University of Virginia Library

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA:

GLIMPSES OF ITS PAST AND PRESENT.

An interesting story is that of how the University of Virginia grew
out of the idea of one man and became an accomplished fact after
more than fifty years of effort, which was often

interrupted by the public cares this leader of
thought and action sustained almost unintermittingly
through his long life. It brings into view the personality
of a young man recently returned from French and Italian universities
to engage in some work that would be of service to his people.
The occasion was at hand, and the right men for the task were met;
for Jefferson, who had the idea, and had thought out all of the details,
taking advantage in doing so of his unusual opportunities on both sides
of the Atlantic, was well fitted to be the director of this bold movement,
while Joseph Carrington Cabell, broadly educated and highly
endowed, was the man of his time the best suited to enter the arena,
champion the Jefferson idea, and secure statutory tangibleness for the
splendid scheme. Albemarle Academy would
call for a passing thought, though it never existed,
and Central College would require a
word, though its academe never resounded with student voices. The
first professors would afford an interesting hour, especially those who
had come over sea when ocean voyaging was attended with danger
and discomfort—Blaettermann, from "33 Castle street, Holborn," to
quote Mr. Jefferson, "a German who was acquainted with our countrymen
Ticknor and Preston, and was highly recommended by them;"
George Long, the Oxford graduate, "a small, delicate-looking blonde
man," charming enough to catch a Virginia widow; and three others—
Thomas Hewitt Key, Charles Bonnycastle and Robley Dunglison—who
came over in the same vessel, the "Competitor." This voyage, requiring
nearly four months—six weeks of which were spent in beating
about the Channel—almost reached tragic consequences. The captain
(Godby) was little better than a brute, who, Mr. Key said, deserved
to be shot for cowardice. During the tedious winter voyage Key and
Bonnycastle seem to have amused themselves at the expense of the
stupid sailor. One day when they asked the mate for the latitude and
longitude, he replied, "Well, gentlemen, the captain has ordered me
not to tell you—but he didn't tell me not to chalk them up," which
he proceeded to do. Thereupon Key and Bonnycastle covered a paper
with a multitude of calculations or figures of no significance, and
wound up by giving as a result the figures received through the mate,
which they signed as showing the ship's place on such a date "as
calculated by Dr. Barlow's new method." They left the paper on the
table, and some time afterwards they found an entry in the ship's log
in which the figures were given, with a note by the captain, "as calculated
by me, by Dr. Barlow's new method."

Another of the first faculty, Dr. John P. Emmet, though educated
in this country, was a native of Great Britain, and a nephew of the
Irish orator. There was only one Virginian in the faculty of 1825,
and he first saw the light under a foreign flag. This was George
Tucker (born of Virginia parents in the Bermudas), who was called
from a seat in Congress, where he was one of the Old Dominion's
representatives, to fill the chair of Moral Science in the University of
Virginia.

Among the successors of these learned men were many whose lives
furnish interesting data for the college historian. The present sketch
does not deal with the whole subject, but with glimpses and impres-

sions of the University which will recall to the minds of her sons fragments
of her story and theirs which may have been forgotten.

A visitor to the University who comes impressed with its history
will not be disappointed in the dignity of its architecture and the
beauty of its surroundings. Its campus, which

bears the modest name of The Lawn, is of unsurpassed
beauty, and the tourist will thread
its Tuscan[4] arcades and study its classic façades with an unexpected interest.
On this Lawn three Presidents of the United States—Jefferson,
Madison and Monroe—have conferred upon the issues of higher
education in Virginia with the earnestness with which the great men
of the earlier days of the century devoted themselves to the problems
which faced them.

Not the least interesting of the records of this institution is that
thin, yellowed Record Book of the Board of Visitors in the days when
Jefferson was Rector, and Madison and Monroe were fellow-members
of that Board, the most of whose pages were written by the cramped
fingers of the founder, then four score years of age. The last entry,
penned in a good round hand in spite of the stiffened joints, and without
any evidence of the tremulousness which the weight of years
usually brings, was made by Mr. Jefferson three months before his
death, which occurred July 4, 1826.

* * *

The University of Virginia is an ideal community. It has been
described as a small republic, finding in itself all that is necessary in
the way of government and the pursuit of hap-

piness. It is democratic as far as its government
goes, since the powers of control are
distributed as far as possible. There is no president, but there is a
chairman of the faculty who stands in somewhat the relation of other
college presidents to the responsibilities of control and direction. He
is not as nearly absolute as a college president. The faculty is his
cabinet, and the faculty committees distribute the administration in a
rather general way.

Each member feels that he has a responsible share in all that is
done, and the chairman gladly consults with this official body on all
matters which involve a new policy. The

course once decided upon in a faculty meeting
is carried into effect usually by the chairman,
the chief executive officer, or is by him delegated to some special
committee or some of his assistants. The system is entirely harmonious.
There is probably no other institution in the country so
dependent upon a broad and careful conduct of its business or wise
decision as to its policies, but so eager are all of the professors and
officers of the institution to further a policy which, in the first place,
shall extend the influence and maintain the dignity of the University,
and, in the second place, promote its success, that the thoughts of all,
as well as their efforts, are employed unselfishly for the general good.
Personal ambition has no place, and, if it should attempt to make
one, the atmosphere would not be conducive to its growth. It is
"team" work with the University authorities in the conduct of the
schools, and class methods do not obtain. The professor feels the
eternal pressure of personal responsibility to his colleagues and to the
State, and there is no idling and no indifference.

THE NEW DRIVEWAY (East of East Range).

On the part of the students there is no curriculum, aided by time,
to carry all alike forward to coveted degrees. Time is not an element
in the winning of honors here. While there

is an average period within which the average
student may safely count upon winning his
diplomas, the diploma comes at last as the reward of merit and earnest
effort. So that, while this institution is not alone among places
of learning in reckoning sound attainments as a pre-requisite for its
honors, it maintains a just eminence in this matter, and the little republic
cannot be attacked as having in any degree permitted its freedom
to cheapen its glories.

The students conduct various enterprises which prepare them for
the greater fields to which they are destined.

In literary matters, the students have forums for debate and literary
disquisition. They publish an "Annual" which gives views of life
among the students for the session near whose close it is issued. They
publish also a monthly literary magazine, in which appear numerous
articles in prose and verse, most of them original contributions, but
with occasional translations from other literatures, and they maintain
and disseminate a weekly in which the weighty matters of college politics,
college society and college athletics receive more or less consideration.
They have their secret societies, chiefly of the Greek-letter
order, their school clubs, their german and dramatic clubs, and other
organizations demanded by their social instincts and training. There
are elections which, in a good-natured way, sometimes shake the college
world as national political struggles stir the American people.
The election of final president of one or the other of the literary
societies is often attended with as much political skill and finesse as
are devoted to the selection of a United States senator or the nomination
of a president of the American republic. Then, there is a judiciary
connected with the law department, and places on the bench are
sought with whatever energy is permitted to those who must in such
contests maintain a dignity compatible with the learned judges they

aspire to be, the jurisdiction of whose courts, as far as the writer
knows, is of unlimited imagination if of limited authority. To be
the manager of the foot ball or base ball team, to hold in hand the
destiny of the tennis courts, to be the man of chief influence in the
athletic association, are honors coveted and well worth the wearing.
The large place which the athletes of this institution have made for
themselves in the amateur athletic world is well known to those who
take interest in such matters, and need not be written of in this
place.

The atmosphere of this college world is ideal. Here a man's consequence
is not determined by his wealth nor by his antecedents, but by his
character, for which his antecedents have the

right to take some credit, and by his ability.
There is absolute equality of opportunity, a
thing necessary in an ideal republic, and the thing which was really
demanded by the Declaration of Independence for the American republic.
Class and caste exist inoffensively, not as the result of accident,
but of the necessity growing out of differences in gifts and
character which must be found in all large assemblages of men. So
long, however, as equal opportunity is afforded no one can complain,
and no one does complain. This atmosphere promotes robust manhood
and rapid, healthful growth and love of integrity. The man
who, while a student at the University, neglects his opportunities, so
far as tuition is concerned, is still benefited beyond calculation by the
views of life which are unfolded to him. There is here no method or
manner which results in levity or frivolous idling with serious and important
problems. The boy who enters this University is, in this respect,
a man when he leaves it, and usually a man to be reckoned
with.

When University days are over and the student becomes an alumnus,
it is found that he is well equipped, usually, for the difficulties of life.
The men of this institution are the chief ones

in their communities throughout the South,
and their influence and position in the cities
of their sections are conceded. In New York,
and in other cities North, East and West, their talents and acquirements
have brought them well to the front and made them useful.

In Southern literature the University man has exercised a vast influence
and won for himself fame, and for his Alma Mater, distinction.
As a teacher, his charms and excellences are remembered by the
alumni of scores of colleges and universities; as a lawyer, his voice
has been potent with juries, and his learning and probity have added
lustre to the judiciary; as a physician, he has ministered with surpassing
skill in army and navy, and in general practice; as a clergyman,
he has worn the cloth worthily in the highest, as in the humblest, fields;
in politics, his name has been legion, and his influence for the better
policies and doctrines of the republic; in war, "a paladin flaming in
battle."

