology. More stress will be laid on the methods of field-work and
the application of geological principles. The aim will be to give such a knowledge
of the subject as may be useful to the student in bread-winning pursuits, or
may serve as a basis for the more specialized course required for the attainment of
the degree of Ph. D.
Text-Books.—Dana's Manual of Geology. For reference: Geikie's Text-Book of
Geology. The instruction will be in part by lecture.
PH. D.
The course in this school is intended to give the student as large a stock of useful
information as possible, to teach him methods of investigation, and to train
him in habits of observation. Original research will be insisted on, and opportunity
special study.
Topics for study will be taken from both of the subjects taught in this school.
The abundant material in the Lewis Brooks Museum, mentioned below, gives
unusual facilities for the pursuit of graduate work.
Descriptive Mineralogy.—The course in Mineralogy is so selected as to give the
student a good knowledge of as wide a range of the principles as possible, and at
the same time to cause him to acquire a practical knowledge of the various mineral
species. In the practical study, the more common minerals, and those of more
importance from an economic and geologic point of view, will have preference.
A practical knowledge of the crystal forms and of the characteristic groupings
and massive forms of minerals, will be required. Special attention will be paid
to the relations of minerals, their association in nature and their geological
occurrence. The student will be trained to determine minerals, as far as possible,
by their obvious characteristics, without the help of tests, and practical examinations
will be held, from time to time, to test his skill. One or more theses will
be required.
Dana's Text-Book of Geology, and Weisbach's Mineral Tables will be used, and
topics from various authors will be assigned for study in special cases.
Geology.—In Geology the aim will be to fit the student for independent and
original research. He will study as thoroughly as possible the broader problems
of the science, involving the knowledge of stratigraphical principles. Special
attention will be given to imparting a practical knowledge of the various rocks,
and of the animal and plant fossils of the different eras, with the view of using
them in determining unknown formations. Stress will be laid upon field work,
and the methods of determining and describing the geology of new regions. To
impart such knowledge, the student will be required to work up some particular
region or formation, and report his results. Topics involving a knowledge of the
literature and growth of opinion in relation to particular questions, may be assigned
to form the subjects of theses.
Dana's Manual of Geology, and Geikie's Text-Book of Geology, will be used as
text-books, and selected books of other authors will be used when necessary.
The Lewis Brooks Museum contains collections illustrating the main subdivisions
of Natural History. Each of the collections is arranged so as to exemplify
the principles of the science, and at the same time offers a large variety of subjects
for advanced study. In Geology the specimens show all the different kinds
of rocks, classified according to mineral character and the formations in which
they occur; the collection of fossils, plaster casts, maps, etc., is exceptionally fine,
and fully illustrates Historical Geology. In Mineralogy the principles of the science
are made plain by well-chosen suits of specimens, models of crystals, etc. The
general collection of minerals contains all the important minerals, and many of
the rarer ones, in good specimens. Zoölogy is well illustrated by a fine and large
collection of mounted skeletons, stuffed animals, dried specimens, plaster casts,
etc. In Botany the collections contain charts, papier-maché models of flowers
and fruits, sections of wood, etc.; the bulk of the collection is in the form of an
herbarium, selected from the most important and interesting botanical regions of
the world. In addition to the above, a beginning has been made of a collection
increased as rapidly as possible.
These large and carefully-selected collections of geological and mineralogical
objects afford unsurpassed facilities for the full illustration of the principles
taught. As free access to these collections is allowed the student, he can find in
their study an opportunity, rarely obtained, for gaining a practical acquaintance
with natural objects acquired from various parts of the world, and chosen for
their typical character. These collections are especially useful to students pursuing
graduate courses of study in Geology and Mineralogy.
The Professor, when the number of applicants is sufficient, organizes a party of
geological exploration. The field-work is done in the month of July, and is entirely
optional with the students. Persons engaged in the study of Geology and
Mineralogy may, although not members of the University class, with the consent
of the Professor, and on paying $25 to the Proctor, join the exploring party.
MILLER SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.
Professor Tuttle.
Mr. Davis.
The work of this School is designed to meet the wants of students who desire
such knowledge of the principles of Biology and of the methods of biological
research as should properly form part of a liberal education, or who desire such
training as will fit them for independent work as students or as teachers in that
department of knowledge; and of those who seek such acquaintance with the
facts and laws of Biology as will prepare them for an intelligent study of the
relations of Biology to Agriculture.
