 | University of Virginia annual announcements, with a catalogue of the officers and students of the University of Virginia |  |
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.
LAW DEPARTMENT.
JOHN B. MINOR, LL. D., Professor of Common and Statute Law.
JAS. H. GILMORE, Professor of Constitutional and International Law, Equity, etc.
This Department is organized with a view to acquaint the student
familiarly and practically with the principles of his profession. The instruction
is as thorough as possible, and is given partly through textbooks
and partly through lectures, with daily examination upon both.
A Moot-court, in connection with other instruction, tends to perfect
the student in the details of practice. Under the immediate supervision
of the Professors, he is required to pronounce opinions upon supposed cases; to devise and institute remedies by suit or otherwise; to conduct
suits at law and in equity from their inception, through all their stages;
to draw wills, conveyances, and other assurances; and in short, to perform
most of the functions of a practising lawyer.
The Department comprises two Schools, each of which is divided into
two classes, and the course of study is as follows:
SCHOOL OF COMMON AND STATUTE LAW.
Prof. Minor.
Junior Class:—Minor's Institutes of Common and Statute Law, namely:
Vol. I., The Rights which Relate to the Person.
Vol. II., The Rights which Relate to Real Property.
Minor's Synopsis of Criminal Law.
Blackstone's Commentaries.
Senior Class:—Minor's Institutes of Common and Statute Law, namely:
Vol. IV., The Practice of the Law in Civil Cases, including Pleading.
Vol. III., The Rights which Relate to Personal Property.
Stephen on Pleading.
For reference:—Virginia Code (1873); Revised Statutes of United States.
SCHOOL OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW,
MERCANTILE LAW, EVIDENCE, AND EQUITY.
Prof. Gilmore.
Junior Class:—Vattel's International Law, with Lectures; Lectures on Government;
Federalist.
Senior Class:—Smith's Mercantile Law; Greenleaf's Evidence; Adams's Equity,
with Lectures.
For reference:—Stephen's Digest of the Law of Evidence, (Chase's edition preferred.)
In the Department of Law, the degree of Bachelor of Law is conferred
upon those who, upon examination conducted in writing, manifest
an intimate acquaintance with the subjects taught in all the classes; and
to those who, upon like examination, exhibit a competent knowledge of
International and Constitutional Law, including the Science of Government,
a Certificate of Proficiency is awarded.
In order to obtain the degree, the whole of the course must be completed
here, no preliminary examination being had upon entering.
The course is designed for two sessions, and in general it is not prudent
to devote less to it; the future professional success of the student
depending much upon his full mastery of it. It is a maxim sanctioned
by long and wide experience, that "he who is not a good lawyer when he
comes to the bar, will seldom be a good one afterwards." And in order
to such thorough acquaintance with the elements of the law, thought is
requisite as well as reading; and for the purpose of thought, there must
be time to digest, as well as industry to acquire. One cannot expect to
gorge himself with law, as a boa constrictor does with masses of food,
and then digest it afterwards; the process of assimilation must go on, if
it is to proceed healthfully and beneficially, at the same time with the
reception of the knowledge. So the athlete judges, who wishes to train
the physical man to the most vigorous development, and the intellectual
athlete should imitate the example.
But whilst the student is advised, as a general rule, not to attempt to
complete the course in a single session, yet, if he chooses to essay it (as
some do successfully), he is admitted to the graduating examinations,
and if he attains the standard required, he is entitled to the degree.
The expenses of a Law student are from $269 to $324 for the session;
books will cost about $80 additional, and a degree, if taken, $15.
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
JAMES L. CABELL, M. A., M. D., LL. D., Professor of Physiology and Surgery.
J. W. MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., F. R. S., Professor of General Chemistry.
F. P. DUNNINGTON, B. S., Professor of Analytical Chemistry aud Pharmacy.
WILLIAM B TOWLES, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Materia Medica.