To trace individually the men who, after leaving this University,
have gained renown, would be an interesting but almost interminable
task, although some have done this very worthily. Professor Trent
has, in this way, produced some very pleasant pages. In concluding
them he said: "It is highly interesting to watch the `rolling
stones' of the University, many of whom, after trying three or more
professions, finally wound up as `forty-niners' in California. One
got into Garibaldi's service; one started from Virginia, was a member
of the Texas Congress, then treasurer of Texas, then got a diplomatic
appointment abroad, and finally settled down as a farmer in
Maryland. One student from Peru became a professor of law in the
University of Lima, was afterwards Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and
then represented his government in China and Japan. But perhaps
the entry which gave me most food for reflection was the following:
Nathaniel Holt Clanton, of Augusta, Ga.; born 1847; student, Paris,
France; pressed into service of Commune, and killed on barricades,
1872.' "

When Mr. Jefferson said that he "had sworn upon the altar of God
eternal hostility to every form of tyranny over the mind of man," the
sentence bore all the significance that it was

possible to attribute to it. It was the vehicle
of truth, and not framed merely for rhetorical
effect. He believed in free government, and wrote its warrant in the
Declaration of Independence. He believed in freedom of religious
thought, and gave it lawful existence in the Virginia statute. He believed
in free choice in the direction of educational achievement, and,
in the University, gave the opportunity of election. Before the foundation
had been laid in brick and mortar he had written to a young
Bostonian, George Ticknor: "I am not fully informed of the practices
at Harvard, but there is one from which we shall certainly vary,
although it has been copied, I believe, by nearly every college and
academy in the United States. That is, the holding the students all
to one prescribed course of reading, and disallowing exclusive application
to those branches only which are to qualify them for the particular
vocations to which they are destined. We shall, on the contrary, allow
them uncontrolled choice in the lectures they shall choose to attend,
and require elementary qualification only, and sufficient age. Our
institution will proceed on the principle of doing all the good it can,
without consulting its own pride or ambition; of letting every one
come and listen to whatever he thinks may improve the condition of
his mind."

For three-quarters of a century this system has been in vogue with
results so satisfactory that it has commended itself to other important
institutions of learning.

The freedom which prevails in the selection of classes was extended
at the very beginning to religious activity within the University. All
sects were invited to come to the University and enjoy whatever advantages
its courses afforded, the University to be free from any responsibility
for the teaching of the seminaries, should they be established
in nearness to the college, and, of course, the seminaries to have no
connection whatever with the University. Religious investigation was
not to be "precluded," but denominational views could not be taught,
simply because the institution was a part of the State, and any propagandism
whatever would be repugnant to the constitution.

At this University the students are treated not only as men but as
men of honor until, by their own conduct, they show themselves unworthy
of this confidence. It rarely occurs that

they prove unworthy. This confidence excites
in them a reverence for things of good report,
which has a vast influence upon their behavior as students and in their
intercourse with men in after life. There is no espionage either within
or without the class-room; perfect probity is conceded to every man,
and his statement on any subject whatever is received without the attestation
of an oath. In examinations they are free from surveillance,
and when their papers are handed in they endorse above their signatures
that they have neither received nor given assistance, and this pledge
goes unquestioned. There are few instances on record where men have
abused this confidence and tarnished their good name by dishonesty in
the preparation of their examination papers, but the punishment was
swift and effective. No meeting of the faculty was necessary in any
of these cases; official action was forestalled by the voluntary action of
the student body. The offence was not only one against the rules and
regulations of the institution, but, in a large sense, a violence done the
traditional honor of the student body, which it was their special privilege
to avenge. In no case has the culprit been roughly handled. He
was simply made aware of the existence of a strong public sentiment
which makes it impossible for a man to stain his honor and remain a
student of the University of Virginia.

* * *

Sunday, the 27th of October, 1895, will always be a memorable
day in the University's annals. . . . About fifteen minutes past
ten an alarm of fire was given by two young

men who, from the piazza of their boardinghouse,
saw smoke issuing from the upper part
of the northern end of the Annex. The fire was soon located at a
point near the spring of the arch over the rostrum and, perhaps, between
the ceiling of the Public Hall and the floor of the Instrument
Room, in the northwest corner of the building. How it originated will,
perhaps, never be known, as the most careful investigation and the
most thorough examination of witnesses has failed to reveal its cause,
though it has strengthened the probability that it was due to electric
wires. Whenever or however it began, it had already got a good start,
for the neighboring walls were hot, and from the Public Hall the flames
could be seen eating their way down to the famous painting, "The
School of Athens."

The first impulse of those in the Public Hall was to cut or tear this
picture from the wall, and, in fact, the bottom was torn loose. In great
haste a ladder was brought, but it was too late. Not only was the
smoke dense and stifling, but the arched ceiling over the rostrum was
giving away. The picture could not be saved. Those who yearned
for its rescue, forgetting even to snatch a bit of the burning canvas as
a precious memento, looked longingly and with sorrow as the flames
encroached upon the majestic figures. Baffled here, the eager-hearted
rushed to other tasks. The fire was making rapid headway; the means
of fighting it were inadequate. . . . The long flames lapped the
Rotunda, just over the little room opening from the upper gallery.
This room was filled with files of old papers, stacks of addresses and
catalogues, unassorted engravings, and the Bohn collection of books.
All of this inflammable material fed the fire, and the Rotunda roof
was wrapped in flames. The ardor of students and friends knew no
bounds. The Jefferson statue, which had been hoisted to its place by
patient and slow processes, was lifted from its pedestal, drawn on a
mattress through the room, safely eased down the curving stair and
deposited upon the lawn. The sum total of the damage to it was a
slight chipping of the edge of the drapery. The Minor bust, the pictures,
the furniture and most of the books on the lower floor were saved.
. . . The fire was spreading, and the buildings on the Lawn were
threatened, for the "Old Chapel" on the one hand, and the "Students'
Reading Room" on the other, connected the professors' houses
to the burning Rotunda. All energies were now directed to saving the
buildings on the Lawn. Bucket brigades were formed to aid in keeping
the houses wet; the fire companies kept back the fire, and, under
the leadership of Professor Echols, others tried to wreck the low buildings
next to the Rotunda. A breeze blowing almost directly up the
Lawn and full in the face of the Rotunda sprung up and turned the
flames back. The danger of further destruction was over.

Told merely in bare outline, the story may seem too long, but the

whole chapter of unreckoned disaster had been crowded into a brief
while. At a quarter past ten the faint indications of a small fire had
been noticed. Mr. Jefferson's clock, the object of his care even upon
his last bed, ticked on faithfully until its minute-hand climbed toward
the hour-hand now pointing almost to twelve. The minute-hand
reaches eleven, and then, at five minutes to twelve, the clock stops, the
hands fall back and hang loosely down.*

The story of the restoration is not attempted here in detail. The
loss, what was restored, and what was added, will appear incidentally
in what follows.

* * *

The new Quadrangle, or court, at the southern end of the Lawn, is
three hundred feet wide and two hundred feet deep, and has been
graded to a level about twenty feet below the

bottom step of the Rotunda portico. The Academic
Building occupies its southern side, the
Rouss Physical Laboratory the eastern, and the Mechanical Laboratory
the western side. The Academic Building contains the public
hall, seating nearly fifteen hundred; a general
assembly room, seating about three hundred;
five large and six small lecture rooms, and the
biological laboratory, fully equipped with instruments, apparatus and
specimens for biological work.

This building is entered by a handsome portico on the second floor,
whence steps descend to the parquet and ascend to the gallery of the
auditorium. This is arranged in amphitheatrical form, and seats
about five hundred in each of the three sections—parquet, balcony
and gallery. The grades have been so established that to an observer
standing at the foot of the Rotunda steps the whole of the portico of
this new building is visible, while the height of the structure is not so
great as altogether to close the open vista, which has always constituted
a charming feature of the outlook from the Lawn.

In the lobby is a commemorative tablet in bronze, and a number of

THE NEW QUADRANGLE
Academic Building

Physical Laboratory

Mechanical Laboratory

paintings in oil of scholars, statesmen and soldiers adorn the walls.
The tablet reads:

Among the paintings is one of Thomas Jefferson as a young man, in
regimental blue coat and buff vest, but the face is suggestive of
Schiller rather than of the sage of Monticello.

The portrait of Joseph C. Cabell should be
mentioned in connection with the one last
named. On the 15th of November, 1856, the faculty ordered the
purchase at their expense of a painting of Mr. Cabell, "to give expression
to their high regard" and "their grateful remembrance of his
uniform courtesy and kindness towards them." "A thoughtful, kindly
yet determined face has this Virginia scholar."

Near the entrance to the Latin lecture room is a small portrait of
William Wertenbaker, representing him as he appeared in the last
years of his service in the Library. It was done by J. A. Elder, the
distinguished artist, while he was on another work here. It was
remarkable as being done at a sitting, as artists sometimes dash off a
sketch; its fidelity is such as to conceal any defects of finish, if they
exist. It is thought by many to be Elder's most successful work in
our collection, in its striking and pleasing likeness to the original.

The full length portrait of General Robert E. Lee would be conspicuous
in any collection. The chieftain is in full uniform and looks
every inch the knightly man he was. The artist, Elder, succeeded
well with the head and face of the idol of the nation that "fell, pure
of crime."

J. E. B. Stuart is drawn life-size with his cavalry cloak thrown

back from his left arm. His slouch hat, pressed down on his abundant
hair, is ornamented with the cavalier plume. There is a twinkle in
the blue eye of this dashing Confederate, and one has little difficulty in
imagining him singing his favorite

This canvas was presented to the University by W. A. Stuart, a
brother of the cavalryman.

THE ROUSS PHYSICAL LABORATORY—EAST SIDE OF QUADRANGLE

Another soldierly man in the collection is Colonel Charles S. Venable,
painted by Guillaume, many of whose works are to be found in
this city and county. That with Colonel Venable the arts of peace
followed the employment of arms appears from the collection of works
on mathematics on which his left hand rests.

The portrait of Dr. Gessner Harrison hangs at the left of the east
door of the lobby. It was painted by his gifted granddaughter, Miss
Lelia M. Smith, daughter of Professor F. H. Smith, and wife of Mr.
Lucian Cocke, of Roanoke.

The same artist painted the portrait of Professor S. O. Southall,
"Old South," as he was called affectionately by his students. It was
presented by the Law Class of 1882-3.

Another professor's portrait is that of Dr. William B. Towles,
painted by William G. Browne. Other portraits are of Col. Thomas
Jefferson Randolph, A. H. H. Stuart, James H. Gilmore, and Governor
William Smith.

The walls of the interior of the Auditorium are graced with nine
paintings, the subject of each having been in some way connected
with this institution, and the full length portrait of Thomas Jefferson
occupying the place of honor. This is the work of Andrews, of the Corcoran
Art Gallery of Washington, and is a replica of the painting in
the White House. It came to the University through Mr. William
D. Cabell, of Washington.

Dr. James L. Cabell was painted by Guerrant, a South Carolina
artist.

