 | Catalogue of the University of Virginia |  |
SCHOOLS.
I.—ANCIENT LANGUAGES.
PROFESSOR HARRISON.
ASSISTANT INSTRUCTOR, REV. JOHN A. BROADUS, A. M.
In this school are taught the Latin and Greek Languages; the
Greek and Roman History, Geography, and Literature; and the
Hebrew Language. The instruction is given partly by lectures
and examinations, and partly by comments on portions of the
text-books appointed to be read by the students.
In Latin there are two classes, a Junior and a Senior, and so in
Greek.
The text-books used in the several classes are chiefly the following:
1. In the Junior Latin Class: Zumpt's Latin Grammar, the
Professor's Exposition of some of the laws of the Latin Language,
Krebs' Guide, Virgil, Horace, Cicero's Orations and his Epistolæ
ad Diversos, Terence, and Cæsar's Commentaries; the last chiefly
with a view to the written exercises.
2. In the Senior Latin Class: Zumpt's Latin Grammar, the
Professor's Exposition, Krebs' Guide, Horace, Juvenal, Livy and
Tacitus.
3. In the Junior Greek Class: Kühner's Elementary Greek
Grammar, Xenophon's Anabasis, an oration of Demosthenes,
Herodotus, and a play of Euripides or Æschylus. The Greek-English
Lexicon of Liddell and Scott is that preferred.
4. In the Senior Greek Class: Kühner's Larger Greek Grammar,
Euripides, Sophocles, Thucydides, and Homer.
5. For the Roman History, studied in the Senior Latin Class,
Arnold's History of Rome is used as a text-book. Niebuhr's
History of Rome, and the History of Rome published by the Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and the maps of
ancient Italy published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge, or Findlay's Ancient Atlas, are recommended.
6. For the Ancient History of Greece, studied in the Senior
Greek Class, the History of Greece published by the Society for
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, or Thirlwall's, or Grote's
History of Greece, and the maps published by the Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, or Findlay's Ancient Atlas, are
recommended.
It is expected of the students of Latin and Greek, that they will
read in their rooms such authors and parts of authors, prescribed
by the Professor, as cannot be read in the lecture-room;—e. g.
Cicero's Epistles to Atticus, his Orations (selected), and Treatise
De Republica, Sallust, Virgil, Terence, Plautus, Æschylus, Soph
cles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Demosthenes, Æschines, Thucydides,
Plato, &c.
As an essential part of the plan of instruction, the students of
each class are required to furnish written exercises; these consist
in the conversion of Latin or Greek into English, and of English
into Latin or Greek. The exercises are examined by the Professor
and the errors marked; they are then returned to the students,
and the corrections stated and explained in the presence of the
class. For these exercises the text-books are, in the Junior and
Senior Latin Classes, Krebs' Guide; in the Junior Greek Class,
Kühner's Elementary Greek Grammar.
7. Hebrew: The text-books are Biblia Hebraica, Nordheimer's
or Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, and Gesenii Lexicon Manuale
Hebr. et Chald., or Sauerwein's edition of Rehkopf's Lex.
Hebr. Chald.
In the written translations required as a test of the qualifications
of candidates for degrees, the passages used are selected by the
committee of examination, not from the portions of authors which
have been read and explained in the lecture-room, but at will
from the classic writers generally.
II.—MODERN LANGUAGES.
PROFESSOR SCHELE DE VERE.
ASSISTANT INSTRUCTOR, DR. ERNEST VOLGER.
The subjects taught in this school are:
1. The French, Italian, Spanish and German Languages, and
the English in its Anglo-Saxon form.
2. The Literature of these Languages and the history of each
idiom.
3. The History and Geography of Europe, from the fall of the
Roman Empire to the present day.
Instruction, also, is given in Comparative Philology and the
principles of the Science of Language. The influence of the
history of nations on their language and literature is explained
and exemplified by extracts from their respective authors, and
constant attention given to the connection between Philology and
Ethnology.
There are three classes in French and two in German, one for
beginners, the others for more advanced students; and the same
Opportunity is also given, in private, to practice speaking the languages.
The method of instruction is by lectures, examinations,
written exercises, and comments on the text-books as read in the
lecture-room; the principal classic authors in each language being
used for this purpose,
Two degrees in this school are required for the degree of A. M.