WILLIAM C. DABNEY, M. D., Professor of Medicine, Obstetrics, etc.
DOUGLAS TARDY, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.
COURSES OF STUDY IN GENERAL.
The session of the Medical Department continues through the full nine
months of the University session. This arrangement enables five professors
to do thoroughly the work which is often allotted to a larger number
in institutions whose session is much shorter.
The importance of a knowledge of Chemistry, Anatomy and Physiology,
before commencing the study of the more practical branches, is fully
recognized; and the course of study is so arranged, that during the first
half session the instruction is in these important elementary branches.
During the same time the subjects of Medical Jurisprudence and Obstetrics,
especially the mechanical features of the latter branch, are studied
by the class.
The courses and methods of instruction in the several Schools of the
Department are as follows:
SCHOOL OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY.
Prof. Mallet.
In this School the students are taught thoroughly Chemical Physics and
the principles of Chemistry; and their attention is directed, whenever an
occasion presents itself, to the application of chemical principles to the
Practice of Medicine, Therapeutics, Toxicology and Sanitary Science.
(See p. 28.)
Text-Book:—Fownes's Chemistry. For reference:—Charles's Physiological and
Pathological Chemistry; Wormley's Micro-Chemistry of Poisons.
SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY.
Prof. Dunnington.
In this School two distinct courses of instruction are offered to students
of Medicine:
I. A course, intended to supplement the instruction in General Chemistry,
consisting of sixteen lessons in the laboratory upon the practical
applications of Chemistry to Medicine. Students are taught the methods
of detecting poisons and of examining animal products (blood, urine, etc.),
chemically and under the microscope.
For this course, if taken, a fee of $15 is charged; the cost of material
is $5 additional.
II A course in practical Pharmaceutical manipulations. This instruction
is offered to those members of the regular Medical classes who desire
to avail themselves of it, without extra charge for tuition, provided
they engage to attend throughout the course. The benefit of such instruction
to physicians, who may often be obliged to put up their own
prescriptions, is obvious. The charge for material consumed is $5.
Both the courses in this School are optional, no examination in them
being required for the Medical degree.
SCHOOL OF ANATOMY AND MATERIA MEDICA.
Prof. Towles.
I. Anatomy.—The instruction in Descriptive, Surgical, and Topographical
Anatomy is given both by didactic lectures and in the
course of Practical Anatomy as taught in the Dissecting Hall. The endeavor
is, throughout, to render the teaching as completely practical as
possible; scarcely is there a statement made that is not illustrated by its
exhibition, either on actual dissection or on the preparation of a dissection;
the effort being to convey knowledge in the so-called natural method; i. e.,
by mental imagery formed by repeated observations of nature. This is
accomplished by exhibiting to the student and requiring him to handle the
dissected parts and preparations made therefrom. The equipment of the
school for this purpose is most ample; and, in addition to the numerous
preparations and dissections, there are models and anatomical paintings,
representing the greater part of the anatomy of the body.
For the course in Practical Anatomy, dissecting material, obtained
under a permissive law of the State, is abundantly supplied without cost
to the student. Each medical student, however many sessions he may
have attended, is required to dissect, under the constant and careful
supervision of the Demonstrator. Attendance in the dissecting-room is
compulsory, a strict record being kept in the case of each student. Besides
the class-examination, which precedes each lecture, and the other
examinations to be mentioned hereafter, each student is required to stand
seven practical examinations on anatomy, one upon osteology, four upon
the different parts of the muscular system, one on the viscera, and one on
the vessels and nerves. These examinations are oral and private, each
student being examined alone. They consist of the identification of the
truths of anatomy on the bones, the cadaver, and the dissected cadaver,
and are thus a perfect test of the student's acquaintance with the gross
structure of the body.