Students presented to the University the portrait of Professor John
B. Minor, painted by Mrs. Cocke, who also executed the likeness of
Professor N. K. Davis, which was presented by Dr. George B. Taylor,
of Rome. This is not hung in public at present.

The same artist painted the portrait of Professor W. B. Rogers,
once professor, and always staunch friend of the University. It was
the gift of Colonel Venable. The bust of Professor Rogers, in the
Physical Laboratory, is the gift of his widow.

The painting of Mr. Courtenay was executed after his death, from
a daguerreotype, by Martin, a Richmond artist; that of Mr. Bonnycastle
by Ford, a portrait painter of distinction in the thirties.

The portrait of the late Leander J. McCormick was done by Elder,
and was the gift of Mrs. McCormick.

Elder also painted the large canvas of W. W. Corcoran, one of the
most liberal of those who have given large sums to the University.
The painting was executed at the White Sulphur Springs not a great
while before Mr. Corcoran's death.

The remaining picture in this collection within the Auditorium is a
crayon of Edgar Allan Poe, the gift and work of Albert Bigelow
Paine, of Kansas.

The Lawn, once surrounded on three sides by University structures,
is now entirely enclosed, the Academic Building and the Physical
and the Mechanical Laboratories being the last

of these erections. The Rotunda stands at the
north end, and, with the offices of administration—the
Chairman's Office and the Faculty Room, on the east side,
and the Proctor's Office and the Board of Visitors' Room on the west—
occupy the entire width. East Lawn, which consists of five pavilions,

THE MECHANICAL LABORATORY—WEST SIDE OF QUADRANGLE

or professors' residences, connected by students' dormitories, encloses
the left side of the Lawn as it is viewed from the Rotunda, while West
Lawn, made up of the same number of pavilions with connecting dormitories,
encloses the right side. The width of the Lawn from arcade
to arcade is two hundred feet, and its length from the Rotunda Portico
to that of the Academic Building is one thousand feet. It is a gradual
descent from the Rotunda steps to the Academic Building, the grade
being distributed by five terraces. These pavilions and dormitories
were ready for occupancy in 1823, having been erected in accordance
with the architectural plans of Mr. Jefferson, derived chiefly from Palladio.

The first pavilion on West Lawn, counting from the Rotunda end of
the campus, the residence of Professor Tuttle, is an adaptation of the
Doric of Diocletian's Baths; the pavilion next

in order on the same side, now occupied by Colonel
Carter, is the Corinthian of Palladio; Professor
Smith's residence is Palladio's Ionic order with modillions; Professor
Noah K. Davis lives in the fourth pavilion, which is Doric of Palladio.
This building is the remains of old Central College, the nucleus about
which Jefferson erected his more ambitious institution. For several
years after the University was
in operation this building was
used as the Library, and was
long referred to as the "Old
Library." Its corner-stone was
laid by Widow's Son Lodge,
of Charlottesville, October 6,
1817, in the presence of Jefferson,
Madison, Monroe, and
many other distinguished people.
This pavilion was probably
not occupied as a professor's
residence until after 1840. The

"The Old Library"

last pavilion on the west side is occupied by Professor Peters, and is
Ionic of the Temple of Fortuna Virilis.

Crossing the Lawn and ascending toward the Rotunda, the first
pavilion—that so long occupied by Professor Minor, and now the home
of Professor Lile—is Doric of the Theatre of

Marcellus, while the Corinthian of the Baths of
Diocletian was copied for the pavilion, now the
home of Professor Echols. Following this is the old Holmes pavilion,
now the residence of Professor Graves, in the Ionic of the Theatre of
Marcellus; the Doric of Albano appears in the next pavilion, so long
the home of Professor Schele De Vere, now occupied by Dr. Kent,
while the Ionic of Fortuna Virilis is the order of the pavilion which
stands at the head of East Lawn, completing the list, and now occupied
by Professor J. A. Harrison.

As planned, the Lawn was to be devoid of trees, so that nothing
would interfere with the severely classic accessories, but at present two
rows of handsome maples border each side. These are the successors
of the double row of locust trees planted probably in the thirties.

At first the space now occupied by the terrace wings of the south
front of the Rotunda were open arcades designed as places for exercise
in bad weather.

The professors resident in the pavilions taught their classes in them
and not, as at present and for many years, in lecture-rooms elsewhere.

In the basement of the pavilion in which Professor Noah K. Davis
lives was the reading-room of the library. It was so dark that candles
were sometimes necessary in the daytime. The library itself was in
an upper room. Mr. Jefferson's last visit to the University was made
to inspect and aid in classifying some books. This was in June, 1826,
a month before his death. The Jefferson Literary Society at one time
held its meetings in the basement room above referred to.

East Range, a row of dormitories, with the Washington Society
Hall at the north end, the old gymnasium, now used for students'
rooms, at the south end, and the Alumni Hall

in the centre, lies east of East Lawn. It faces
east, while East Lawn faces west. The Wash.
Hall and the other pavilions were originally hotels or "refectories."
For a long time the central refectory was used as the residence of the
Proctor, and the dormitory on the north side was his office and for a
time, also, the postoffice. Before it became a residence, and probably
while in use as a hotel, a Mons. Ferron had there a salle d'armes, and
taught fencing and boxing (in the thirties).

West Range, a series of many dormitories and, originally, three
hotels, lies west of West Lawn. The central one of the old hotels is
now, and has been for many years, the hall of the Jefferson Society.

It seems that the Washington Society at one time held its meetings
in this pavilion which, years afterwards, became the permanent home
of the Jeff., while the Wash. has founded a temple at the north end

of East Range. In this West Range pavilion Mons. Ferron's successor,
Signor Penci, a Corsican, taught fencing. Penci went to Cuba to
recuperate, and died there of consumption, about 1838. In West
Range is the dormitory (No. 13) known as the Poe room. It is one
of the traditions of the University, backed with some evidence, that
the poet occupied this dormitory during a part of his stay here. His
first room was on West Lawn, but a quarrel with his room-mate, Miles
George, of Richmond, led to his moving to West Range.

Between the Ranges and the Lawns lie the gardens and private

grounds attached to the pavilions on the Lawns. These are separated
at intervals by narrow streets, enclosed between serpentine brick walls,
which are a prominent and picturesque feature of the place.

                                                                                                     

WEST LAWN	ROTUNDA	EAST LAWN
Pavilion I.	The Lawn.	Pavilion II.
Diocletian's Baths— Doric.		Temple Fortuna Virilis—Ionic.
Prof. Emmet.		Prof. Johnson.
Prof. Courtenay.		Prof. Warner.
Prof. Bledsoe.		Prof. Cabell.
Prof. Gildersleeve.		Prof. Dabney, W. C.
Prof. Page.		Prof. Buckmaster.
Prof. Tuttle.		Prof. Harrison,J.A.
Pavilion III.		Pavilion IV.
Palladio—Corinthian.		Albano—Doric.
Prof. Lomax.		Prof. Blaettermann.
Prof. Davis, J.A.G.		Prof. Kraitsir.
Prof. Magill.		Prof. Schele DeVere
Prof. Griffith.		Prof. Kent.
Prof. Howard.
Prof. Peters.
Prof. Harrison, J.F.
Prof. Dabney, W.C.
Prof. Garnett.
Col. Carter, Proctor.
Alley.		Alley.
Pavilion V.		Pavilion VI.
Palladio—Ionic, with Modillions.		Theatre Marcellus— Ionic.
Prof. Long.		Prof. Key.
Prof. Patterson.		Prof. Harrison, G.
Prof. Harrison, G.		Prof. Rogers, W. B.
Prof. Smith, F. H.		Prof. Smith, F. H.
		Prof. Coleman.
		Prof. Holmes.
		Prof. Perkinson.
		Prof. Graves.
Alley.		Alley.
Pavilion VII.		Pavilion VIII.
Palladio—Doric.		Diocletian's Baths— Corinthian.
Prof. Davis, J. S.
Prof. Boeck.		Prof. Bonnycastle.
Prof. Davis, N. K.		Prof. Rogers, R. E.
		Prof. Smith, J. L.
		Prof. Maupin.
		Prof. Davis, J. S.
		Prof. Venable.
		Prof. Echols.
Alley.		Alley.
Pavilion IX.		Pavilion X.
Temple Fortuna Virilis—Ionic.		Theatre Marcellus— Doric.
Prof. Tucker, Geo.		Prof. Dunglison.
Prof. McGuffey.		Prof. Davis, J.A.G.
Prof. Peters.		Prof. Tucker, H. St. G
		Prof. Minor, J. B.
		Prof. Lile.

Although the central building of the University, the Rotunda was
not the first erected. The ten pavilions and the dormitories on the
Lawn, and the six hotels and the dormitories

comprising East and West Ranges, were ready
for occupancy October, 1822. The erection of
the Rotunda was begun in the spring of the following year, and by
October its walls were ready to receive the roof. During the ensuing

THE SOUTH OR LAWN FRONT OF THE ROTUNDA.

year it was put under cover, but the portico was not finished until after
the death of the Founder.

The Rotunda was built to furnish, first of all, a place for religious
worship. "The Apostle of Religious Freedom saw no inconsistency

in applying public funds to the building of a chapel for unsectarian
use." Another purpose, of course, was to afford room for the college
library. Before the fire four rooms on what were then the first and
second floors, were used as lecture rooms. The restoration has done
away with two of these and the remaining ones are now used, one for
the Schools of Moral Philosophy and Romance Languages, the other
for the Library attached to the Law Department. By far the greater
part of this building is devoted to the general Library and perhaps
there is not anywhere a nobler library hall.

Even before it was finished two or three notable events took place
in this building. There, on Friday, November 5, 1824, the citizens
of the county of Albemarle gave a dinner to

Lafayette, after a parade, remarkable for that
time, through the streets of the village of
Charlottesville. In August of the following year the same distinguished
man was banqueted by the professors and students of the first
session of the institution.

