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SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS.
Professor Venable.
This School embraces two courses, as follows:
I. Pure Mathematics.
Junior Class.—This class meets three times a week (3 hours), and
studies the Theory of Arithmetical Notations and Operations; Algebra
Theory of Logarithms; Geometry, Plane and Solid; Geometrical
Analysis, with numerous exercises for original solution; Elementary
Plane Trigonometry, embracing the solution of Triangles, with the
use of Logarithms, and some applications to problems of "Heights and
Distances." The preparation desirable for this class is a good knowledge
of Arithmetic, of Algebraic Operations through Equations of
the Second Degree, and of the first three books of Plane Geometry.
Text-books.—Todhunter's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with collection
of exercises; Todhunter's Trigonometry for Beginners.
Intermediate Class.—This class meets twice a week (3 hours),
and studies Geometrical Analysis, with exercises for original solution;
Plane Trigonometry, with applications; Analytical Geometry of two
dimensions; Spherical Trigonometry, with applications; Elements of
the Theory of Equations.
The preparation necessary for this class is a thorough knowledge of
Algebra through the Binomial Theorem and Logarithms; of Synthetic
Geometry, Plane and Solid, with a good training in the original solution
of Geometrical problems; and a knowledge of the elements of
Plane Trigonometry, including the use of Logarithmic tables. A certificate
of proficiency in Junior and Intermediate Mathematics is required
for the B. A. course in Mathematics.
Text-books.—Todhunter's Trigonometry; Puckle's Conic Sections; The Professor's
collection of Exercises in Plane Geometry; Wells's Spherical Trigonometry.
Senior Class.—This class meets three times a week (4½ hours), and
studies Analytical Geometry of three dimensions, through the discussion
of the Conicoids and some curves in space; Differential and
Integral Calculus, with various applications; a short course in the
Calculus of Variations; the Theory of Equations; and lectures on the
History of Mathematics.
Text-books.—The Professor's Printed Notes on Solid Geometry (Analytical);
Todhunter's Differential Calculus; Courtenay's Calculus; Williamson's Integral
Calculus; Todhunter's Theory of Equations.
Graduation in Pure Mathematics is necessary for those students who
make Mathematics one of their studies for the degree of Master of
Arts. Candidates for graduation in Pure Mathematics are required to
pursue in the University the studies of both the Intermediate and
Senior Classes.
II Mixed Mathematics.
This course is designed for those students who may desire to prosecute
their studies beyond the limits of Pure Mathematics. It embraces
an extended course of reading under the instruction and guidance of
the Professor on the applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus
to Mechanics, Physical Astronomy, and selected portions of
Physics. The class in Mixed Mathematics meets once a week. A
diploma of graduation is conferred in Mixed Mathematics.
Text-books.—Price's Infinitesimal Calculus, Vols. II. and III.; Cheyne's Planetary
Theory.
The instruction in each class in the School of Mathematics is conveyed
partly by lectures and partly by the systematic study of approved
text-books. The progress of the student in each class is tested constantly
by his being called upon to apply the principles acquired to
the independent solution of selected problems.
The Graduate Course includes the course of Mixed Mathematics,
with advanced studies in Modern Higher Geometry, Analytical Geometry
of three dimensions, Infinitesimal Calculus, Higher Algebra, and
Elements of Quaternions. For those candidates for the Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy who select the Mathematics as their chief study, the
graduate course will extend through two years.
SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.
Professor Stone.
The courses in this School are arranged primarily for persons proposing
to become practical astronomers. The courses in General Astronomy,
however, are adapted to the wants of those who expect to
teach, as well as of those who desire to pursue the subject as a part of
their general education; while the course in Celestial Mechanics is
recommended to graduate students in Mathematics. The Senior Class
in General Astronomy meets thrice a week, the other classes twice.
The courses pursued are as follows:
I. General Astronomy.—Junior.—The aim of this course is to give
such a knowledge of the facts, principles, and methods of Astronomy
is the same as that recommended for Intermediate Mathematics.
Text-book.—Young's General Astronomy.
Senior.—This course is intended to elucidate selected portions of
the subject more fully and from a more strictly mathematical point of
view than can be done in the Junior course.
Text-books.—Doolittle's Practical Astronomy; Gauss's Theoria Motus (Davis's
translation).
Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts are required to
complete the work of the Junior Class; those for the degree of Master
of Arts must pass examination in both classes.