II. Materia Medica and Therapeutics.—The lectures on Materia
Medica occur in the latter half of the session, after the student has obtained
a knowledge of the primary branches, a prerequisite to the proper
understanding of the subject. Particular stress is laid upon the physiological
action and rational therapeutical applications of drugs. The physical
properties of drugs are taught by requiring the student to learn them
from specimens, a complete collection being provided, which contains
specimens both of all the crude drugs and of all their preparations, which
have been dealt with in the lectures.
Text-book:—Wilson's or Gray's or Weisse's Anatomy; Bruce's Materia Medica and
Therapeutics.
SCHOOL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND SURGERY.
Prof. Cabell.
I. In Physiology the lectures are illustrated by plates, and the students
are instructed in Histology as well as in Physiology proper. Much
attention is given throughout the course to the practical bearings of
physiological and histological facts on pathology, and their relations to
the nature and treatment of disease. Extra lectures are given, commencing
about the middle of December, at which the students are questioned
on all that part of Physiology which they have studied previously.
It has been found that these "review lectures" are very useful
to the students as a preparation for the final examinations.
II. In Surgery especial attention is given to the causation and pathology
of the various surgical affections, and the lectures are illustrated by
excellent paintings and by morbid specimens. The applications of
splints and apparatus for the different fractures and the details of minor
surgery are practically exhibited to the class.
Text-books:—Yeo's Manual of Physiology; "Human Physiology," by Henry Power
(American edition); Wilson's Manual of Hygiene and Sanitary Science (fifth edition,
1884); Ashurst's Surgery; Klein's Histology. For occasional reference: Foster's Physiology;
Landois's Physiology; and a few monographs on special subjects.
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, OBSTETRICS, AND MEDICAL
JURISPRUDENCE.
Prof. Dabney.
I. In Medical Jurisprudence the student is instructed in the principles
of the science, and is taught how to apply these principles when he
is summoned as a witness in a court of law.
II In Obstetrics instruction is given by lectures, and the mechanical
principles involved in the study are explained and illustrated by the use
of suitable preparations and models. The student is drilled in this part
of the subject during the early part of the course, and attention is subsequently
called to the diseases and accidents incident to pregnancy and
the puerperal state. Each student is also taught practically the various
manipulations, both manual and instrumental.
III. In Practice of Medicine especial attention is given to the Principles
of the subject, the aim of the teacher being to instruct the students
as thoroughly as possible in the causation of diseases and the morbid
changes which occur in the different tissues. The lectures are illustrated
by morbid specimens, both coarse and microscopic, and each student has
the opportunity of examining these specimens for himself. Each student
furthermore is taught the method of making a physical examination of a
patient, and is required to learn by actual examination, under the supervision
of the Professor, the normal appearances and sounds in the different
regions of the body and over the different organs.
IV. Classes have also been established in Practical Microscopy.
Attendance in these classes is optional, but the desire to make good use
of the opportunity thus offered seems to be general. Each student is
tissues, to examine urine and blood, etc. In addition to a knowledge of
microscopic manipulation thus obtained, it is found that students can get
a far clearer idea of morbid anatomy and pathology in this way. There
is no fee for this course.
Text-books:—Reese's Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology; Playfair's Midwifery
(last edition); Loomis's Practice of Medicine; Flint's or Loomis's Physical Diagnosis;
Green's Pathology; Friedlander's Practical Microscopy.
INSTRUCTION IN THE DISPENSARY.
A Free Dispensary is now in operation at the University, under the
charge of the Medical Professors. Here the students are taught the
methods of examining patients, and the changes which occur in the normal
functions of the body as a result of disease. In recognition of the impossibility
of giving practical instruction by the ordinary clinical lectures,
the class is divided into sections, so that each student may have the opportunity
of examining patients for himself, under the guidance of the Professor.
In addition to the patients who come to the Dispensary, others
who are too sick to attend there are visited at their homes.
EXAMINATIONS.
The examinations are of two characters: 1st. The daily oral examinations;
2nd. Written examinations, Intermediate and Final.