III.—MATHEMATICS.
PROFESSOR COURTENAY.
ASSISTANT INSTRUCTOR, FRANCIS H. SMITH.
In this school there are four classes.
Of these, the Junior commences with the theory of Arithmetic,
the student being supposed to have rendered himself practically
familiar with its various rules before entering the University. The
elements of Algebra are then taught, and after the first difficulties
are mastered, the subjects of Algebra and Synthetic Geometry are
pursued simultaneously.
In the second or Intermediate Class, the course of Algebra,
commenced in the preceding class, is completed, and there are
taught successively the theory of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry,
with the application of the former to the measurement of
heights and distances, and of the latter to Nautical Astronomy,
the theory and practice of Land Surveying and Leveling, Navigation,
and Descriptive Geometry, with its applications to Spherical
Projections, Shadows, and Perspective.
The Senior Class begins with the subject of Analytical Geometry,
and subsequently studies the Differential Calculus, concluding
the course of Pure Mathematics with the Integral Calculus.
There is also a class of Mixed Mathematics, designed exclusively
for such of the more advanced students as may desire to
study the subjects taught therein.
The course embraces the mathematical investigation of the general
laws of equilibrium and motion, both of solids and fluids,
with a variety of applications, especially to Physical Astronomy.
The instruction in each class is conveyed partly by lectures,
and partly by the systematic study of approved text-books, the
student being assisted by full and frequent explanations from the
Professor, and being constantly subjected to rigid examinations.
The progress of the student in every class is also tested by his
being required to perform written exercises, in which the principles
acquired are applied to the solution of particular problems.
The text-books used are:—For the Junior Class, Lacroix' or
Davies' Arithmetic, Davies' Bourdon's Algebra, and Legendre's
Geometry and Trigonometry, Davies' Surveying and
Descriptive Geometry. For the Senior Class, Davies' Analytical
Geometry, Young's Differential Calculus, and Young's Integral
Calculus. For the class of Mixed Mathematics, Pratt's Mechanical
Philosophy.
Any student entering the school has the privilege of attending
all or any of the classes, as he may elect, and if prepared to enter
an advanced class, may often find it highly advantageous to review
his previous studies by an attendance on a lower class also.
IV.—NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM B. ROGERS.
There are three classes in this school: the Junior and Senior
classes of Natural Philosophy, and the class of Geology and Mineralogy.
The following is the plan of the course:
JUNIOR CLASS.
1. Rational Mechanics,—including Statics and Dynamics, or
the General Laws of Equilibrium and Motion.
2. Mechanics of Solids.—Molecular Structure of Solids, Limits
of Elasticity, Strength of Materials, Distribution of Pressure,
Laws of Friction, Elements of Machinery, &c.
3. Mechanics of Liquids.—Molecular Structure of Liquids,
Laws of their Equilibrium and Pressure, Flotation, Methods for
Sp. Gravity, Discharge of Water through Pipes and Canals, Resistance
of Liquids.
4. Mechanics of Airs.—Molecular Structure, Compressibility
and Elasticity of Airs, the Barometer and its uses, Air Pump,
Water Pump, Syphon and other Pneumatic and Hydropneumatic
Engines, Resistance of the Air, Laws of Endosmose and Capillarity.
5. Mechanism of Undulations.—Waves of Oscillation and of
Translation in Water, Waves of Compression and Rarefaction in
Solids, Liquids and Airs; Sound-waves, their Propagation and
Reflexion; Musical Sound, Interference, Harmonics, Structure of
the Ear.
6. Optics.—Propagation, Reflexion, Refraction of Light, Chromatics,
Theories of Emission and Undulation; Polarization and
Double Refraction; Optical Instruments; the Eye, Stereoscope,
Vision.
7. Thermotics.—Temperature, Expansion, Thermometers,
Latent and Specific Heat, Motion of Heat, Melloni's Laws, Tension
of Vapour, &c.
8. Magnetism, Electricity, Electro-Magnetism, with their
principal applications.
SENIOR CLASS.
1. The subjects of Rational Mechanics, the Mechanics of
Solids, Liquids and Airs, and Optics, with the construction of
Optical Instruments, are here treated of more thoroughly than in
the Junior Class, in a series of Geometrical and Algebraic Theorems.
2. Practical Statics, including the principles of the Arch,
Roofs, &c.