There, too, twenty-five years later, occurred the famous dinner of
the Society of Alumni at the close of the session of 1859-60, which
was followed by the famous oration in the Public Hall by the late
Senator Voorhees of Indiana. Until the Fayerweather Gymnasium
afforded a better dancing room, the Library was the scene of the Final
Ball, which from time almost immemorial, has been the closing event
of the Commencement season, when the students literally—

At first the Rotunda was divided into three stories, the first and second
being given up to lecture rooms, the third, to the library. Entering
from the portico, the visitor ascended one

flight of stairs to the library or dome room. As
at present arranged, the library is entered directly
from the portico. This addition of a story produces an effect
far more impressive. Instead of two galleries as formerly there are now

INTERIOR OF THE LIBRARY

three. The light iron rail of the gallery has been replaced by an artificial
parapet, the piers of which can serve as pedestals for a circle of
life-size statues overlooking the space below. The dome ceiling is painted
a sky blue, and decorated with twelve soaring eagles in white, their
beaks and talons picked out in gold. The space between the circle of
eagles and the central light is frescoed to represent floating clouds fading
into the clear vision of the sky. The scheme of decorating was
suggested by the use of the eagle in the hall ceiling of Monticello, and
the model used for the design was a cast taken from that place.

"It is well known that Mr. Jefferson took as the model of his chief
building, with some modifications, the noblest edifice of ancient Rome,
and one which fortunately remains in the most

perfect preservation. It is that known in
Catholic circles as the church Santa Maria
Rotunda, but better known by its original name, Pantheon. Mr.
Jefferson never saw it, for he was never in Italy. He was familar with it
in the drawings of Palladio. . . . . Despite all this [the use of cheaper
material], Mr. Jefferson's building was, in several respects, superior
to the original. The latter was approached by five steps; Mr. Jefferson's
by fourteen, giving an elevation to the handsome portico which
contributes greatly to its imposing beauty. The Roman portico is one
hundred and eight feet by forty-two, with sixteen columns thirty-nine
feet high, and divided into three colonnades. Mr. Jefferson's portico
is fifty feet by twenty-eight and a half, with ten columns twenty-eight
and a half feet high, and its floor space is undivided, giving it a much
lighter and more airy, as well as relatively loftier, aspect. Lastly,
Mr. Jefferson raised the floor of the portico and thus increased the
height of the cylindrical drum until it was equal to its diameter. The
massive and ponderous original must have always from without have
seemed somewhat dumpy."[24]

* * *

Mr. Jefferson's books did not from the nucleus of the library, as
many suppose. The truth is, a large part of his collection was sold
to Congress. The remainder he devised to the

University, but his estate was involved, and his
executor, the late Colonel Thomas Jefferson
Randolph, disposed of his books to meet the claims of creditors. The
real nucleus of the library were the books purchased according to "A
Catalogue of Books forming the Body of a Library for the University,"
a manuscript prepared by Mr. Jefferson before the assembling
of the faculty. These volumes probably cost the sum named in the
Proctor's report of September 30th, 1826, as having been paid on account
of library and apparatus, namely, $35,947.38.

A large number of the books of the Library were destroyed in the
fire. Such as were saved have been returned to the shelves. Valuable
private libraries have been added by gift and

purchase. That of the late Governor Holliday,
containing about five thousand handsomely
bound books, constituting perhaps the handsomest private library in
the State, occupies about one-half of the first gallery. In this same
gallery is shelved the library of the late Professor George F. Holmes;
and other recent additions include the collection purchased from Dr.
Bruner and the books of the late Ballard Bruce, given by his daughter.

Some other gifts of books: The Bohn library by Christian Bohn, a
native of Germany, then (1840) residing in Richmond, Va.; largely
German books and pamphlets.

Library of President Madison, by will. There was some trouble
and years of delay in securing this bequest, and the Faculty threatened
suit. Many books were lost or otherwise disposed of, but about two
thousand volumes were, in the end, placed in the Library.

Mr. Madison also gave fifteen hundred dollars which was merged
with a gift of thirty-five hundred by Mr. Douglas H. Gordon of Baltitimore
(1883), and the income from this fund is devoted to the purchase
of books.

The library of the late Hon. Arthur W. Austin of Dedham, Mass.,
(1885), about five thousand volumes.

The Low library (1868), purchased with the gift of money by Mr.
A. A. Low of New York.

The Gordon collection purchased with the gift of money by Mr. Thos.
A. Gordon (1870). Mr. Gordon was a Scotchman living in New York.

The Corcoran gift (1876) of five thousand dollars to be invested
for the library.

Mrs. Margaret Paul, widow of Mr. D'Arcy Paul of Baltimore, has
recently given a thousand dollars to the Library, and the estate of the
late Alfred Byrd, ten thousand dollars.

The old library contained a number of portraits of scholars, philanthropists
and soldiers. These have been removed to the Academical
Building, only two or three paintings remain-

ing in the library, and these of recent execution.
One, a miniature, represents Dr. Dunglison,
another the poet, John R. Thompson, an alumnus, and still
another, the late Alfred H. Byrd, of New York, also a son of the
University, ten thousand dollars of whose estate has been given to
the University to aid in the collection and preservation of works
on Virginia history and literature. [It would be interesting to know
more of Thompson's University life than can now be learned. He
spent three sessions here, and during one of these, boarded at Miss
Terrell's, in the Chancellor House, opposite the Brooks Museum. At
that time the building was probably not more than half as large as
now, for the late Dr. J. Edgar Chancellor added to it materially.
Some of General Sheridan's officers made this house their headquarters
on the visit of the Federals to Charlottesville.]

In 1854 the General Assembly of Virginia appropriated ten thousand
dollars, to secure a statue of Thomas Jefferson, and later on made
an additional appropriation of five hundred

dollars. Alexander Galt,[29] of Norfolk, Va.,
was engaged to produce a life-size figure in marble.
The statue and pedestal reached the University at the beginning
of the civil war, and were not unveiled until June, 1868, the address
on that occasion being delivered by the Hon. Hugh Blair Grigsby. This
piece of statuary was in the library when the great fire of 1895 took
place, but the figure was saved from destruction by the prompt and
intelligent efforts of some students who removed it to the lawn, from
which place it was conveyed to the Brooks Museum, and subsequently
returned to the library. The orignal pedestal was destroyed, but
another was provided.

It is said of the statue that it is a wonderfully truthful likeness, and
that when the figure was put in place in the Rotunda, there were still
living many who had been well acquainted with Mr. Jefferson, who all
said "This statue is Jefferson himself."

A life-size bust in marble of Professor John B. Minor, by Valentine,
the Richmond sculptor, is in the Library,

to which it was presented by the Law Alumni
in commemoration of the completion of fifty
years incumbency of the Chair of Law (1845-1895). The pedestal
is inscribed:

The unveiling took place in the Public Hall (of the old Annex,
destroyed the following October), June 12, 1895. The presentation
address was made by Mr. J. B. Green, chairman of the Bust Committee,
the address of acceptance by Professor W. M. Thornton, and
the address on the part of the Alumni by Senator John W. Daniel.

In the tall chair, covered with red leather, found in the Library,
Jefferson sat as Vice-President of the United States. Its high perpendicular
back and general lack of amplitude

could hardly have made it a comfortable seat,
but its rigid dignity is probably in keeping with
that of the presiding officer of the old school. It was bought at a sale
of government effects about 1870 by General William C. Preston, and
by him presented to the University.

There are two handsome bookcases or cabinets in this room. The
one, a revolving case with four faces of plate-glass, and filled with
books selected and given by the donor of the

cabinet, is a tribute of Mr. John L. Williams,
of Richmond, Virginia, to his Alma Mater.
The other, of handsome dark oak, carved, was presented by Dr. James
A. Harrison to the Poe Alcove, and is filled with volumes devoted to
the poet's life and to reprints of his writings.

In the Library, a section of which is devoted to Poe literature, is
the Zolnay bust of Edgar Allen Poe. It was presented to the University
by the Poe Memorial Association, a society

consisting of professors and students, formed in
1897. The bust was unveiled in the Auditorium
on the 7th day of October, 1899, the fiftieth anniversary of the
poet's death; the principal address being delivered by Hamilton W.
Mabie, of New York. The sculptor was George Julian Zolnay, a
Hungarian, whose reputation is well established by achievements that
show his genius to be bold, individual, and able to command results of
the highest order in his works of art, among which is the allegorical
illustration of the scriptural text, the University's motto, "Ye shall
know the truth, and the truth shall make you free," which adorns
the pediment of the Academic Building, and also a life-size figure for
the tomb of Miss Winnie Davis. This bust must be regarded as his
best achievement, since the difficulties overcome are the greatest, for
he has succeeded in shaping in bronze the features of a man whose
story is one of the most pathetic in the annals of American letters, and
affording a vision of the soul and mind of the poet who has given to our
literature its most notable, significant, and enduring part, as far as
poetry is concerned.

* * *

In the more than three-quarters of a century of the existence of this
institution there have been but seven librarians.

John Vaughn Kean was the first. He was

a student of the session of 1825, and a native
of Goochland.

He was succeeded by William Wertenbaker, of Albemarle county,
a student at the time of his appointment. He was postmaster at the

University for forty-two years, and thrice Librarian. His first term
began with his provisional appointment by Mr. Jefferson on the 30th
day of January, 1826, and ended by resignation in 1831. Reappointed
in 1835, he retired in 1857, and was again appointed in 1866. Ten
years later Mr. F. W. Page was assigned as his assistant. Mr. Wertenbaker
remained in active service until he was paralyzed, in 1879.
In 1881, he was made emeritus librarian. He died in April, 1882.
During his first administration the earliest catalogue of books was prepared
(1828).

When Mr. Wertenbaker resigned, in 1831, he was succeeded by
William H. Brockenborough, who had entered the University as a
student in 1828, and who continued his studies until the close of the
session in 1834, when he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of
Law. He remained in office until 1835, when Mr. Wertenbaker's
second term began. Mr. Brockenborough went to the then territory
of Florida, influenced in the choice of a location by the fact that he
was suffering from pulmonary consumption, and settled in Tallahassee,
where he speedily won prominence. Under the territorial government
he was senator from the western district, and at one time president of
the Senate. He was Judge of the United States District Court, member
of Congress, and several times a presidential elector. He died in
1850, at the age of thirty-seven.