The value of the daily examination or recitations on the subject of the
preceding lecture can scarcely be overestimated; students who would not
otherwise take advantage of their opportunities for instruction being
thereby stimulated to increased exertion. These recitations also give the
Professor an opportunity of finding out the difficulties which the student
may have encountered in the previous lecture, and of correcting erroneous
impressions which he may have formed.
The intermediate written examinations stimulate the student to proper
reviews, and serve to familiarize him with the form and methods of examination
for graduation.
The examinations for graduation are rigid written examinations, in
which the answers to the questions must be full and comprehensive.
Besides these examinations, there is a general oral review at the very
close of the session on all the different branches on which the student
review, being intended to test the permanent acquisition of such general
knowledge as every practitioner of medicine should possess, need call for
no special preparation.
Heartily approving the regulation of medical practice by the State, and
the establishment of State Boards of Medical Examiners, entirely independent
of medical schools, the Faculty have introduced these oral reviews
in order to prepare students more thoroughly for the State Examinations
in Virginia, and the other States which hold such examinations,
as well as for entrance into the Medical Corps of the Army and Navy
and the Marine Hospital service.
REQUISITES FOR GRADUATION.
Graduation in Medicine, as in the other Departments and Schools of
the University of Virginia, does not depend upon the length of time which
may have been spent in the study of medicine, but upon the real preparation
of the student, as indicated by rigid examinations, which he is called
upon to stand. Hence it is possible for a diligent student to graduate in
one session; but the severe and protracted labor necessary for this purpose
is attended with evils of which the medical faculty is fully conscious;
and it is considered far better for a student to attend lectures for two sessions,
giving his attention during the first session to the subjects of Chemistry,
Anatomy, and Physiology especially, and endeavoring to obtain only
a general knowledge of the other branches, so that he may be the better
enabled to complete the course and to profit by the instruction of the
second year.
EXPENSES.
The necessary expenses of a medical student will be from about $315
to about $365, varying as the individual may choose plainer or more expensive
board. No estimate is here included for books, travelling expenses,
or pocket-money.
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY.
J. W. MALLET, Ph. D., M. D., F. R. S., Professor of General Chemistry.
F. P. DUNNINGTON, B. S., Professor of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmacy.
W. B. TOWLES, M. D:, Professor of Materia Medica.
J. R. PAGE, M. D., Professor of Botany.
In establishing this Department, which is intended to give thorough and
practical instruction in the branches of science important to the properly-trained
Pharmacist, it has not been found necessary to establish new
schools in the University. By making use of the ample equipments already
available, and by a suitable arrangement of the instruction already provided
for in the existing schools, it has been found possible to offer liberal advantages
to students of Pharmacy. The course of instruction continues through
the nine months of the University session. A well-prepared student may
complete the course in one session; but two sessions would give a larger
opportunity for practical experience in the laboratory. The teaching is
by systematic lectures, combined with the study of text-books and practical
laboratory work, under the supervision of the Professors.
The instruction in the Department is arranged as follows:
General Chemistry.—Chemical Physics, Inorganic and Organic
Chemistry. (The course described on p. 28.)
Analytical Chemistry.—(a), The work of the first class in Analytical
Chemistry (except Fire Assaying), comprising a full course in Qualitative
Analysis, together with practice in the preparation of chemicals and in the
detection of impurities in commercial articles. (See p. 29.)
(b), Sixteen lectures in the practical applications of Chemistry to Medicine,
(the detection of poisons, chemical and microscopic examination of
animal products, urine, blood, etc.)
Pharmacy.—Pharmaceutical Manipulation in the preparation and dispensing
of Medicines, with additional practice in connection with the Dispensary
of the University, for three hours each week throughout the session.
(For laboratory equipment, see p. 63.)
Botany.—Physiological, Structural, and Systematic Botany. The
time is mainly devoted to the study of flowering plants, their analysis and
determination. Cryptogamic Botany, especially fungi and fungoid diseases
of plants, receive as much attention as possible.