3. Practical Dynamics, Machinery and Motive Powers, Theory
and Construction of the Steam Engine.
4. Astronomy—Descriptive and Theoretical.
CLASS OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.
In this class, besides the leading features of general Geology,
especial attention is given to the structure and mineral products of
our own country. The great mineral zones are described by reference
to maps and sections, the order of stratification pointed
out, the nature of the materials shown by specimens, and the
relations of all these features to the agriculture and other resources
of the country particularly dwelt upon. In this connection the
formation of soils is discussed, and their analysis, together with
that of ores, limestones, marls, &c. , particularly taught.
Text-Books.—Elements of Mech. Philosophy, by W. B.
Rogers, Müller's Physics, Jackson's Optics. Reference is made
to Herschell's Outlines of Astronomy, Peschel's Physics, Norton's
Astronomy, Dana's Mineralogy, Lyell's or Ansted's Geology, and
Agassiz' and Gould's Zoology.
V.—CHEMISTRY AND MATERIA MEDICA.
PROFESSOR J. LAWRENCE SMITH.
CHEMISTRY.
This subject, included in the medical as well as the general
academic course, and forming a department of the School of
Chemistry and Materia Medica, may be studied separately, or in
conjunction with the latter.
The lectures, which are delivered twice a week through the
session, embrace a course of theoretical chemistry, with an aecount
of its varied applications; more special attention being given
The apparatus connected with this department is calculated for
a full experimental demonstration of the different topics embraced
in this course.
The general plan adopted in the course of these lectures is, to
begin with an account of some of the most important non-metallic
elements and their compounds; this is followed by the theoretical
portions of Chemistry, connected with chemical combination, &c.
The chemistry of the remaining non-metallic elements is completed,
and then follows an account of those forces connected
with the chemical force in the production of chemical phenomena,
namely, heat and electricity under its various forms.
The next part of the course is on the metals and their compounds—the
conclusion of the course embraces all the considerations
involved in organic chemistry, principally those relating to
Agriculture and Physiology.
The text-books recommended are, Rogers' Turner, and Silliman's
last edition.
MATERIA MEDICA.
The course of Materia Medica embraces:
1. General Therapeutics, or an account of the effects of the
various classes of remedies on the organism, and their modus operandi,
as far as understood.
2. Special Therapeutics, or the application of these agents to
individual diseases, as suggested by experience or the theory of
the particular disease.
3. A detailed account of the medicinal agents, in their commercial
history, physical properties, chemical habitudes, pharmaceutical
preparations, doses, and the medical applications.
The means of illustration in Materia Medica are unusually
ample, embracing a very full series of specimens of medicines in
their various states, and an extensive suit of colored drawings of
medical plants, on an enlarged scale. Text-Book—Dunglison's
Therapeutics and Materia Medica.
The lectures on Chemistry are delivered twice a week; those
on Materia Medica once a week, throughout the course.
VI.—MEDICINE.
PROFESSOR HOWARD.
In this school are taught Medical Jurisprudence, Obstetrics, the
Principles and the Practice of Medicine. To allow the medical
student time to attain proficiency in Anatomy and Physiology,
these branches in the study of the Principles and the Practice of
Medicine, the course is opened with Medical Jurisprudence, which
is followed by Obstetrics, and both are completed before the Principles
or the Practice of Medicine are entered upon.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE.
The lectures on this branch show the aid which legislation and
the administration of the laws derive from medicine, and consist
chiefly in the application of the principles of medical science to
the elucidation and administration of the laws, and the legal decisions
in cases of insanity, every variety of mental impairment,
crime, &c. , &c. Text-Books—the Professor's Outlines, and
Beck or Taylor.
OBSTETRICS.
The lectures on this branch comprehend an account of all
labors, natural, preternatural and instrumental; the professional
assistance to be afforded in each, the treatment of a female before,
during, and after delivery, and the diseases of infancy. The
lectures are amply illustrated by specimens and plates; and all
manual evolutions, and the application of instruments, are demonstrated
on the improved phantom of Hebermehl. The students
also practice manual and instrumental delivery on the manikin.
Text-Book—the last edition of Meigs' Midwifery.
THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE.
The Principles of Medicine, as taught in this school, comprise
General Pathology, and a brief view of General Therapeutics;
also Etiology, Nosology, Semeiology, Diagnosis, and Prognosis.
