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Schools.
I.—Ancient Languages.
PROFESSOR HARRISON.
ASSISTANT INSTRUCTOR, EDWARD S. JOYNES.
In this school are taught the Latin and Greek Languages; the
Greek and Roman History, Geography, and Literature; and the
Hebrew Language. The instruction is given partly by lectures
and examinations, and partly by comments on portions of the
text-books appointed to be read by the students.
In Latin there are two classes, a Junior and a Senior; and so
in Greek.
The text-books used in the several classes are chiefly the
following:
1. In the Junior Latin Class: Zumpt's Latin Grammar,
the Professor's Exposition of some of the laws of the Latin
Language, Virgil, Horace, Cicero's Orations and his Epistolæ
ad Diversos, Terence, and Cæsar's Commentaries; the last
chiefly with a view to the written exercises
2. In the Senior Latin Class: Zumpt's Latin Grammar,
the Professor's Exposition, Horace, Juvenal, Livy, and Tacitus.
3. In the Junior Greek Class: Kuhner's Elementary Greek
Grammar, Xenophon's Anabasis, an oration of Demosthenes,
Herodotus, and a play of Euripides or Æschylus. The Greek-English
Lexicon of Liddell and Scott is that preferred.
4. In the Senior Greek Class: Kuhner's Larger Greek
Grammar, Euripides, Sophocles, Thucydides, and Homer.
5. For the Roman History, studied in the Senior Latin Class,
Arnold's History of Rome is used as a text-book. Niebuhr's
History of Rome, and the History of Rome published by the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and the maps of
ancient Italy published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge, or Findlay's Ancient Atlas, are recommended.
6. For the Ancient History of Greece, studied in the Senior
Greek Class, Smith's History of Greece, or Thirlwall's, or
Grote's History of Greece, and the maps published by the Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, or Findlay's
Ancient Atlas, are recommended.
It is expected of the students of Latin and Greek, that they
will read in their rooms such authors and parts of authors, prescribed
by the Professor, as cannot be read in the lecture room;—
e. g. Cicero's Epistles to Atticus, his Orations (selected,) and
Treatise De Republica, Sallust, Virgil, Terence, Plautus, Æschylus,
Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Demosthenes
Æschines, Thucydides, Plato, &c.
As an essential part of the plan of instruction, the students of
each class are required to furnish written exercises. These
consist in the conversion of Latin or Greek into English, and of
English into Latin or Greek. The exercises are examined by
the Professor and the errors marked; they are then returned to
the students, and the corrections stated and explained in the presence of the class.
7. Hebrew: The text-books are Biblia Hebraica, Nordheimer's
or Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, and Gesenii Lexicon Manuale
Hebr. et Chald., or Sauerwein's edition of Rehkopf's Lex.
Hebr. Chald.
In the written translations required as a test of the qualifications
of candidates for degrees, the passages used are selected by
the committee of examination, not from the portions of authors
which have been read and explained in the lecture room, but at
will from the classic writers generally.
II.—Modern Languages.
PROFESSOR SCHELE DE VERE.
ASSISTANT INSTRUCTOR, S. E. W. BECKER.
The subjects taught in this school are:
1. The French, Italian, Spanish and German Languages, and
the English in its Anglo-Saxon form.
2. The Literature of these Languages and the history of each
idiom.
3. The History and Geography of Europe, from the fall of
the Roman Empire to the present day.
Instruction, also, is given in Comparative Philology and the
principles of the Science of Language. The influence of the
history of nations on their language and literature is explained
and exemplified by the extracts from the respective authors, and
constant attention given to the connection between Philology
and Ethnology.
There are three classes in French and two in German, one for
beginners, the others for more advanced students; and the same
Opportunity is also given, in private, to practice speaking the
languages. The method of instruction is by lectures, examinations,
written exercises, and comments on the text-books as
read in the lecture-room; the principal classic authors in each
language being used for this purpose.
Two degrees in this school are required for the degree of A. M.
III.—Mathematics.
PROFESSOR BLEDSOE.
ASSISTANT INSTRUCTOR, WILLIAM DINWIDDIE.
In this school there are four classes.
Of these, the Junior commences with the theory of Arithmetic,
the student being supposed to have rendered himself practically
familiar with its various rules before entering the University.
The elements of Algebra are then taught, and after the first
difficulties are mastered, the subjects of Algebra and Synthetic
Geometry are pursued simultaneously.