Thomas B. Holcombe, of Lynchburg, was appointed Librarian in
1857, and continued in office until 1861. He prepared a new author-catalogue
in two volumes, folio. The war ended his service. He
died in 1873, in New Orleans.

Robert R. Prentis, of Nansemond, then proctor, was librarian pro tem.
in the gap between Mr. Holcombe and Mr. Wertenbaker (1862-66).

Mr. Wertenbaker's last term began in 1866, and, as already explained,
continued until 1881.

Frederick W. Page was elected in 1881. He had served as assistant
during the previous five years.

William A. Winston, of Hanover, succeeded him in 1882, and continued
in office until 1886.

James B. Baker, the present Secretary of the Faculty, was elected
librarian that year, and continued in office until 1891.

Mr. Page was appointed to his old office in 1891, and is at his post
at this time, 1900.

The north front of the Rotunda exhibits now something of the
appearance which Jefferson intended it to present. Fifty years ago
there was where the north portico now is

a porch, reached by stairways leading up from
each side. The stairs were removed when the
Annex was built (1851-53). This long building, which terminated

ONE OF THE COLONNADES

in a Corinthian portico, occupied the site of the present esplanade and
was connected with the Rotunda by a columned porch. It contained the
Public Hall, a room that gained dignity from the copy of the School
of Athens which hung above the rostrum. Over this public auditorium
were the drawing and class rooms of the school of applied
mathematics, and under it, various lecture rooms, notably for law,
natural philosophy and modern languages. From this north face today
extend two terrace rooms, the law class-room on the east opening
on the colonnade, which is an extension of East Lawn arcade; the Y.
M. C. A. Hall on the west, balancing the law room already mentioned
and opening on the colonnade, which is an extension of West Lawn
arcade. These terrace rooms, with those on the south, already
described, and the connecting colonnades, carry a terrace promenade
around the entire dominating structure of the University.[36]

In the Public Hall referred to (often called the Annex), hung an
excellent copy of Raphael's School of Athens, made from the original
in the Sala de Segnatura in the Vatican at

Rome. On returning from that city in the
summer of 1850, Mr. Daniel H. London of
Richmond, Va., suggested that a copy of this painting should be presented
to the University of Virginia by its alumni. Col. Thomas H.
Ellis determined to carry out this suggestion. He associated with him
Mr. John S. Caskie, Socrates Maupin, Benj. B. Minor and John R.
Thompson, graduates of the University, and on the 17th of December,
1850, this committee published a circular, explaining their purpose
and asking a contribution from those who had been students at this
institution. In the following spring this committee requested Mr.
London, then about to re-visit Europe, to order a copy of the painting
and indicated Senor Mazzolini as copyist. Col. Ellis, Judge Caskie
and Mr. Thompson made themselves financially responsible to the
extent of $1,500, payable six months after date. Mazzolini was unable
to undertake the commission and nothing was done until 1852, when
Mr. London, while in Paris, conferred with Mons. Paul Balze, a noted
historical painter, who had copied more than fifty of Raphael's paintings
for the French government. The price asked was $2,500. The
proposed selection of Balze was approved by Messrs. John S. Peyton,
John R. Page, John G. Brodnax, A. Robert McKee and Edward
G. Higginbotham, University alumni then in Paris. In December,
1852, a meeting was held in the Hall of the House of Delegates at
Richmond, Va. Among those specially invited to be present were
Judge William Daniel, Jr., of the Supreme Court of Appeals, Senator
R. M. T. Hunter, Alexander H. H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior,
and Judge Alexander Rives, then member of the General Assembly—
all University men. But the meeting was a failure, and it was not

THE PUBLIC HALL OR ANNEX BURNED 1895
(Here Most of the Alumni Orations Have been Delivered)

until 1854 that an agreement was effected with Mr. W. A. Pratt, of
Richmond, Va., by which he became the agent of the alumni to be
compensated by a percentage on the amounts collected for the fund.

This arrangement resulted in a contract with Balze for the painting
of the picture, which was received in 1856. After having been exhibited
in London at the Royal Polytechnic Institute, and, in this
country, at the Old Market Hall, Richmond, and the Library Hall,
Petersburg, Va., it was hung in the Public Hall at the University,
and opened to the public on the afternoon of April 13th, 1857, on
which occasion an address was delivered by Major Preston of the
Virginia Military Institute.

This painting was lost in the fire. A new copy is being made for
the Auditorium by Max Seeliger, instructor in mural painting in the
Imperial Berlin Art School. He was selected as the choice of Professor
Ludwig Korans, the great German artist, Dr. Ewald, regarded as the
foremost authority on mural docoration, and Professor Andrews,
Director of the Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington. Some friend, as
yet unknown to the University, has furnished the money for this copy.

* * *

In his eighty-fourth year Mr. Jefferson gave, through Joseph Coolidge,
Jr., of Boston, an order to Willard of that city, for a clock and a bell
for the University. For each of these he sub-

mitted directions dealing with the most minute
details. He wanted a bell which could generally
be heard at the distance of two miles "because this will insure its
always being heard at Charlottesville." The bell was cast and duly
hung, and served its purposes for sixty years. In the Spring of 1886,
as it no longer rang out in the clear tones of its wont, the bell was
examined and found to be cracked. McShane & Co. of Baltimore
cast its successor, which was put in place in the autum of 1886, and of
course, was lost in the fire of 1895.

The Jefferson bell was placed in the Brooks Museum, where it is
still to be seen on the left of the entrance. The Board of Visitors
authorized the Ladies' Aid Society to have it used in casting a bell
for the Chapel, but its historic value was realized, and it was bought
by the late Dr. Towles, Professor Stone and Dr. Tuttle, with the understanding
that it was not to be removed from the University, but always

to be preserved as a relic, and was finally presented to the Board of
Visitors on the same condition.

The Jefferson clock was also lost in the fire of 1895. In its place
is a handsome time service presented by the Hon. Jefferson M. Levy,
of New York, owner of Monticello, on the 13th day of April, 1899,
the anniversary of the birth of the Founder. It consists of a regulator
clock, from which is run a large thirty-inch dial in the library, two
fifty-six-inch dials in the north and south pediments of the Rotunda,
and a programme attachment for ringing the electric bells in all the
lecture rooms. The
dial in the library is
of white marble, with
raised Roman numerals,
in black, and
black hands. The
outside dials are of
steel, enamelled in
white, with plain black
Roman numerals and
black hands. The regulator
is guaranteed to
run within thirty seconds
a month. This is
in the faculty room,

THE CHAPEL

and all the other movements are connected with it electrically, and
keep exactly the same time. The system is so arranged also that
clocks in the other public buildings, or in private residences, may
be placed on the same electric circuit, and operated by the central
regulator clock in exact synchronism.

* * *

On the 13th of November, 1883, during the chaplaincy of the Rev.
Otis A. Glazebrook, a Ladies' Chapel Society was formed, and in seven
years the Chapel which stands west of the Ro-

tunda was finished. This society found a small
chapel fund of five or six hundred dollars, which
was the nucleus upon which was built one of $30,000, collected chiefly
from alumni. The corner-stone was laid in 1885, the late Professor
Schele De Vere delivering the address. The dedication sermon was
preached by the Rev. Mr. Glazebrook in 1889. In addition to the
$30,000 expended on the building, the organ-room, the gift of Mr.
Glazebrook, cost $1,000, and the organ, the gift chiefly of Kentucky
alumni, $1,900 more. While the architecture is out of harmony with
the prevailing orders, considered without relation, the Chapel is a handsome
and impressive church edifice, in the Gothic style with Norman
arches. It contains memorial windows in honor of Dr. John A. G.
Davis, Dr. John Staige Davis, Dr. James L. Cabell and Truxton Glazebrook,
and memorial tablets to Dr. Addis Emmet and Dr. Gessner
Harrison.

This Association was the first organization of its kind in the world.
It dates from the spring of 1857. John W. Johnson, Magazine medalist,
final orator of the Jefferson Literary So-

ciety, Engineer of Fort Sumter, historian of the
defence of Charleston, and Episcopal minister,
was the first president, while the first recording secretary was L. M.
Blackford (M. A. 1859). The first corresponding secretary was Dr.
Thomas Hume, now professor of English in the University of North
Carolina. Other early members were H. H. Harris, John Murray,
W. W. Old, James M. Garnett, Julian Fairfax, Jerry Malcom Harris,
W. P. DuBose, James M. Boyd, John M. Strother, Thomas R. Price,
William P. Louthan, James Dinwiddie, Robert Carter Berkley, William
Allan, Howe P. Cochran, Richard W. Jones, Thomas U. Dudley,
C. Powell Grady, A. S. Pendleton, and J. William Jones. From the
foundation to the present time the membership aggregates more than
three thousand.

Religious enterprises at the University antedated this organization
many years. As early as 1828 the individual members of the Faculty
arranged for services by the pastors then in Charlottesville. These
were of the Episcopalian and the Presbyterian faiths. From 1833 to
1896, a period of sixty-three years, chaplains appointed by the Faculty
were in charge of the religious work. The term of incumbency was

one session each until 1848, when it was made two years. It will be
seen from the following list of chaplains that the University has been
served by many eminent divines.

Presbyterian.— — Smith, 1829; Francis Bowman, no date given,
but his term was at least one session between 1830 and 1833; Septimus
Tuston, 1836-37; William S. White, 1840-41

and 1844-45; William H. Ruffner, 1849-51;
Dabney C. Harrison, 1859-61; Thomas D.
Witherspoon, 1871-73; Clement R. Vaughn, 1879-81; James M.
Rawlings, 1887-89; A. R. Cocke, 1895-96; L. C. Vass, elected for
1896-98, but died September 28, 1898. He was the last chaplain,
the office having been abolished, and other agencies substituted, as elsewhere
explained.

Episcopalian.— — Hatch, (probably) 1830-31; Nicholas H.
Cobbs (Bishop of Alabama), 1834-35; Joseph P. B. Wilmer (Bishop
of Louisiana), 1837-38; William M. Jackson, 1845-46; William
Dent Hanson, 1853-55; Peter Tinsley, 1867-69; Robert J. McBryde,
1875-77; Otis A. Glazebrook, 1883-85; James L. Lancaster, 1891-93.