B. A. COURSES.
Two introductory courses are offered, each of which is intended to serve as a
means of rendering the student familiar with the method, the aims, and the fundamental
laws of Biology while he is engaged in the one case with the study of
plants, in the other with that of a large and important group of animals. Each
course consists of three lectures a week throughout the session, the lectures being
accompanied in each case with associated laboratory exercises. Graduation in
either of these courses may be offered as one of the electives for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts.
I. Botany.—The course begins with the study of the anatomy, both gross and
microscopic, of a series of representative plant forms, beginning with the lowest
and passing to the highest plants; with this is associated a discussion of the principles
of classification and the consideration of the characteristics of the leading
divisions of the vegetable kingdom, and particularly of those which include the
non-vascular plants. The second portion of the course is devoted to the study of
the histology and physiological anatomy of the vascular plants, and of the elements
of vegetable physiology. The concluding portion is given to the more specific
study of the classification and distribution of higher plants, and to the local flora.
Text-Books.—Bessey's Essentials of Botany; MacDougal's Plant Physiology;
Gray's Manual of Botany.
To the student who seeks a knowledge of the principles of Biology as a part of
a general education, this course is particularly commended. All the fundamental
laws of Biology are well illustrated in the study of the morphology and physiology
of plants, and in most instances in such a manner as to cause them to be more
readily apprehended by the beginner than is the case in the study of animals.
II. Comparative Anatomy and Physiology.—This course is devoted to the
study of the Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Vertebrates, and to the
principles of Animal Physiology. During the first part of the session several
representative forms are dissected, the relations and functions of their constituent
organs being at the same time discussed in the accompanying lectures. This is followed
by a study of their histology, particular attention being paid to mammalian
histology as understood by the aid of that of the lower vertebrates: the work is done
in the laboratory, the associated reading and lectures being accessory thereto. The
work of the session is concluded by a course of lectures upon vertebrate embryology,
accompanied by laboratory work upon the development of the frog, the
chick, and such other forms as may be available. This course is recommended to
students who contemplate the study of medicine here or elsewhere. It is included
in the required work of the first year of the course in medicine, and students passing
it with the required grade will there be credited with it.
Text-Books.—Martin's Human Body (briefer edition); Parker's Zoötomy; the
Professor's Notes on Histology; Marshall's Embryology; Foster and Balfour's Practical
Embryology.
GRADUATE COURSES.
M. A.
In addition to the introductory or B. A. courses above described, the following
advanced courses are offered to students prepared to undertake them. In each
the work will be chiefly done in the laboratory, the student being in large measure
independent of his associates; such lectures will be given from time to time
and such reading indicated as will aid the student in an independent investigation
of the subject in hand. The relation of these courses to degrees is indicated
below.
III. Vertebrate Morphology.—An advanced course based on Course II, the
completion of which, or its equivalent, is required as preliminary. The work will
consist of more detailed comparative study of vertebrate structure and development,
and of the forms which may be regarded as phylogenetically related to the
vertebrate stock.
The subjects for the work of the session of 1898-99 will be the Nervous Axis;
the Vascular System; the Renal Apparatus; and the Tunicata.
Text-Books will be indicated as needed. The library of the department contains
a large amount of standard and periodical literature bearing on the subject matter
of this course.
IV. Zoölogy.—This course, open to graduate students only, includes the study
of Animal Morphology, as illustrated by the anatomy, histology and, as far as
possible, the embryology of a series of representative species chosen from the
principal divisions of the animal kingdom, the principles of classification, and the
by their structural affinities.
Text-Book.—Parker and Haswell's Text-Book of Zoology. For reference: Lang's
Text-Book of Comparative Anatomy; Korschelt and Heider's Embryology of Invertebrates.
The completion of Courses I and II and either III or IV will be required of
candidates for a diploma of graduation in the School of Biology, and of those
offering Biology as one of their electives for the degree of Master of Arts. Courses
III and IV will not both be given the same year at present.
PH. D.