In the second or Intermediate Class, the course of Algebra,
commenced in the preceding class, is completed, and there are
taught successively the theory of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry,
with the application of the former to the measurement
of heights and distances, and of the latter to Nautical Astronomy,
the theory and practice of Land Surveying and Levelling,
Navigation, and Descriptive Geometry, with its applications to
Spherical Projections, Shadows, and Perspective.
The Senior Class begins with the subject of Analytical Geometry,
and subsequently studies the Differential Calculus, concluding
the course of Pure Mathematics with the Integral
Calculus.
There is also a class of Mixed Mathematics, designed exclusively
for such of the more advanced students as may desire to
study the subjects taught therein.
The course embraces the mathematical investigation of the
general laws of equilibrium and motion, both of solids and fluids,
with a variety of applications, especially to Physical Astronomy.
The instruction in each class is conveyed partly by lectures,
and partly by the systematic study of approved text-books, the
student being assisted by full and frequent explanations from the
Professor, and being constantly subjected to rigid examinations.
The progress of the student in every class is also tested by his
being required to perform written exercises, in which the principles
acquired are applied to the solution of particular problems.
The text-books used are:—For the Junior Class, Lacroix' or
Davies' Arithmetic, Davies' Bourdon's Algebra, and Legendre's
Geometry. For the intermediate class, Bourdon's Algebra.
Legendre's Geometry and Trigonometry, Davies' Surveying and
Descriptive Geometry. For the Senior Class, Davies' Analytical
Geometry, Courtenay's Differential and Integral Calculus. For
the class of Mixed Mathematics, Bartlett's Analytical Mechanics,
Newton's Principia, and Pratt's Mechanical Philosophy.
Any student entering the school has the privilege of attending
all or any of the classes, as he may elect, and if prepared to enter
an advanced class, may often find it highly advantageous to review
his previous studies by an attendance on a lower class also.
IV.—Natural Philosophy.
PROFESSOR SMITH.
There are three classes in this school: the Junior and Senior
classes of Natural Philosophy, and the class of Mineralogy and
Geology.
Instruction is given in all the classes by lectures and the study
of approved text-books, accompanied by daily examinations.
The Junior course commences with an exposition of the leading
doctrines of equilibrium and motion. The application of these
doctrines to the determination of the centre of gravity of bodies,
to simple and compound machines, to the figures of the planetary
bodies, the laws of universal gravitation, the pendulum, and to
projectiles, is dwelt upon at length. This is followed by an
account of the structure and physical properties of fluids, including
the laws of their pressure, motion and resistance, with a
variety of applications. The theory and construction of the
principal Pneumatic and Hydraulic machines are then presented.
To this succeeds the investigation of Molecular machines, embracing
the phenomena and laws of Endosmosis and Capillarity.
The remainder of the course is devoted to the study of Acoustics;
Optics, Geometrical and Physical; Heat, including the Steam
Engine; Electricity, Mechanical and Voltaic; and Magnetism.
The subjects taught in this course are illustrated by numerous
experiments and by the aid of a large collection of diagrams.
In the Senior Class the course of instruction begins with an
investigation of Molecular forces and the constitution of matter,
including a discussion of the theories of Newton, Boscovich,
Mossotti, and others. The class then proceeds to a mathematical
examination of the doctrines of Mechanical Philosophy, embracing
the laws of Friction and Strength of Materials, the
course concluding with Pure Astronomy.
The class of Mineralogy and Geology is first occupied with a
study of the properties, localities, and formation of the leading
minerals, and the methods of recognizing them by the blowpipe
and by wet tests. Constant attention is given to the geological
bearing of the various species. This is succeeded by a
presentation of the prominent facts and generalizations of Geology,
accompanied by a particular reference to the geological
structure of Virginia, and illustrated by sections and diagrams.
Throughout the course, specimens of the minerals and rocks
treated of, are exhibited.
Text-Books.—Elements of Mechanical Philosophy, by
Professor W. B. Rogers; Lardner's Hand-books; Bartlett's
Mechanics; Norton's Astronomy; Dana's Mineralogy; Lyell's
Elementary Geology.
V.—School of Chemistry.
PROFESSOR MAUPIN.
The course of lectures in this school commences with the
consideration of imponderable agents: Heat, Light and
Electricity. These agents play an important part in chemical
changes, and due space is given to their consideration.
The subject of inorganic Chemistry is then taken up. The
nomenclature, and chemical symbols and notation are explained,
and the non-metallic elements, together with their combinations
with oxygen and with each other are very fully considered.
The general principles of Chemical Philosophy then pass in
review, including Affinity, the Laws of Combination, the
Atomic Theory and Theory of Volumes, Electro-chemical
Decomposition, &c.