Methodist. — William Hammett, 1833-34; David S. Doggett
(Bishop), 1838-39; Leonidas Rosser, 1842-43; Jacob Manning and
David Wood, 1846-47; W. W. Bennett and Ballard Gibson, 185153;
John S. Lindsay, 1865-67; S. A. Steel, 1873-75; J. T. Whitley,
1881-83; Collins Denny, 1889-91.

Baptist.—Robert Ryland, 1835-36; James B. Taylor, 1839-40 and
1869-71; E. G. Robinson, 1843-44; Jacob Scott, 1847-49; John A.
Broadus, 1855-57; A. B. Woodfin, 1877-79; George B. Taylor,
1885-87; J. William Jones, 1893-95.

John C. Granberry (Bishop), Methodist, was elected for the term
of 1861-63, and John C. McCabe, Episcopalian, for the term of 186365,
but neither officiated.

The system was changed upon the death of Rev. L. C. Vass, in
September, 1896, at the beginning of his chaplaincy. A secretary of
the Young Men's Christian Association, latterly

known as the University pastor, has had charge
of religious work among the students, and eminent
preachers from this and other cities are invited to deliver the
sermons, a course which has proven very satisfactory and beneficial.
The first secretary under this plan was W. I. McNair of Louisville,
Kentucky, and the second, J. M. Brodnax of Mason. Tennessee, the
present incumbent. The controlling body is the Religious Exercise
Committee, composed of three members of the Faculty and three student
members of the Young Men's Christian Association.

The Rev. C. A. Young, Assistant Instructor in Hebrew, is rendering
valuable service in the interest of religious teaching by courses of
lectures on New and Old Testament subjects. He is making an earnest
effort to secure endowment for an English Bible Lectureship.

The day of his arrival at the University the new student is convinced
that those who have declared the institution atheistical in foundation
and purpose—a charge which is made ma-

liciously to this day in some quarters—have not
told the truth. He is soon made to understand
that there is such a thing as religious enterprise at this institution, and
that the matriculates bear a large part in its direction. He finds that
he is expected to do his share, if he is so minded, but it is a matter of
free choice with him, while he can scarcely escape the pervasive influence
of the Young Men's Christian Association; and, if he has any
bent toward Bible study and religious endeavor, he will find here
abundant opportunity, more, perhaps, than at any other undenominational
American college.

* * *

Early in 1876 Professor Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y.,
announced to Professor Smith that a gentleman of Rochester, an
admirer of Mr. Jefferson and an earnest well-

wisher of the South, desired to establish at the
University of Virginia a complete and costly
museum of natural history, on the condition that other friends of the
institution would pledge the sum of $12,000 to provide for the necessary
cases, mounting, etc. The Board of Trustees of the Miller
Agricultural Department furnished ten thousand of the required
amount, and Professor W. B. Rogers and other alumni the remaining
two thousand. It afterwards transpired that Mr. Lewis Brooks was
the donor. The building was completed in July, 1877, and immediately
afterwards a costly collection of specimens was assembled, to
which valuable additions have since been made. Mr. Brooks's gifts
aggregate about seventy thousand dollars.

The building, constructed chiefly of brick, is after the Renaissance
order, and is elaborately ornamented with the heads of various animals,
carved in granite. The granite trimmings, which are rather too profuse,
are carved with the names of eminent scientists, such as Cuvier,
De Candolle, Audubon, Huxley and Pliny. The lower hall contains,
on the floor, the geological collections, and, in galleries around the
entire hall, the mineralogical specimens. The zoological exhibit is in
the main part of the upper hall, while on the same floor is the botanical
hall. The building contains a lecture room and laboratories.

Mr. Jefferson selected the site of the present observatory and erected
upon it a small building for astronomical purposes, perhaps the first
observatory in America. This structure which was never devoted to
the use intended, was pulled down in 1859.

In 1881 the late Leander J. McCormick, of
Chicago, gave $50,000 to establish an observatory,
to which gift he afterward added largely; and W. H. Vanderbilt,

THE McCORMICK OBSERVATORY

of New York, contributed $25,000 to the same fund. The elevation
is known as Mount Jefferson, and is about a mile southwest of the
University. The site is a beautiful one and furnishes an unobstructed
horizon. The principal building is a rotunda forty-five feet in diameter,
and contains the great Clark refractor of twenty-six inches aperture.
The computing rooms are adjoining and contain clock, chronograph,
&c., and a working library. In a smaller building are a
three inch Fauth transit, and a four inch Kahler equatorial. Professor
Ormond Stone is the Director.

At its annual session in 1868 the Board of Visitors authorized the
building and equipment of a chemical laboratory, which was done
within the year, on a beautiful knoll west of

West Range. The marble tablet on the face
of the building gives the date of the foundation
and this from Roger Bacon: "Naturae secreta et artis possibilia." It
contains a large lecture-room with work and store-room adjacent, and
a large room for analytical chemistry. The equipment and stock are
extensive and of the most approved character.

Medical Hall, one of the oldest erections in the University, stands
between West Range and the Chemical Labora-

tory. It is devoted chiefly to lecture-rooms.
This building was destroyed by fire in the late
fall of 1886, and immediately rebuilt.

The erection of the hospital was begun April 11th, 1900, in
order to have it ready for use the ensuing session. The present
erection is the central administration building, three stories in
height, containing reception and consultation

rooms, offices, accommodations for internes and
nurses, etc. Attached to it is one of the best
clinical amphitheatres in this country, with a convenient and well
lighted operating room adjoining. On each side will be added one
story wards with space for sixty beds. The plan admits of indefinite
extension.

The hospital is located in the open space east of East Range. The
architect is Mr. Paul J. Pelz, of Washington, who is well known in
connection with the Congressional Library, and the style will conform
to the order of architecture which prevails here. The Randall Dormitory
was built after plans furnished by Mr. Pelz.

In 1859 six buildings, known as House A, House B, etc., arranged
in the arc of a circle, were erected about two hundred yards southwest
of West Range to accommodate the increasing

number of students. The land upon which
these buildings were erected had been purchased
from a fund accruing from the sale of a tract of land devised to
the University by Martin Dawson, hence the name of Dawson's Row.

The series of dormitories known as Monroe Hill lies at the northwest
end of Dawson's Row. The hill takes its name from the small
building once occupied by President Monroe,

which, much expanded and improved, is now the
handsome home of Professor W. M. Thornton.
The ex-President had his law office in a small building about a hundred
feet southwest of the residence. This building is still standing.

Temperance Hall, in which is the University postoffice, was built
in 1855-56, the fund for the purpose being contributed by General
John H. Cocke and other persons interested in

the temperance movement. For many years
the Sons of Temperance held their meetings in
the upper hall of this building, as did later the Friends of Temperance,
the organization which succeeded the Sons. Neither of these
societies now exists. At the postoffice, at Chancellor's drug store,
and across the street, at Anderson's and Olivier's bookstores, students
congregate when the weather is fine, sing college songs, and eye the
girls who pass in smart traps or stroll by on the way to "town."

The name Carr's Hill belongs to the eminence north of the Rotunda
and adjacent to the athletic practice grounds. It is derived from an
early owner. A short time before the civil

war, Judge Alexander Rives purchased it and
presented it to the late Mrs. Dr. Schele De Vere,
from whom the University purchased it immediately after the surrender.
The original buildings, long since destroyed, were occupied
as a private boarding-house. The present dormitories were erected
several years after the war; and the mess-hall, still used as such, is of
recent date.

The Randall Dormitory, the handsome apartment house for students,
architecturally in harmony with the other University buildings,
was erected in 1899 out of a fund contributed

from the estate of W. J. and Belinda Randall,
of Massachusetts. It is at the south end of
East Range, with an imposing front looking toward the new quadrangle.

* * *

A few months after the opening of the University a literary association
called the Patrick Henry Society was formed, composed of nearly
all the students. Sixteen of its members, dis-

satisfied with the disorder which prevailed at
its sessions, seceded and founded the Jefferson
Society. The seceders held their preliminary meeting in No. 7 West
Lawn on Thursday, July 14, 1825, and selected
a committee, consisting of Edgar Mason, of
Charles county, Md., John H. Lee, of Fau-
quier county, Va., and William G. Minor, of
Fredericksburg, Va., to draft a constitution
which was reported and presumably adopted on the following Monday.

JEFF. HALL

WASH. HALL

The Society met weekly at first; later, fornightly on "Monday evening
at early candlelight." The first president (then called moderator),
was Edgar Mason. The meetings were held in Pavilion I, and later,
at the different pavilions on the Lawn. Jefferson, who was elected on
the motion of Robert A. Thompson, of Kanawha county, Va., now
West Virginia, declined honorary membership on account of his
official connection with the University. Madison, Monroe and
Lafayette accepted. John Randolph of Roanoke was black-balled
because he was bitterly opposed to the election of Mr. Monroe, Jefferson's
candidate for the presidency. Poe was elected an active member
June 17, 1826, and soon after complied with the custom by reading
an essay, his subject being "Heat and Cold." He participated
in one or two debates and once acted as secretary pro tem. His
autograph was cut from the minute book by some curio thief. This
Society, in the earlier days, celebrated Jefferson's birthday by reading
the Declaration of Independence and by addresses.

FINAL PRESIDENTS.

• 1826—Chapman Johnson, Va.

• 1827—S. A. Townes, S. C.

• 1828—R. H. Brown, Va.

• 1829—Robert Toombs, Ga.

• 1830—William B. Napton, N. J.

• 1831—Benjamin F. Randolph, Va.

• 1832—Fairfax Catlett, Va.

• 1833—William D. Hodges, Va.

• 1834—E. Taliaferro, Va.

• 1835—G. W. Trueheart, Va.

• 1836—M. Carleton, Ala.

• 1837—W. G. Gray, Md.

• 1838—R. L. T. Beale, Va.

• 1839—J. A. Strother, Ala.

• 1840—J. H. Oliver, La.