II. Practical Astronomy, including a systematic training in making
and reducing astronomical observations: theory and use of the
instruments of a fixed observatory; methods of reducing observations;
construction of star catalogues.
Text-books.—Chauvenet's Spherical and Practical Astronomy; various memoirs
and volumes of observations in the Observatory Library.
III. Celestial Mechanics, with practice in numerical computations:
general laws of equilibrium and motion; formation and integration
of the differential equations of motion of a system of bodies
subject to the laws of gravity.
Text-books.—Tisserand's Mécanique Céleste; Dziobek's Mathematischen Theorien
der Planeten-Bewegungen.
A prescribed course in this School, to be agreed upon in a conference
of the Professors interested, will be considered as the equivalent
of the Graduate Course in either Mathematics or Natural Philosophy
for graduates of these schools.
The Astronomical Observatory is situated upon an elevation
known as Mount Jefferson, which furnishes an unobstructed horizon.
The principal building is a rotunda, forty-five feet in diameter, and
contains the great Clark refractor of twenty-six-inches aperture. The
building and instrument are the gift of Leander J. McCormick, Esq.,
of Chicago. The computing rooms are adjoining, and contain clock,
chronograph, etc., and a working library. In a smaller building are a
three-inch Fauth transit and a four-inch Kahler equatorial.
SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Professor Smith.
This School includes two courses, as follows:
I. General Physics.
Junior Class.—The object of the course of lectures to this class is
to furnish the student with an introduction to Modern Physics, and to
acquaint him with its methods of investigation. With the design of
laying a thoroughly scientific basis for the course, a large space is given
at the outset to the discussion of the cardinal doctrines of motion, force,
energy, and potential, and to their simpler applications in the pressure
and motion of sensible masses. This discussion, while it is elementary,
is designed to be in harmony with the more thorough mathematical
treatment of the same topics and to be a helpful introduction to it.
With this preparation the student proceeds to the subject of Molecular
Physics, embracing Sound, Light, Heat, and Electricity.
Throughout the course the laws of energy are kept steadily in view,
and an attempt is made to exhibit the evidence, daily becoming stronger
and clearer, for the belief prevalent among scientists that the entire body
of Physics is a coherent and harmonious system of mechanical truth.
Members of the Junior Class are admitted at suitable times to the
Physical Laboratory, where they repeat and extend the experiments of
the Lecture-room. Such exercise is required of candidates for degrees,
but is optional with others. Experience shows that this privilege is
highly valued and extensively used.
Text-books for '91-'92.—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Units and Physical
Constants. For Reference.—Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics;
Glazebrook's Practical Physics; Atkinson's Ganot's Physics.
Senior Class.—This class studies selected portions of Elementary
Mathematical Physics. The members of the class are required to spend
about two months in the Physical Laboratory.
Text-books for '91-'92.—Cumming's Theory of Electricity; Emtage's Electricity
and Magnetism.
Candidates for graduation in Natural Philosophy are required to
attend only the foregoing classes.
Class in Electricity and Magnetism.—As a part of the studies of
the third year in Mechanical Engineering, the Professor of Natural
Philosophy conducts a class in the theory of Electricity and Magnetism,
with especial reference to the measurements, required in Electrical
Machines, Electric Lighting, and Electrical Transmission of power.
The instruction is by lecture with associated laboratory exercises. The
preparation required for admission to this class includes a knowledge of
the elements of Electricity and of the Differential and Integral Calculus.
II. Practical Physics.
This Graduate Course is for students preparing to become teachers
of science, or desiring to push their studies in Physics beyond the
limits of the under-graduate work. The instruction is partly theoretical
and partly experimental, embracing the following topics:
Theoretical.—Reduction of observations; Method of Least Squares;
Graphical representation of results; Interpolation; Essays on prescribed
Physical topics.
Experimental.—In this, the main portion of the course, the student
will learn physical manipulation, and the use of instruments by actual
practice in the Physical Laboratory. (1.) Lecture-room apparatus
and Lecture-room Experiments. (2.) Physical Measurements and Instruments
of Precision.
Text-books.—Merriman's Method of Least Squares; Kohlrausch's Physical
Measurements.
The Physical Laboratory consists of four connected rooms, one of
which is also used as a lecture-room. One of them is permanently
darkened, and in two others the light may be excluded at pleasure. A
fourth apartment is so supported on massive piers as to be practically
insulated as regards sensible tremors. The needful appliances, in the
way of fixtures and apparatus for physical experiment and research,
have been so far supplied as to furnish ample opportunities in laboratory
work for undergraduates, and valuable facilities for the advanced
student in Practical Physics.