The consideration of Metals comes next in order. After
noticing their general properties, the general characters of their
salts, the Binary Theory of Salts, the Doctrine of Chrystallization,
Isomorphism, &c. , they are taken up individually.
Their history and properties are given, and their combinations
with oxygen and other non metallic elements, together with
their saline combinations, are considered.
The concluding part of the couse is devoted to Organic
Chemistry, including a notice of the more important products of
vegetable and animal life, the modifications of organic compounds
by artificial processes, their transformations by the action
of ferments and other agencies, the doctrine of compound
radicals, &c. , &c.
Full experimental illustrations accompany the lectures.
of the science to Medicine, to Agriculture and other arts,
are duly noticed.
Books recommended.—Fownes' Chemistry, as a text book;
Turner's Chemistry; Graham's Elements; Regnault's Elements;
and Abel & Bloxam's Hand-Book of Chemistry, for
reference.
A course of instruction in Pharmacy, designed for the benefit
of the students of Medicine attending this school, commences in
April, and occupies the time devoted to one of the regular meetings
of the class weekly, until the close of the session.
VI.—Medicine.
PROFESSOR HOWARD.
In this school are taught the Principles and the Practice of
Medicine, Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence. To allow the
medical student time to attain proficiency in Anatomy and Phy
siology, Chemistry and Materia Medica, before he is required to
apply these branches in the study of the Principles and the
Practice of Medicine, the course is opened with Medical
Jurisprudence, which is followed by Obstetrics, and both are
completed before the Principles or the Practice of Medicine
are entered upon.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE.
The lectures on this branch show the aid which legislation
and the administration of the laws derive from medicine, and
consist chiefly in the application of the principles of medical
science to the elucidation and administration of the laws, and
the legal decisions in cases of insanity, every variety of mental
impairment, crime, &c. , &c.
Text-Books—the Professor's Outlines, and Beck or Taylor.
OBSTETRICS.
The lectures on this branch comprehend an account of all
labors, natural, preternatural and instrumental; the professional
assistance to be afforded in each, the treatment of the female
before, during and after delivery, and the diseases of infancy.
The lectures are amply illustrated by specimens and plates; and
all manual evolutions, and the application of instruments, are
demonstrated on the improved phantome of Hebermehl. The
students also practice manual and instrumental delivery on the
manikin.
Text-Book—the last edition of Meigs' Midwifery.
THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE.
The Principles of Medicine, as taught in this school, comprise
General Pathology, and a brief view of General Therapeutics;
also Etiology, Nosology, Semeiology, Diagnosis and Prognosis.
The nature and division of causes are first considered, which
Introduces the student to their effects—disease. Pathology proper
is next considered under the two forms, Functional and Structural
diseases. After the student thoroughly understands the
nature of the causes of diseases, their divisions, modes of operation,
and the resulting effects upon function and structure, a
general view is given of the influences that can be brought to
remove or counteract their effects. And the course on the Principles
is then concluded by the consideration of Nosology, Semeiology,
Diagnosis, Prognosis, and the Different Modes of Death.
Text-Books—Wood's General Pathology and General Therapeutics,
in the last edition of his Practice.
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, OR SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND SPECIAL THERAPEUTICS.
As the most natural and practically useful arrangement, all
local diseases are classified and treated of according to their
locality, or the organ or set of organs which they affect; whilst
general diseases are arranged altogether pathologically. Much
attention is given to Physical Diagnosis. Pathological Anatomy
occupies a conspicuous place in the course, and is illustrated by
Carswell's large and splendid colored plates, and, when practicable,
by specimens
Text-Book—Wood's Practice of Medicine, last edition.
VII.—Comparative Anatomy, Physiology and Surgery.
PROFESSOR CABELL.
The heading indicates the subjects taught in this school, and
the order in which they are discussed.
In the first part of the course, the Professor presents a general
outline of the Animal Kingdom, by demonstrating such of the
leading facts of Comparative Anatomy as may serve to indicate
the natural affinities between the different members of the animal
series, and to furnish a basis for a natural Zoological classification.
In the second division of the course, which is mainly devoted
to the study of Human Physiology, the peculiarities of structure
of inferior animals are again noticed, with reference, especially,
to the varieties of the same organ in different animals, in order
to exhibit the simplest conditions of structure essential to its
more complicated forms.
The third portion of the course is exclusively devoted to the
study of the Principles and Practice of Surgery.
Text-Books.—The Professor's "Syllabus of Lectures on
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology;" Carpenter's Elements
of Physiology; Kirkes' and Paget's Human Physiology;
Druitt's Modern Surgery.