The more advanced work in Biology will be devoted chiefly to Vertebrate
Anatomy and Morphology, each of the systems of organs being in turn critically
studied; it will in substance be an extension of the work of Course III. Such
lectures will be given and such reading assigned as may be deemed advisable, but
the larger part of the work will be done in the laboratory of the University and
at such seaside or other laboratories elsewhere as may be designated, the principal
object of the course being to train the student in methods of original investigation
while he is becoming acquainted with the present state of our knowledge of the
vertebrates and their allies. A knowledge of the subject-matter of Course IV.
will also be required of students who take this work as their major subject for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
In addition to the Courses in Biology above described provision is made in this
School for discussion, when called for, of one of the most important of the
practical applications of Biological Science. In this connection the following
course is offered:
V. Practical Biology and Agriculture.—The relations of Biology to Agriculture
are so manifold, and the subdivisions of the latter subject so numerous, that it
would be impossible to exhaust the discussion of either in the work of any one
year. A course consisting in part of lectures and in part of an equivalent
amount of practical work and collateral reading will be offered yearly. It will
include the discussion of selected topics pertaining to Economic Botany (such
as the diseases or the parasites of plants, the natural history of cultivated varieties,
and the like); to Economic Zoölogy (such as the life-history and treatment
of iujurious or beneficial insects, external or internal parasites, the special
anatomy and physiology of the domestic animals, etc.); and to questions connected
with the Principles of Agriculture (such as the laws of growth and
nutrition of crops, the drainage and tillage of soils, systems of rotation and allied
topics). The topics discussed in such a course will be, to some extent, selected in
accordance with the objects in view of those electing it in any year. The following
suggested course will indicate a possible arrangement of subjects.
Text-Books for 1898-99.—Sorauer's Physiology of Plants (Weiss tr.); Tubeuf's
Diseases of Plants induced by Cryptogamic Parasites (Smith tr.); Chauveau's Anatomy
of the Domestic Animals.
Candidates for a diploma of graduation in Biology and Agriculture are required
to complete Courses I, II, and V.
Substitution of work fully equivalent in amount and character may be made
for the subjects published as requirements for either of the graduations in this
school from year to year in the case of any students whose previous training or
special aptitudes give good reason therefor.
The Biological Laboratory, newly domiciled in a convenient suite of rooms in
the middle of the new Academic building, is well provided with instruments for
the gross and minute dissection of animals and plants; microscopes, microtomes,
reagents, and materials for the staining and mounting of preparations; apparatus
for photography and microphotography, and other necessary appliances, not only
for student work, but for investigation and research as well. In addition to the
large and valuable collections of the Brooks Museum, an abundant supply of
other necessary specimens and material is furnished. A library of reference is
attached to the Laboratory, and students have access to a number of leading
biological and agricultural journals, thus acquiring practice in the intelligent use
of current literature.
SCHEDULE OF ACADEMIC LECTURES AND EXAMINATIONS
1898-99.
| Mon.—Wed.—Fri. | Tues.—Thurs.—Sat. | |
| 9-10 | B. A. Latin. B. A. History. [2] M. A. English. M. A. German. M. A. Geology. 22d Dec. A. M. 17th Mar. P. M. 3d June. |
A. Mathematics. B. A. French. B. A. Geology. M. A. Latin. 22d Dec. P. M. 17th Mar. A. M. 1st June. |
| 10-11 | B. A. German. B. A. Greek. M. A. Physics. [2]Analytical Chemistry. 23d Dec. A. M. 18th Mar. P. M. 6th June. |
B. A. Economics. M. A. Greek. M. A. French. [2]Analytical Chemistry. 23d Dec. P. M. 18th Mar. A. M. 30th May. |
| 11-12:30 | [3]
General Chemistry. B. A. Mathematics (Sect. A). M. A. History. M. A. Mathematics. 19th Dec. A. M. 13th Mar. P. M. 31st May. |
B. A. Physics. B. A. Mathematics (Sect. B). M. A. Literature. M. A. Mechanics. 19th Dec. P. M. 13th Mar. A. M. 2d June. |
| 12:30-1:30 | A. Latin. B. A. Mechanics. B. A. English. [3]B. A. Comp. Anatomy. B. A. Astronomy. 20th Dec. A. M. 14th Mar. P. M. 7th June. |
[2]A. Greek. B. A. Literature. B. A. Botany. M. A. Astronomy. 20th Dec. P. M. 14th Mar. A. M. 29th May. |
| 1:30-2:30 | DINNER. | |
| 2:30-3:30 | B. A. Italian. [2]Scientific German. M. A. Spanish. 21st Dec. A. M. 15th Mar. P. M. 10th June. |
B. A. Spanish. [2]M. A. Biology. M. A. Italian. 21st Dec. P. M. 15th Mar. A. M. 8th June. |
| 3:30-5:00 | [3]Logic and Psychology. [3]Industrial Chemistry. M. A. Latin [Monday only]. 21st Dec. A. M. 16th Mar. P. M. 5th June. |
[3]Ethics and Philosophy. 21st Dec. P. M. 16th Mar. A. M. 9th June. |
Classes marked with an asterisk are subject to change of hour if desirable.