The nature and division of causes are first considered, which introduces
the student to their effects—disease. Pathology proper
is next considered under the two forms, Functional and Structural
diseases. After the student thoroughly understands the nature of
the causes of diseases, their divisions, modes of operation, and
the resulting effects upon function and structure, a general view is
given of the influences that can be brought to remove or counteract
their effects. And the course on the Principles is then concluded
by the consideration of nosology, semeiology, diagnosis,
prognosis, and the different modes of death. Text-Books—
Wood's General Pathology, and General Therapeutics, in the
last edition of his Practice.
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, OR SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND SPECIAL
THERAPEUTICS.
As the most natural and practically useful arrangement, all
local diseases are classified and treated of according to their locality,
or the organ or set of organs which they affect; whilst general
diseases are arranged altogether pathologically. Much attention
is given to Physical Diagnosis. Pathological Anatomy occupies a
conspicuous place in the course, and is illustrated by Carswell's
large and splendid colored plates, and, when practicable, by specimens.
Text-Book—Wood's Practice of Medicine, last edition.
VII.—COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND
SURGERY.
PROFESSOR CABELL.
The heading indicates the subjects taught in this school, and
the order in which they are discussed.
In the first part of the course, the Professor presents a general
outline of the Animal Kingdom, by demonstrating such of the
leading facts of Comparative Anatomy as may serve to indicate
the natural affinities between the different members of the animal
series, and to furnish a basis for a natural Zoological classification.
In the second division of the course, which is mainly devoted
to the study of Human Physiology, the peculiarities of structure
of inferior animals are again noticed, with reference, especially,
to the varieties of the same organ in different animals, in order to
exhibit the simplest conditions of structure essential to its office,
and to indicate the uses of the superadded parts in the more complicated
forms.
The third portion of the course is exclusively devoted to the
study of the Principles and Practice of Surgery.
Text-Books—Carpenter's General and Comparative Physiology,
which contains a "General View of the Animal Kingdom;"
Kirkes' and Paget's Human Physiology, Druitt's Modern Surgery.
VIII.—LECTURESHIP OF ANATOMY.
DR. JOHN S. DAVIS.
In this department are taught Special and Surgical Anatomy,
and general Pathological Anatomy; the former, both by lectures
and demonstrations.
The lectures are illustrated by fresh subjects, by wet and dry
anatomical preparations, and by the splendid colored plates of
Bourgery and Jacob, and of Carswell and Cruveilhier.
The private dissections of the students occupy the afternoon,
and are conducted under the constant guidance of the Lecturer.
Text-Books, any one of the following:—Goddard's Wilson's
Anatomy, Horner's Special Anatomy and Histology, Pancoast's
Wistar's Anatomy, Pattison's Cruveilhier's Anatomy, Leidy's
Sharpey and Quain's Anatomy.
MEDICAL SCHOOL.
From the foregoing announcement it will be seen that by the
organization of the University, provision is made for teaching all
the branches of Medical Science. The Medical Department thus
organized presents several peculiar features as compared with most
other Medical Schools in the United States, such as—
1. The Length of the Session, which is the same as that of
the Academic Department, nine months. This arrangement enables
four Professors to perform all the duties which are elsewhere
assigned to six or seven. The students attend but two lectures a
day, and thus have ample time for reading in connection with the
lectures, and for pursuing Anatomical dissections.
2. System of Daily Examinations.—Immediately before each
lecture, the students are subjected to a rigid oral examination on
the subjects of the preceding lecture, or on portions of an approved
text-book.
3. Order of Studies.—The length of the session puts it in the
power of the professors to pursue a philosophical order of studies,
the elementary and fundamental branches being fully treated before
the attention of the students is directed to their practical applications.
Such an arrangement is impracticable in the city
schools, where the necessity of compressing the whole course into
the short space of four or four and a half months, requires that all
the different branches of Medical Science should be carried on
simultaneously.
4. Conditions of Graduation.—A consecutive course of nine
months being more than equivalent to two courses in the city
schools in respect to the time actually employed in giving instruction,
and the advantageous distribution of the subjects of study,
the students are permitted to take their diploma at the end of one
session, if they prove themselves worthy. The examination is,
however, exceedingly rigid, and none but the perseveringly diligent
need hope to attain the honor.