VIII.—Lectureship of Anatomy, Materia Medica and
Therapeutics.
DR. J. S. DAVIS.
ANATOMY.
In this class are taught Special and Surgical Anatomy. The
lectures are illustrated by fresh subjects, by wet and dry anatomical
preparations, and by a series of colored drawings.
Text Book—Wilson's Anatomy.
MATERIA MEDICA.
The course on this subject embraces:
1. General Therapeutics, or an account of the effects of the
various classes of remedies on the organism, their modus operandi
and their applications to the relief of disease.
2. A detailed account of medicinal agents, in their commercial
history, physical properties, chemical habitudes, pharmaceutical
preparations and effects.
The means of illustration in Materia Medica are ample, comprising
a full series of specimens of medicines in their various
states, and an extensive suit of colored drawings of medical
plants, on an enlarged scale.
Text-Book—Dunglison's Therapeutics and Materia Medica.
IX.—Department of Practical Anatomy.
DR. B. W. ALLEN, DEMONSTRATOR.
This department is abundantly provided with fresh subjects
for the use of the members of the class; the afternoon is devoted
to the dissections; and they are conducted under the constant
guidance of the demonstrator.
X.—Moral Philosophy.
PROFESSOR M'GUFFEY.
There are three classes in this school:
The Junior Class studies Rhetoric, Belles Letters and Philosophical
Criticism.
Text-Books—Blair's Lectures, Campbell's Philosophy of
Rhetoric, Whately's Rhetoric, Kame's Elements of Criticism,
Cousin's Philosophy of the Beautiful, Milton and Shakspeare.
The Intermediate Class studies Political Economy, Statistics,
and the Philosophy of Social Relations, or "Ethics of Society."
Text-Books—On Political Economy, Say and J. S. Mill;
on the Progress of Society, Guizot, Grimké and De Tocqueville.
The Senior Class studies Mental Philosophy, Logic, (inductive
and deductive,) together with Theoretical and Practical Ethics.
Text-Books—On Mental Philosophy, Locke, Reid and
Cousin; on Logic, Mill and Whately; on Ethics, Stewart,
Butler and Jouffroy.
The lectures are carried on concurrently during the session,
two a week to each class.
The examinations are on the Professor's lectures and the
text-books above enumerated.
XI.—School of Law.
PROFESSOR MINOR.
PROFESSOR HOLCOMBE.
The object in this school is to acquaint the student familiarly
and practically with the principles of his profession. With this
view, instruction (which is designed to be as thorough as
possible) is given partly through text-books, and daily examinations
upon the subjects taught, partly by comments intended
to supply what is deficient and explain what is obscure in the
text, and partly also by independent lectures.
A Moot-court is instituted in connection with the school,
upon a plan which experience has shown to be well calculated
to perfect the student in the details of practice. Under the
immediate superintendence of the Professors he is required to
pronounce opinions upon supposed cases; to devise and to
institute remedies, by suit or otherwise; to conduct suits at law
to draw wills, conveyances and other assurances; and, in short,
to perform most of the functions of a practising lawyer.
The school is divided into three classes, viz: the Junior class,
embracing such studies as are at once essential to the professional
student, and form a highly useful branch of general education;
the Intermediate class, which is occupied exclusively with the
theory and practice of law, as a profession, being adapted to the
occasions of those who have not time or inclination to push their
elementary attainments beyond the most absolute necessity; and
the Senior class, in which efforts are made to impart a professional
cultivation as liberal as the growing wants of the country
shall demand or allow.
The degree of Bachelor of Laws is conferred upon those who,
upon examination, manifest a familiar acquaintance with the
subjects taught in all the classes; and to those who exhibit a
competent knowledge of International and Constitutional Law
and of the science of Government, a certificate of proficiency
is awarded.
The course of study in the several classes is as follows:
Junior Class—Wheaton's International Law, Lectures on
Government, Federalist, Madison's Report 1799, Blackstone's
Commentaries.
Intermediate Class—Stephen on Pleading, Lomax's Digest,
Smith's Mercantile Law, Greenleaf's Evidence, Holcombe's
Equity.
Senior Class—Story's Equity, Chitty on Contracts, Barton's
Suit in Equity, Lomax on Executors, &c. , Lectures on Civil
Law.
The student is recommended to be provided with the following
books for reference, viz: Gordon's Digest of Laws of United
States, and Virginia Code of 1849.
All the books required can be procured at the book stores near
the University, on reasonable terms.
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