Such change involves in every instance the corresponding change in the dates of
examination.
It has been found desirable to hold the intermediate examinations in these subjects
at dates other than those fixed in the Schedule; the times of examination will
be announced to the classes.
ACADEMIC DEGREES.
The degree of Bachelor of Arts of the University of Virginia is designed to
secure in the candidate thorough and well-proportioned general training in all
of the great departments of human knowledge—Ancient Languages, Modern
Languages, History and Literature, Philosophy, Mathematical Science, Experimental
Science and Descriptive Science. This degree is accordingly conferred
upon a student who has completed nine B. A. courses, selected from the following
list, of which at least one must be taken from each of the seven groups indicated,
the other two being chosen at will.
(For the convenience of students the days and hours of lectures, and the page
on which a detailed description will be found, are indicated.)
- Latin (Mon. Wed. Fri., 9 to 10 A. M., p. 48).
- Greek (Mon. Wed. Fri., 10 to 11 A. M., p. 49).
I. ANCIENT LANGUAGES.
- French (Tues. Thurs. Sat., 9 to 10 A. M., p. 52).
- German (Mon. Wed. Fri., 10 to 11 A. M., p. 54).
- Italian (Mon. Wed. Fri., 2:30 to 3:30 P. M., p. 55).
- Spanish (Tues. Thurs. Sat., 2:30 to 3:30 P. M., p. 52).
II. MODERN LANGUAGES.
- General History (Mon. Wed. Fri., 9 to 10 A. M., p. 59).
- English Language (Mon. Wed. Fri., 12:30 to 1:30 P. M., p. 53).
- English Literature (Tues. Thurs. Sat., 12:30 to 1:30 P. M., p. 56).
III. HISTORY and ENGLISH.
- Economics (Tues. Thurs. Sat., 10 to 11 A. M., p. 60).
- Logic and Psychology (Mon. Wed. Fri., 3:30 to 5 P. M., p. 61).
- Ethics and Philosophy (Tues. Thurs. Sat., 3:30 to 5 P. M., p. 61).
IV. PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES.
- Mathematics Mon. Wed. Fri., 11 to 12:30 A. M., Sect. A. p. 61.
- Mathematics Tues. Thurs. Sat., 11 to 12:30 A. M., Sect. B. p. 61.
- Astronomy (Mon. Wed. Fri., 12:30 to 1:30 P. M., p. 64).
- Mechanics (Mon. Wed. Fri., 12:30 to 1:30 P. M., p. 63).
V. MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES.
- Physics (Tues. Thurs. Sat., 11 to 12:30 A. M., p. 65).
- General Chemistry (Mon. Wed. Fri., 11 to 12:30 A. M., p. 66).
VI. EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES.
- Botany (Tues. Thurs. Sat., 12:30 to 1:30 P. M., p. 71).
- Comparative Anatomy (Mon. Wed. Fri., 12:30 to 1:30 P. M., p. 72).
- Geology (Tues. Thurs. Sat., 9 to 10 A. M., p. 69).
VII. DESCRIPTIVE SCIENCES.
The degree of Master of Arts of the University of Virginia is designed for
students who desire to extend their work in certain departments of learning, so
as to lay a broader foundation for professional study, to equip themselves for the
work of teaching, or to prepare for specialized lines of research in letters or
science. It is conferred upon a Bachelor of Arts who has been graduated in
each of four Schools, elected by himself and approved by the Faculty. The
utmost freedom of election will be encouraged in the arrangement of these
courses, subject to the condition that the four lines of advanced work chosen
shall be so related as to form a rationally connected whole.