The class commences about the middle of March, and continues until
the end of the session.
Materia Medica.—The regular course of the Medical Department on
the Identification, Therapeutic uses, and Medical application of Drugs.
(See p. 44.)
Candidates for the degree of Graduate in Pharmacy will be required to
complete the prescribed course in each of the subjects named above, and
to pass successfully the regular examinations held in the several schools in
which the instruction is given. Students are advised to devote two sessions
to the course. This will give an opportunity for taking, in addition
to the instruction described above, a course in Industrial Chemistry, (see
p. 28), or the second class in Analytical Chemistry (see p. 30).
The following order of studies is recommended:—First Year,—Gen-eral
Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry (a) and (b), Pharmacy, and Botany.
Second Year,—Industrial Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry (a), Pharmacy
and Materia Medica.
The chemical lecture-room and laboratory are well provided with facilities
for illustration and practical instruction. An excellent collection of
chemicals, a new set of specimens of Materia Medica, and an extensive
herbarium, will be employed as aids in instruction.
The expenses of a student of Pharmacy taking the whole course in one
year, not including books, will be from $305 to $360.
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.
W. M. THORNTON, Professor of Mathematics Applied to Engineering.
CHARLES S. VENABLE, LL. D., Professor of Mathematics.
FRANCIS H. SMITH, M. A., LL. D., Professor of Natural Philosophy.
JOHN W. MALLET, Ph. D., M. D., LL. D., F. R. S., Professor of Chemistry.
F. P. DUNNINGTON, B. S., Professor of Analytical Chemistry.
WM. M. FONTAINE, M. A., Professor of Natural History and Geology.
R. D. BOHANNAN, B. S., C. & M. E., Instructor in Pure Mathematics and Physics.
This Department is designed to furnish intending engineers thorough
and practical instruction in the principles of Engineering and the sciences
connected therewith. For this purpose, in addition to the Schools of
Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Natural History and
Geology, and Analytical Chemistry, the School of Mathematics Applied
to Engineering has been established. For the first five Schools the
courses of instruction are given in detail in the Scientific Department.
SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS.
Prof. Thornton.
The courses of this School are arranged as follows:
Junior Class.
Projective Geometry.—Orthogonal Projections; Shading and Construction
of Shadows; Axonometric and Perspective Projections.
Engineering Geodesy.—Theory and Description of Engineering
Field Instruments with Field Operations; General Methods and Fundamental
Problems in Traversing, Triangulation, Direct and Indirect Levelling;
Land, City, Orographic and Hydrographic Surveying; Construction
of Maps; Tachymetric processes, including the Stadia, Barometer,
Compass and Plane Table.
Engineering Construction.—Surface excavation, and mensuration
of the same; Shaft construction; Tunnel construction; Foundations on
land and under water; Building Construction, in Timber, Stone, Brick
and Iron.
Lines of Communication.†—Location, Construction, Operation and
Maintenance of Railways, Highways, Canals, and Canalized Rivers.
Exploitation of Mines.*—Ore Deposits in Beds, Lodes, Placers and
Massive Deposits; Exploitation of the same; Underground Transport in
Galleries, Inclines and Shafts; Drainage of the works by Adits or
Pumps; Ventilation by Furnace or Blowers.
Senior Class.
Engineering Mechanics.—General Theory of Force, Stress, Strain,
Energy, and Hydraulics, with applications to the analysis of structures;
to the design of the elements of structures and machines; to Thermodynamics
and the theory of Heat Engines; to the design of flywheels, governors,
etc.; pipes for water, air and steam; ditches, flumes and canals for
water; etc.
Stability of Structures.†—Amount and distribution of Load on
Structures; Stability of Elementary Structures, the Girder, the Cable, the
Arch, the Pier, with applications to the design of Bridges, Roofs, Buildings,
Dams, Abutments, Revetments, etc.