SCHOOL OF GENERAL AND INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY.
Professor Mallet.
In this School the following courses are offered:
The course in General Chemistry consists of three lectures a week,
throughout the session, to each of two classes, the one formed of the
fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations of Chemistry to
Physics, the laws expressing the facts of chemical combination by weight
and by volume, the atomic theory as at present viewed in connection with
Chemistry, the chemical nomenclature and symbols now in use, and a
general survey of the descriptive chemistry of the elements and their
compounds, inorganic and organic, are brought forward in order, with
incidental allusion to the applications, in the arts and manufactures,
and in medicine, of the facts mentioned.
Text-books.—Fownes's Chemistry (last edition); Syllabus of the Professor's
Lectures. Recommended for Reference.—Roscoe and Schorlemmer's (or Miller's)
Elements of Chemistry; Bernthsen's Text-book of Organic Chemistry, translated
by McGowan; Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry.
The course in Industrial Chemistry, in which also three lectures a
week are delivered, examines in detail the chemical principles and processes
specially concerned in the more important arts and manufactures,
upon which the development of the natural resources of the
country in large measure depends, the opportunity being thus presented
of preparation for such positions as those of the miner and metallurgist,
the chemical manufacturer, the dyer, bleacher, tanner, sugar refiner,
etc.
Text-books.—Wagner's Chemical Technology. Recommended for Reference.—
Richardson and Watts's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied
to Arts and Manufactures; Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin's
Léçons de Chimie Élémentaire appliquée aux Arts Industriels; Percy's Metallurgy,
etc.
The lectures in both these courses are illustrated by suitable experiments,
and by such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various
subjects require. The collections of the University in illustration of
the processes and products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured
at much expense and pains in this country, England, France, and Germany,
and are unusually extensive and good—amongst the best on this
side of the Atlantic.
In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects
under discussion, involving questions put by, as well as to, the
students; and exercises in writing are from time to time given out to
afford practice in the calculations which are needed by the chemist.
In this School a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts is
required to pass examination in General Chemistry, graduates in
Physics being permitted, however, to omit the work in Chemical
Physics. A candidate for the degree of Master of Arts is required
candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must in addition
complete the Graduate Course.
The Graduate Course will consist of laboratory work on subjects
of original investigation. Advanced reading may also be prescribed,
especially in the shape of the literature of particular topics, to be
looked up from various sources and condensed by the student.
For admission to a Graduate Course in the School of General and
Industrial Chemistry, or in the School of Analytical and Agricultural
Chemistry, previous graduation in both the schools named will be
required; but this part of the requirement may be waived, provided
satisfactory evidence be furnished that the student has already made
equivalent attainments elsewhere.
SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY.
Professor Dunnington.
The regular work of this School, constituting a complete course in
Practical Chemistry, is arranged in two divisions, as follows:
1. A regularly-arranged course in Chemical Manipulation is first
given. This is followed by Blowpipe Analysis and Fire Assays of
ores of lead, silver and gold. A systematic course in Inorganic Qualitative
Analysis follows, with practice in the analysis of mixtures of
salts, alloys, ores, and so on. Instruction in the elements of Quantitative
Analysis completes this division of the course, which extends over
the first half session.
2. The work of the second division is an extended course of Quantitative
Analysis, both gravimetric and volumetric. The student determines
the composition of ores, minerals, clays, soils, manures, technical
products, and so on. As he advances in the course he is encouraged
to undertake original research and assisted in its prosecution; and in
determining his fitness for graduation, work of this sort is considered
as having great weight.
Five lessons are given each week, and the Laboratory is open to
students six days in the week during all the working hours of the day.
Students may matriculate either for the Full Course or for the First
Course, but candidates for graduation are required to complete the
Chemists, Assayers, or Teachers of Chemistry.
Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Fresenius's Qualitative
and Quantitative Analysis; Greville Williams's Hand-Book of Chemical
Manipulation; Woehler's Examples for Practice in Chemical Analysis; Foye's
Hand-Book of Mineralogy; A. Classen's Elementary Quantitative Analysis.
In addition to the foregoing the following Special Courses are
given in this School. They are open without additional charge to the
regular students of the School. For fees to others, see Expenses.