5. Peculiar advantages for "first course students."—The
foregoing statements render it obvious that those students who desire
to take their diploma at a city school will yet find an advantage
in attending the first course in an institution organized on the
plan of the University, by which they avoid the expense of employing
a private instructor, whose other avocations may, and
commonly do disqualify him for the proper discharge of his duties
as a teacher.
IX.—MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
PROFESSOR M'GUFFEY.
There are three classes in this school:
The Junior Class studies Rhetoric, Belles-Lettres, and Philosophical
Criticism.
Text-Books—Blair's Lectures, Campbell's Philosophy of
Rhetoric, Whately's Rhetoric, Kame's Elements of Criticism,
Cousin's Philosophy of the Beautiful, Milton and Shakspeare.
The Intermediate Class studies Political Economy, Statistics,
and the Philosophy of Social Relations, or "Ethics of Society."
Text-Books—On Political Economy: Say and J. S. Mill; on
the Progress of Society: Guizot, Grimké and De Tocqueville.
The Senior Class studies Mental Philosophy, Logic (inductive
and deductive), together with Theoretical and Practical Ethics.
Text-Books—On Mental Philosophy: Locke, Reid and Cousin;
on Logic: Mill and Whately; on Ethics: Stewart, Butler and
Jouffroy.
The lectures are carried on concurrently during the session, two
a week to each class.
The examinations are on the Professor's Lectures and the textbooks
above enumerated.
X.—SCHOOL OF LAW.
PROFESSOR JOHN B. MINOR.
ADJUNCT PROFESSOR, JAMES P. HOLCOMBE.
The Board of Visiters, anxious to enlarge the sphere of legal
instruction therein, have appointed an Adjunct Professor of Law,
to whom is assigned the duty of teaching more extensively than
has hitherto been practicable, the subjects of Equity, and of Commercial
Law.
The object will be to acquaint the student familiarly and practically
with the principles of his profession. With this view, instruction
(which is designed to be as thorough as possible,) will be
given as heretofore, partly through text-books, and daily examinations
upon the subjects taught, partly by comments intended to
supply what is deficient, and explain what is obscure in the text,
and partly also by independent lectures.
A Moot-Court is instituted in connection with the school, upon
a plan which experience has shewn to be well calculated to perfect
the student in the details of practice. Under the immediate
superintendence of the Professors he is required to pronounce
opinions upon supposed cases; to devise and to institute remedies,
from their inception, through all their stages; to draw wills, conveyances
and other assurances; and in short to perform most of
the functions of a practising lawyer.
A course of lectures upon the civil law, and a detailed exposition
of the most important leading cases in Law, and in Equity,
will constitute, it is believed, a valuable addition to the system of
instruction heretofore pursued in this school.
The school is divided into three classes, viz: the Junior class,
embracing such studies as are at once essential to the professional
student, and form a highly useful branch of general education;—
the Intermediate class, which is occupied exclusively with the
theory and practice of law, as a profession, being adapted to the
occasions of those who have not time or inclination to push their
elementary attainments beyond the most absolute necessity;—and
the Senior class, in which efforts are made to impart a professional
cultivation as liberal as the growing wants of the country shall
demand, or allow.
The degree of Bachelor of Laws is conferred upon those who,
upon examination, manifest a familiar acquaintance with the subjects
taught in all the classes; and to those who exhibit a competent
knowledge of International and Constitutional Law, and of
the science of Government, a certificate of proficiency is awarded.
The course of study in the several classes is as follows:
Junior Class: Vattel's International Law, Lectures on Government,
Federalist, Madison's Report 1799, Blackstone's Commentaries.
Intermediate Class: Stephen on Pleading, Barton's Suit in
Equity, Lomax' Digest, Smith's Mercantile Law, Greenleaf's
Evidence, Holcombe's Equity.
Senior Class: Story's Equity, Chitty on Contracts, Mitford's
Equity Pleadings, Lomax on Executors, &c. , Byles on Bills and
Notes, White and Tudor's Leading Cases, Smith's Leading
Cases, Lectures on Civil Law.
The student is recommended to be provided with the following
books for reference, viz: Gordon's Digest of Laws of U. States,
and Virginia Code of 1849.
All the books required can be procured at the book stores near
the University, on reasonable terms.
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