Hydraulic Engineering.†—Collection and Filtration of potable
water; conveyance of water in open flumes, covered aqueducts and pipes;
Distribution of water, by either gravity or pumping; Drainage and Sewerage
of towns; Disposal of Sewage.
Mechanics of Machines.*—Theory of Gearing, simple and compound;
Constructive Mechanism, including the design of the elements of machines;
Efficiency of Mechanisms; Regulators, including brakes, accumulators,
governors, and valves; Transmission of Energy and Power, teledynamic,
hydraulic, pneumatic and electric.
Theory of Prime Movers.*—Animals as prime movers; Hydraulic
engines, water wheels, turbines and pumps; Steam engines, including the
design of the furnace, the boiler, the condenser and the engine proper;
Pneumatic engines and blowers; Electric engines and dynamos.
Subjects marked with * are not required for the degree of C. E.; those marked
with † are not required for the degree of M. E.
Instruction in the foregoing subjects is conveyed by a course of systematic
lectures, combined with assiduous practice in the field and at
the drawing-board, continued throughout the course.
In the lecture course, after careful elucidation of fundamental principles,
the rules of construction are deduced, and applied to the criticism
of existing structures and the design of proposed works.
In the field course the adjustments and use of the instruments are carefully
taught, and the student, after a thorough drill in the methods of
measuring and estimating lengths, altitudes, angles, and velocities, is required
to execute for himself surveys of lands, buildings, and topography;
to locate lines for railways, highways and canals; and to set out curves,
earth-works and masonry.
In the course of design the easy and accurate use of pen and brush is
first acquired by exercises in projective and topographic drawing. The
student is then required, from assigned data, to compute the dimensions
of proposed structures, and on the basis of his computations to prepare
bills of material, and general and detailed drawings of the works; to draw
up specifications and furnish estimates of quantities and cost in accordance
with prices current.
To facilitate the instruction in this department, the University has
provided a commodious and well-lighted lecture room and drawing hall, a
liberal supply of field instruments of the best construction, and models
and drawings of a large variety of structures, illustrating the best practice
of modern engineers, American and foreign.
Students who desire to enter the Department of Engineering should
possess an accurate knowledge of the elements of Algebra, Geometry,
and Trigonometry. With such preparation the following order of studies,
leading to the Degrees of C. E. and M. E. is recommended:
Degree of C. E.—First Year:—Junior Applied Mathematics, Chemistry,
Mathematics. Second Year:—Senior Applied Mathematics, Natural
Philosophy, Mineralogy and Geology.
Degree of M. E.—First Year:—Junior Applied Mathematics, General
Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics. Second Year:—Senior Applied
Mathematics, Industrial Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Mineralogy
and Geology.
The expenses of a student of Civil Engineering are from $300 to $360.
Those of a student of Mining Engineering are from $330 to $485.
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
JOHN R. PAGE, M. D., Professor of Agriculture, Zoology and Botany.
FRANCIS H. SMITH, M. A., LL. D., Professor of Natural Philosophy.
JOHN W. MALLET, Ph. D., M. D., LL. D., F. R. S., Professor of Chemistry.
F. P. DUNNINGTON, B. S., Professor of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry.
WM. M. FONTAINE, M. A., Professor of Natural History and Geology.
W. M. THORNTON, Professor of Mathematics Applied to Engineering.
| J. F. SLAUGHTER, President. | |
| W. W. MINOR, | S. V. SOUTHALL, |
| RANDOLPH HARRISON, | H. W. JONES, |
| GEO. W. PALMER, | B. JOHNSON BARBOUR. |
| R. T. W. DUKE, Secretary. | |
The late Samuel Miller, of Lynchburg, having by deed given in trust
one hundred thousand dollars for the establishment of a Department of
Scientific and Practical Agriculture in the University, this Department
was organized in 1869. Subsequently the above-named Professors were
nominated by the Trustees of the Miller Fund, and elected by the Visitors;
certain lands belonging to the University were set aside, and brought
into cultivation as an Experimental Farm; and all necessary implements,
apparatus, models and specimens of various kinds have been collected
as material aids to the course of instruction.