1. A laboratory course on Determinative Mineralogy for students
of Engineering, embracing Blowpipe Analysis, Determinative Mineralogy,
and the application of chemical processes to the examination
of potable waters, coal, clays, building-stones, and other materials
employed in Engineering.
2. A laboratory course in Assaying, including all of the above-mentioned
course on determinative mineralogy, together with Fire Assaying
of ores of lead, silver, gold, etc., and practice in volumetric and
galvanic determinations, such as are commonly employed in the valuation
of certain technical products and ores.
3. A laboratory course of twelve lessons in Practical Pharmacy,
including the compounding and dispensing of drugs.
4. A lecture course of twenty-four lessons on Agricultural Chemistry,
including the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere,
of soils and of plants; the chemistry of the processes of vegetable
life; the chemical composition and preparation of manures, and
so on. This course is open without charge to farmers.
For Reference.—Johnson's and Cameron's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry
and Geology (12th ed.); Johnson's How Crops Grow; Johnson's How Crops Feed.
The Graduate Course comprises practice in the more elaborate processes
of analysis, study of methods, and original investigations in the
composition of rare minerals and technical products presenting scientific
or economic interest.
The Chemical Laboratory is a building planned and erected for
the purpose. It is completely fitted with the most approved appliances,
and stocked with apparatus, models, materials and specimens.
The commodious lecture-room, with work and store-rooms attached, is
provided with every convenience for exhibiting a complete series of
experiments illustrating the lectures on General Chemistry. The large
room assigned to Analytical Chemistry will accommodate fifty working
students, and is furnished with work-tables, gas, water and all
evaporations, assaying, etc., and all requisite apparatus, chemicals,
minerals, materials for analysis, etc., are kept constantly supplied by
home purchase and importation.
The Museum of Industrial Chemistry, contained in the same
building, consists of a very large number of specimens, collected at
much expense and pains in this country and abroad, to illustrate the
products and processes of Chemistry applied to the arts and manufactures,
and is so arranged as to be a most valuable aid to the student of
Industrial Chemistry.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY
AND GEOLOGY.
Professor Fontaine.
In this School there are two regular classes—Geology and Mineralogy.
Geology.—This subject is taught during the entire session, and three
lectures a week are devoted to it until the examination in Mineralogy,
which takes place in the latter part of January; thereafter
five lectures a week are given to Geology until the final examination,
which takes place late in April. The aim of the course of instruction
is to give as thorough an exposition of the fundamental principles of
the science as possible, and to teach the student how to use them in
practical work in the field.
Text book.—Le Conte's Elements of Geology. For Reference.—Dana's Manual
and Lyell's Elements and Principles of Geology. The teaching is chiefly by lecture.
Mineralogy.—This subject is studied until the examination in January.
Two lectures a week are devoted to it. Special attention is
paid to crystallography, as well as to the chemical and physical properties
of minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy, the geological occurrence,
and the importance and relations of the species are made prominent.
Text-book.—Dana's Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology. For Reference.—
Dana's Text-book of Mineralogy. The teaching is chiefly by lecture.
In the Graduate Course of this School subjects will be selected
from one or both of the branches included in the School, and assigned
in the treatment of the subjects chosen.
Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts are required to
pass in Geology; for the degree of Master of Arts in both Geology
and Mineralogy. For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy the candidate
must in addition complete the Graduate Course.
The Lewis Brooks Museum contains collections illustrating the
main subdivisions of Natural History. Each of the collections is arranged
so as to exemplify the principles of the science, and at the same
time offers a large variety of subjects for advanced study. In Geology
the specimens show all the different kinds of rocks, classified according
to mineral character and the formations in which they occur; the collection
of fossils, plaster casts, maps, etc., is exceptionally fine, and fully
illustrates Historical Geology. In Mineralogy the principles of the
science are made plain by well-chosen suits of specimens, models of
crystals, etc.; the general collection of minerals contains all the important
minerals, and many of the rarer ones, in good specimens.
Zoology is well illustrated by a fine and large collection of mounted
skeletons, stuffed animals, dried specimens, plaster casts, etc. In Botany
the collections contain charts, papier-maché models of flowers and
fruits, sections of wood, etc.; the bulk of the collection is in the form
of an herbarium selected from the most important and interesting
botanical regions of the world. In addition to the above, a beginning
has been made of a collection to illustrate the geology and mineralogy
of the State of Virginia, and this will be increased as rapidly as
possible.