• 1841—Robert L. Dabney, Va.

• 1842—Edmund Randolph, Va.

• 1843—J. F. Kunkel, Md.

• 1844—Tiberius G. Jones, Va.

• 1845—Roscoe B. Heath, Va.

• 1846—Robert J. Morrison, Va.

• 1847—V. E. Shepherd, Va.

• 1848—W. B. Woolridge, Va.

• 1849—John A. Broadus, Va.

• 1850—Richard H. Baker, Va.

• 1851—John D. Pennybacker, Va.

• 1852—George L. Gordon, Va.

• 1853—James William Morgan, Va.

• 1854—William R. Aylett, Va.

• 1855—James Taylor Jones, Ala.

• 1856—Creswell Garlington, S. C.

• 1857—Edward C. Preston, La.

• 1858—William G. Field, Va.

• 1859—W. Moultrie Dwight, S. C.

• 1860—P. J. Glover, Ala.

• 1861-66—None recorded.

• 1867—W. W. Foote, Tenn.

• 1868—J. B. Gantt, Ga.

• 1869—None recorded.

• 1870—S. P. Dendy, S. C.

• 1871—G. C. Hume, Md.

• 1872—Moses L. Wicks, Tenn.

• 1873—B. C. Wicks, Md.

• 1874—Frederick F. Reese, Md.

• 1875—Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Ala.

• 1876—H. H. Downing, Va.

• 1877—Joseph Allen Southall, Va.

• 1878—L. W. Gunther, Jr., Md.

• 1879—George D. Fawsett, Md.

• 1880—Pembroke Lea Thom, Md.

• 1881—Floyd Hughes, Va.

• 1882—William Corcoran Eustis, D. C.

• 1883—J. Hunter Pendleton, Va.

• 1884—Jefferson Randolph Anderson, Ga.

• 1885—R. C. Taylor, Md.

• 1886—None recorded.

• 1887—George Wayne Anderson, Ga.

• 1888—W. J. H. Bohannon, Va.

• 1889—George Gordon Battle, N. C.

• 1890—Raleigh C. Minor, Va.

• 1891—R. Spratt Cockrell, Fla.

• 1892—J. Gordon Leake, Va.

• 1893—Murray Mason McGuire, Va.

• 1894—Joseph A. Massey, Va.

• 1895—Hollins N. Randolph, Va.

• 1896—George Nelms Wise, Va.

• 1897—Walter Tansill Oliver, Va.

• 1898—Charles W. Miller, Ky.

• 1899—Joseph C. Taylor, Va.

• 1900—William T. Shannonhouse, N. C.

In 1896 Professor James A. Harrison presented to the Jefferson and
the Washington Literary societies a trophy to be won for the one or the

other by excellence in debate, and to remain with the society winning
it as long as it can successfully defend it. The
trophy cost a hundred dollars, and was made
by the Gorham Company of New York. It
consists of a solid silver laurel wreath, encircling a scroll of copper,
on which the names of the winning contestants are to be engraved.

Each literary society offers two medals. The one for the best orator
is presented by the society, but that for the best debater in each society
is presented by the Rector and Visitors, and is known as the Rector
and Visitors' medal.

THE PATH ALONG EAST RANGE.

It is not known when the Jefferson first offered a medal to its best
debater; it was some time before a similar trophy was provided for the
best orator. The records are imperfect; before the

civil war almost none exists. It is known that
in 1858 Mr. K. Kemper of Virginia was the
orator at the intermediate celebration, that James Camp Turner of
Alabama read the Declaration of Independence on the same occasion,
and that Joseph Hodgson of Virginia was the orator at the commencement
the same year.

There is no record for 1859, but at the intermediate in 1860 Camm
Patteson of Virginia was the orator and Robert Falligant of Georgia
read the Declaration. At the final, William R. Berkeley of Virginia
was the orator. It seems quite certain that none of these were medalists.
The first medal recorded is that awarded to James M. Boyd
of Lynchburg, Virginia, as the best debater.

From this on there is no record of medalist, orator or reader until
1869, although the society was in active existence, and had been for
two years at least (1867, 1868), with the usual quota of officers. In
this year C. F. McKesson of North Carolina was intermediate orator
and S. P. Luck reader. The list follows, beginning with 1871, there
being no record for 1870:

• 1871—H. H. Martin, Va., debater; G. E. Nelson, Va., orator.

• 1872—Henry T. Kent, Va., debater; L. M. Elder, Tenn., orator.

• 1873—J. S. Williams, Tenn., debater.

• 1874—J. E. Powell, Mo., debater; M. W. Ransom, Jr., N. C., orator
  Roger Johnson, resigned).

• [This year efforts were made in the Jefferson as well as the Washington
  to abolish the medal system, it being alleged that to it was due the
  violent partisan spirit which often prevailed in the societies.]

• 1875—Leo N. Levi, Texas, debater; A. M. Robinson, Texas, orator (vice Lyon
  G. Tyler, Va., resigned).

• 1876—Bernard Peyton, Va., debater; A. P. Thom, Va., orator (vice Lyon G.
  Tyler, Va., resigned).

• 1877—A. G. Stuart, Va., debater; C. A. Culberson, Texas, orator.

• 1878—Dudley G. Wooten, Texas, debater; F. T. Glasgow, Va., orator.

• 1879—P. A. Bruce, Va., debater; Wyndham R. Meredith, Va., orator.

• 1880—William Cabell Bruce, Va., debater; Thomas Woodrow Wilson, N. C.,
  orator.

• 1881—W. S. Lefevre, Md., debater; Robert W. Mallet, Va., orator.

• 1882—Charles W. Kent, Va., debater; William P. Trent, orator.

• 1883—M. C. Pope, debater; no orator's medal awarded. [Mr. Pope was called
  from the University before the commencement, leaving the society
  without a speaker for its celebration. William P. Trent and Robert
  W. Mallet filled the vacant places on the programme.]

• 1884—F. W. Gregory, Miss., debater; John B. Henneman, S. C., orator.

• 1885—W. B. Richards, Va., debater; F. R. Lassiter, Va., orator.

• 1886—G. W. Anderson, Ga., debater; C. A. Swanson, Va., orator.

• 1887—U. W. Muir, Ky., debater; M. S. Macon, La., orator.

• 1888—J. L. Kelley, Va., debater; J. G. Scott, Va., orator.

• 1889—Charles P. Fenner, La., debater; W. S. Hamilton, Ga., orator.

• 1890—P. H. C. Cabell, Jr., debater; E. L. Boyle, Tenn., orator.

---

50





• 1891—William G. Peterkin, W. Va., debater; Henry Lewis Smith, N. C., orator.

• 1892—No award of debater's medal; L. H. Machen, Va., orator.

• 1893—Lewis H. Machen, Va., debater; Benjamin Franklin Martin, Va., orator.

• 1894—No award of debater's medal; Hugh M. Dorsey, Ga., orator.

• 1895—No award of debater's medal; W. K. Allyn, Va., orator.

• 1896—Henry A. Hopkins, Texas, debater; W. S. Hancock, Va., orator.

• 1897—Albert Fink, Ark., and Walter T. Oliver, Va., debaters; Henry A. Hopkins,
  Texas, orator.

• 1898—H. W. Mayo, Va., debater; Joseph C. Taylor, Va., orator.

• 1899—E. Reinhold Rogers, Va., debater; George P. Bagby, Va., orator.

• 1900—S. E. Bradshaw, Ky., debater; Wm. C. Munroe, Fla., orator.

* * *

Little can be learned of the early history of the Washington Society.
The date of its foundation is undetermined, but this association
of students was in existence as early as Novem-

ber, 1835, for on that date an entry was made in
the faculty minutes to this effect: "The chairman
laid before the faculty the application of
the Washington Society to be allowed the use of the old library room
to hold its meetings." The request was granted. The Wash. celebrated
the birthday of its patron saint, February 22, on which occasion
it was the custom to read the farewell address.

FINAL PRESIDENTS.

• 1844—J. F. Wooten, N. C.

• 1845—Presley C. Lane, Ala.

• 1846—George A. Hall, Ga.

• 1847—William H. F. Hall, Ga.

• 1848—J. F. Marshall, Miss.

• 1849—John L. Cockran, Va.

• 1850—Frederick Floyd, Va.

• 1851—Frank V. Winston, Va.

• 1852—J. F. Deloney, Ala.

• 1853—Edward S. Joynes, Va.

• 1854—George B. Taylor, Va.

• 1855—Virginius Dabney, Miss.

• 1856—John M. Bolling, Va.

• 1857—Algernon Sidney Epes, Va.

• 1858—Thomas U. Dudley, Va.

• 1859—Edward L. Martin, Del.

• 1860—C. W. Wilson, Va.

• 1861-66—None recorded.

• 1867—C. J. Faulkner, W. Va.

• 1868—W. O. Harris, W. Va.

• 1869—None recorded.

• 1870—J. C. McKennie, Va.

• 1871—Barnett Gibbs, Texas.

• 1872—Walter G. Charleton, Ga.

• 1873—Richard H. Maury, Miss.

• 1874—Thomas L. Raymond, La.

• 1875—Benjamin Johnson, Va.

• 1876—Frederick Elias Conway, Ark.

• 1877—Frank P. Farish, Va.

• 1878—V. M. Potter, Ky.

• 1879—None recorded.

• 1880—John F. B. Beckwith, Ga.

• 1881—S. J. Shepherd, Tenn.

• 1882—W. D. Toy, Va.

• 1883—W. T. Turnbull, Fla.

• 1884—James I. Van Meter, Ohio.

• 1885—C. H. Fauntleroy, Va.

• 1886—Lewis M. G. Baker, Va.

---

51





• 1887—W. E. Allen, Va.

• 1888—S. L. Kelley, Va.

• 1889—None recorded.

• 1890—Charles F. Coleman, Fla.

• 1891—George N. Conrad, Va.

• 1892—Robert Fulton Leach, Md.

• 1893—Allen P. Gilmour, Ky.

• 1894—J. Bernard Handlan, Va.

• 1895—Joseph T. Allyn, Va.

• 1896—Alexander Scott Bullitt, Ky.