The studies of the Agricultural Department are distributed into an Introductory
Course, comprising Zoology and Botany, Mineralogy and Geology,
General Chemistry, and Physics; and an Advanced Course, comprising
Scientific and Practical Agriculture, Industrial Chemistry, Analytical
and Agricultural Chemistry, and Agricultural Engineering.
Applicants for the degree of Bachelor of Scientific Agriculture are required
to complete all the studies of both courses. They are recommended
to take the studies of the Introductory Course for the first year,
years. For the conditions of award and tenure of the Miller Agricultural
Scholarships, see p. 66.
Detailed descriptions of the courses in Mineralogy and Geology,
Physics, General and Industrial Chemistry, Analytical and Agricultural
Chemistry, will be found under the several schools to which they belong.
MILLER SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, ZOOLOGY,
AND BOTANY.
Prof. Page.
In this school there are two courses, as follows:
I. Zoology and Botany.
1. In Zoology the class studies the leading principles of the science,
with special reference to the anatomy, physiology and morphology of
typical species throughout the animal kingdom.
Special lectures are given during the course on insects injurious to
vegetation, on fish and oyster culture, and on the breeding, rearing and
diseases of domestic animals.
The fine collection of Zoological specimens in the Brooks Museum affords
excellent facilities for study of the science. The class is continued
until the examination, about the middle of March.
Instruction is given not only by lectures with reference to suitable textbooks,
but practical exercises in dissection are also employed, and the
student is trained to repeat the demonstrations of the Professor.
2. In Botany, the instruction commences about the middle of March,
and continues until the end of the session.
The time is mainly devoted to the study of flowering plants, their
analysis and determination. Cryptogamic Botany, especially fungi and
fungoid diseases of plants, receive as much attention as possible.
In this course as in that of Zoology, careful attention is paid to the
analysis and classification of actual specimens, and practical exercises are
required from the student, both in the laboratory and in the field.
II. Scientific and Practical Agriculture.
1. The Scientific Course comprises a review of what is known of the
chemical composition, the structure and the functions of the organs of
plants; and of the atmosphere and soil, as related to vegetable production.
2. The Practical Course comprises the study of the nature and formation
of soils; their exposure and drainage; the best methods of
tillage; and the use of manures and fertilizers, with experiments to
show their effects. Special instruction is given in the mechanical operations
of the farm, and in the practical management of teams.
This class is continued throughout the session.
Text-books:—"How Crops Grow," and "How Crops Feed," by Johnson; "Scientific
Agriculture," by Pendleton: "American Farmer," by Flint; "Manual of Zoology,"
by Nicholson; "School and Field Book of Botany." by Gray; Sack's Textbook.
For reference:—Carpenter's Zoology; Harris's Insects Injurious to Vegetation;
Mivart's Comparative Anatomy; "Flora of the Southern States," by Chapman;
Armsby on "Cattle Feeding," and Law's Veterinary Adviser.
The Course in Agricultural Engineering, under the Professor of
Mathematics applied to Engineering, includes lectures and practical exercises
in the field and at the drawing-board on the following subjects:
Land Surveying and Levelling, with special applications to the surveying
and the mapping of farms, the location of roads and ditches, and the
measurement of ordinary earthworks.
Design and Erection of structures in Earth, Timber, Brickwork and
Masonry, as buildings, simple forms of highway bridges, dams for storage
reservoirs, etc.
Elementary principles of Hydraulics, with applications to the drainage
and irrigation of lands, the reclamation of swamps, the storage and conveyance
of water, etc.
Elements of the Mechanics of Machines, with special reference to the
more important types of Agricultural Machinery.
| University of Virginia annual announcements, with a catalogue of the officers and students of the University of Virginia | |