These large and carefully-selected collections of geological and mineralogical
objects afford unsurpassed facilities for the full illustration of
the principles taught. As free access to these collections is allowed
the student, he can find in their study an opportunity, rarely obtained,
for gaining a practical acquaintance with natural objects acquired from
various parts of the world, and chosen for their typical character.
These collections are especially useful to students pursuing graduate
courses of study in Geology and Mineralogy.
The Professor, when the number of applicants is sufficient, organizes
a party of Geological exploration. The field work is done in the
month of July, and is entirely optional with the students. Persons
engaged in the study of Geology and Mineralogy may, although not
members of the University class, with the consent of the Professor, and
on paying $25 to the Proctor, join the exploring party.
MILLER SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.
Professor Tuttle.
The work of this School is specially designed to meet the wants of
two classes of students—those who desire such knowledge of the principles
of Biology as will prepare them for an intelligent study of the
relation of Biology to Agriculture, as well as of the principles of Agriculture
regarded as a practical application of biological knowledge;
and those who seek such acquaintance with the facts and laws of
Biology and the methods of biological research as will fit them for
independent work as students or as teachers in that department of
knowledge. There are four regular classes, each with two lectures a
week and associated laboratory work throughout the session, as follows:
Botany.—In this course the anatomy and histology of plants, the
elements of vegetable physiology, and the principles of morphology
and classification are successively studied. Special attention is paid
to the groups of plants that are of greatest economic importance, and
to the flora of the region. On account of their great practical importance
in many respects, including their relations to health and disease
in man and in the domestic animals as well, the Bacteria are discussed
and studied at length; attendance upon the lectures and laboratory
work connected with this subject is required of students in the Medical
Department of the University.
Text books.—Thome's Structural and Physiological Botany; Abbott's Principles
of Bacteriology; Gray's Manual.
Comparative Anatomy.—This course is devoted to the Anatomy,
Histology and Embryology of Vertebrates, one or more systems of
organs being specially discussed and examined comparatively both in
the adult and the developing organism, and the normal histology of
man and of the domestic animals being studied in detail. Attendance
upon the portion of the course devoted to Histology is required of
medical students.
Text-books—Parker's Zootomy; Klein's Elements of Histology; Foster and
Balfour's Embryology.
Zoology.—The anatomy, histology, and embryology (together with
the morphological relations indicated thereby) of a series of representative
animals chosen from the principal divisions of the animal kingdom
permit, to the Insects and other groups of economic importance.
Text-books.—Brooks's Hand-book of Invertebrate Zoology; Sedgwick's Translation
of Claus's Zoology.
Practical Biology and Agriculture.—The relations of Biology to
Agriculture are so manifold, and the subdivisions of the latter subject
so numerous, that it would be impossible to exhaust the discussion of
either in the work of any one year. A course consisting in part of
lectures and in part of an equivalent amount of practical work and
collateral reading will be offered yearly; in each case including the
discussion of selected topics pertaining to Economic Botany (such as
the diseases or the parasites of plants, the natural history of cultivated
varieties, and the like); to Economic Zoology (including such subjects
as the life-history and treatment of injurious or beneficial insects,
external or internal parasites, the special anatomy and physiology of
the domestic animals, etc.); and to questions connected with the principles
of Agriculture (such as the laws of growth and nutrition of
crops, the drainage and tillage of soils, systems of rotation and allied
topics).
Text-books for 1892-'93.—Smith's Diseases of Field and Garden Crops: Ward's
Timber and its Diseases; Chauveau's Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; Tanner's
Principles of Agriculture.
Certificates of proficiency are issued to those who complete the
work of any one of the foregoing courses. Candidates for the degree
of Bachelor of Arts who elect Biology as one of their studies are
required to complete the first and either the second or the third of
these courses. Candidates for a Diploma of Graduation in Biology, or
the degree of Master of Arts, are required to complete all three,
with special morphological work in the third course.
Graduate Work for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy will consist
of original investigations of Biological Problems of practical or
scientific interest, under the direction of the Professor. Subjects of
research will be assigned to each student individually.
The Biological Laboratory is well provided with instruments for
the gross and minute dissection of animals and plants; microscopes,
microtomes, reagents, and materials for the staining and mounting of
preparations; apparatus for photography and microphotography, and
other necessary appliances, not only for student work, but for investigation
and research as well. In addition to the large and valuable
collections of the Brooks Museum, an abundant supply of other
is attached to the Laboratory, and students have access to a number of
leading biological and agricultural journals, thus acquiring practice in
the intelligent use of current literature.
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