It is expressly ordered, however, that none of the work done for the B. A. degree
shall be counted again as part of the advanced work required for the M. A.
degree, nor shall the advanced work done for the M. A. degree be counted also
for the B. A. degree.
The preliminary degree required of candidates for the M. A. degree may be
that of this University or of some other chartered institution of learning. But
in the latter case the degree shall be submitted for approval to the Faculty, who
have absolute power to accept or reject the degree offered. The candidate must
in all cases be graduated in the B. A. course in each school before he is admitted
to the M. A. course in that school. But this last condition may be waived by the
Faculty in favor of a candidate who evidences upon examination adequate preliminary
training to pursue with profit the M. A. course simultaneously with the
B. A. course of the school.
A Bachelor of Arts of any other chartered institution of learning who enters
this University as a candidate for the M. A. degree, must submit to the Faculty
a statement showing the four major studies in which he proposes to pursue the
M. A. courses, and five associated minor studies, which would complete the requirements
for the B. A. and M. A. degrees. Under the regulations of the Visitors,
he will be required to pursue here both the B. A. and M. A. courses in the
four major studies. But in any or all of the five minor studies he will be excused
from attendance upon the regular B. A. courses upon presenting his diploma and
passing A SPECIAL EXAMINATION at this University in such studies. This
examination, which shall be held in writing, will, in all cases, be of a practical
character, designed to test the permanent acquisition by the student of a sound
general knowledge of the several subjects. Bachelors of Arts who are deficient
in any of the minor studies may fill out their schemes of study by attending the
regular B. A. courses at this University in those subjects and passing the regular
examinations.
The degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Virginia is offered to
students who propose to devote their energies to special study and research in some
of the various departments of letters or the sciences. Admission to the University
as a candidate for this degree will be granted to any Bachelor of Arts of this
University, or of any other university or college of good standing: in the latter-case
the Academic Faculty will pass if necessary upon the standing of the institution
in question. The preparation of the candidate for entrance upon Ph. D.
courses in the particular subjects selected shall be passed upon by the Academic
Faculty on the basis of a report from the professors in charge of the schools
involved. These professors may satisfy themselves of such preparation by any
necessary.
The work required for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of
Virginia shall in all cases embrace three subjects, viz., a major subject, in which
a dissertation is to be prepared, a cognate minor, and an independent minor. The
election of subjects shall in all cases be submitted to the Academic Faculty for its
approval at the beginning of candidacy.
No time limit is set for the acquisition of this degree, except a minimum time
limit of three years of study therefor, after the acquisition of the B. A. degree.
The major subject shall be pursued during the whole time, the first minor during
at least two years, and the second minor during at least one year.
Each candidate for the degree shall be required to possess a reading knowledge
of French and German, and such knowledge of subjects considered fundamental
as may be prescribed by the individual departments.
Each candidate shall be required to stand a final examination upon the whole
course covered in both major and minor studies.
Graduate work done in other Universities of high standing shall be accepted in
lieu of resident work done here, provided sufficient evidence is furnished that
such work has been of a similar grade to that required here, and has been satisfactorily
performed; and provided furthermore, that the last year of graduate
work is done here. But a candidate must obtain the special permission of the
Faculty to apply for this degree after only one year of resident study. It is also
provided that in the case of a professor in a chartered institution of learning
whose department embraces the studies elected by him, but one year of residence
is required.
On the completion of the approved courses of study the candidate shall submit
and present for his approval to the professor at the head of the school in which
his major study lies a dissertation showing independent research upon or original
treatment of some subject within the province of his major study; this dissertation
must be submitted not later than the first day of May immediately preceding
the Final Day on which the degree is sought; on its approval it must be printed
and fifty copies deposited in the Library of the University. On the acceptance
of the dissertation and the passage of the final examinations the degree shall be
conferred.
EXPENSES.
The necessary expenses at the University of a Virginia student in the Academic
Department may be estimated at from $190 a year upward, according to the mode
of living; for students from other States this minimum should be increased by a
sum ranging from $60 to $100 for tuition fees. A fuller statement of expenses,
including the conditions under which Virginia or other students are entitled to
free tuition, may be found in a subsequent section.
Applicants for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy who are granted the privilege
of non-residence during a portion of their candidacy under conditions above
stated are required to pay the annual matriculation fee of $40 during such period
of non-residence.
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