• 1897—Frank Grey Newbill, Va.

• 1898—Charles N. Joyce, Md.

• 1899—Patrick H. Aylett, Va.

• 1900—E. H. Fulton, Va.

There is little to be learned of the honor men of the Washington
Society before the war. It is recorded briefly that in 1858 the oration
at the intermediate celebration was deliv-

ered by Littleton J. Haley of Orange county,
Va., and that Washington's farewell address
was read by Thomas J. Wertenbaker of Charlottesville, Va. The
orator at the final celebration was L. Southgate of Norfolk, Va. Two
years later (1860) S. Taylor Martin of Richmond, Va., was orator at
the intermediate; A. Jay Arnold of Alexandria, Va., reader; and, at
the final, William F. Ogden of New Orleans, La., orator, and William
Allen of Winchester, Va., was awarded the medal as the best
debater. This is the first mention of a medal in connection with the
Wash.

The war came on, and no record exists, as far as the writers know,
of the years until 1869. At the intermediate celebration that spring
Richard S. Jefferies of Charlottesville was the orator, and J. G.
Rogers of Maryland the reader. The final celebration is unnoted.

In 1870 intermediate celebrations were discontinued. The following
statement refers to honors awarded at the final celebrations of the
society:

• 1870—Linden Kent, Va., debater.

• 1871—E. H. Farrar, La., debater; Barnett Gibbs, Miss., orator.

• 1872—H. A. McCollum, La., debater; C. A. Jenkins, Miss., orator.

• 1873—F. R. Graham, La., debater.

• 1874—John S. Brooks, Va., debater; R. S. Saulsbury, Ga., orator.

• 1875—C. E. Nicol, Md., debater, H. C. Stuart, Va., orator.

• 1876—T. E. Blakey, Va., debater; J. G. Colley, Ga., orator.

• 1877—J. F. Ellison, Va., debater; Junius Rochester, Ky., orator.

• 1878—Richard A. Jackson, Md., debater; Benjamin F. Long, N. C., orator.

• 1879—No award.

• 1880—No award.

• 1881—W. W. Wilkerson, Ala., debater; F. M. O. Fenn, Texas, orator.

• 1882—H. P. Lawther, Texas, debater; H. G. Peters, Va., orator.

---

52





• 1883—W. B. Eldridge, Tenn., debater; W. G. Winstock, Va., orator.

• 1884—L. H. Pugh, La., debater; B. H. Lee, Miss., orator.

• 1885—W. H. Bryant, Va., debater; W. J. Shelburne, Va., orator.

• 1886—R. G. Bickford, Va., debater; J. G. Covington, Ky., orator.

• 1887—J. B. Gibson, Miss., debater; T. E. Ryals, Ga., orator.

• 1888—L. G. M. Baker, Va., debater; F. Causey, Va., orator.

• 1889—J. A. Barclay, Ky., debater; F. W. Weaver, Va., orator.

• 1890—R. M. Banks, Jr., Miss., debater; G. N. Conrad, Va., orator.

• 1891—Charles F. Spencer, Ky., debater; Henry A. Etheridge, Ga., orator.

• 1892—Robert E. Cofer, Texas, debater; Harris L. Moss, Va., orator.

• 1893—John Henry Nininger, Va., debater; Algernon B. Chandler, Va., orator.

• 1894—Charles R. Frankum, Va., debater; Edward L. Greever, Va., orator.

• 1895—J. R. Rew, Va., debater; A. E. Strode, S. C., orator.

• 1896—G. W. Holland, Va., debater; Clyde W. Portlock, Tenn., orator.

• 1897—Preston W. Campbell, Va., debater; Charles N. Joyce, Md., orator.

• 1898—C. L. Kagey, Va., debater; D. S. Burleson, Va., orator.

• 1899—J. Douglass Mitchell, Va., debater; A. Leo Oberdorfer, Va., orator.

• 1900—Arthur J. Morris, Va., debater; Roscoe C. Nelson, Va., orator.

WINNERS OF THE HARRISON TROPHY.

• 1896—The Washington Society.

• 1897—The Jefferson Society.

• 1898, 1899—The Washington Society.

At least three other literary societies existed at the University.
The Philomathean was founded in 1849 or earlier; the Parthenon in
1852. Judge Charles E. Fenner of New

Orleans and Thomas A. Malone (M. A. '54)
of Alabama, now of Nashville, Tenn., were
the first orators. Of the Columbian little is known beyond the fact
that it once existed. At its intermedate celebration in 1858 its orator
was William W. Bird of Washington, D. C., and at its final, the
same year, George R. Culvert of Shenandoah county, Va., wore this
honor.

There is evidence that the literary societies were not always in high
favor with the authorities. In the Editor's Table of the Collegian for
July, 1839, the fact that the Board of Visitors

had, some two years before, passed a resolution
prohibiting the celebration of anniversaries
and the delivery of addresses in public by students is referred to with
much feeling. "We are forbidden to speak," wrote the editors;
"the tongue falters; the lips are closed, and the voice of vivid eloquence
must ring through our Corinthian columns no more."

The Philosophical Society, an organization of professors and students
for original research, was founded in November, 1889. The presidents
thus far have been: Dr. Mallet, Professor

Noah K. Davis, Professor F. H. Smith, Professor
J. H. Gilmore, Dr. Tuttle, Professor
Stone and Dr. Kent, in the order named; the secretaries, Professor
Stone and Dr. W. J. Humphreys.

* * *

The first periodical published in the University was The Collegian.
It was conducted by a committee elected by the students and printed
by James Alexander of Charlottesville. The

first committee consisted of John S. Barbour of
Culpeper, John Critcher of Westmoreland
county, R. Barnes Gooch of Richmond, James P. Holcombe of
Lynchburg, and Thomas H. Watts of Alabama, all of whom achieved
distinction in after life. John S. Barbour died a United States
Senator, after many years of active participation in public affairs;
John Critcher was a leader in his section and a representative of his
district in Congress; R. Barnes Gooch, a distinguished lawyer in
Richmond, died before he had opportunity to manifest his full powers;
James P. Holcombe distinguished himself both as teacher and as
statesman, occupying a chair in this institution, and, at one time, a
seat in Congress; and Thomas H. Watts, the Confederate States
Attorney-General, was for more than a generation the great man of
his native State, of which he was governor. The first number was
issued in October, 1838, and its publication was continued until 1842,
at least.

The oldest of the existing periodicals is The University Magazine,
whose first number appeared in December, 1856, under the
auspices of the three literary societies of that

time, the Jefferson, the Washington and the
Columbian.

There is nothing in the pages of its earlier issues to indicate who
were its editors. The custom of printing their names was not introduced
until the ninth number. This magazine has had among its contributors
some of the brightest of the alumni of the institution. From
it has been reprinted a volume of poems under the title "Arcade

A GLIMPSE OF THE LAWN

From East Terrace Looking toward West Lawn

Echoes" which is now in its second edition. The first was edited by
Thomas Longstreet Wood of Albermale county, Va., a student
whose brilliant literary promise had entered upon its fulfillment when
death claimed him; the second, by Mr. John W. Fishburne of
Charlottesville. Six of its best stories have been printed in a richly
bound and attractively illustrated volume, of which Dr. Charles W.
Kent was the editor; the illustrator, Mr. Duncan Smith (M. A.
1897) of New York. The magazine is issued monthly during the
session.

College Topics was established in January, 1890, as a private
enterprise, the societies refusing to take the financial risk involved.
The founders and first board of editors were Legh R. Page of Richmond,
Va., A. C. Carson of Riverton, Va., Stuart-Menteth Beard
of Canandaigua, N. Y., Hunt Chipley of Pensacola, Fla., and John G.
Tilton of Baltimore, Md. As the Magazine filled the literary field,
Topics was projected as a medium of college news and college spirit.
It was soon recognized as an exponent of athletic interests, and became
the official organ of the General Athletic Association. It is published
weekly by a staff of editors appointed by the Advisory Board of the
above named Association.[66]

Corks and Curls, an illustrated annual, is published by a board of
editors appointed by the Greek letter fraternities, and was first issued in
1887. It is a handsome quarto, with a new design each year for the
cover, done in the University colors.

The above are student publications, and represent the interests of
undergraduate life at this institution. The Alumni Bulletin, as its
name implies, is provided to afford a means of communication between
the University and its alumni. The first number was issued May,
1894, and since then it has been published quarterly.

The Annals of Mathematics was established by Professor Stone in
1884, as a medium for the publication of the results of mathematical
investigations of the highest class. Professor Echols was at one time
associated with him as editor.

Two prizes are given for excellence in composition in articles in the

Magazine. The first is for the best contribution by a member of either
society; the second is a prize of twenty dollars
in gold for the best original poem published in
the Magazine. This prize is offered by Professor
James A. Harrison.

Among the honors eagerly sought at the University is the Magazine
medal. The names of the winners of this prize

and other interesting information are given in
the following statement:

• 1858—John Johnson, Charleston, S. C., subject, "Drudgery and Leisure."

• 1859—James McDowell Graham, Lexington, Va., "The Worship of Nature."

• 1860—Leigh Robinson, Washington, D. C., "What Will He Do With It?"

• 1868—A. M. Miller, Petersburg, Va. Title of article unknown.

• 1870—Charles Wickliffe Yulee, Fernandina, Fla., "Michael Angelo."

• 1872—Thomas A. Seddon, Fredericksburg, Va., "The Ballad of the Ancient
  Mariner."

• 1873—R. T. W. Duke, Jr., Charlottesville, Va., "Old Letters."

• 1874—William W. Thum, Louisville, Ky., "The Death of Marlowe."

• 1875—Marcus B. Almond, Charlottesville, Va. (now of Louisville, Ky.), "Glendower."

• 1876—Leo N. Levi, Galveston, Texas, "Charles II and His Times."

• 1877—William P. Kent, Virginia, "The Moral Significance of the American
  Centennial."

• 1878—Dudley G. Wooten, Texas, "Uncrowned Heroes."

• 1879—Walter S. Lefevre, Maryland, "Queen Mab: A Study in Shelley."

• 1880—William Cabell Bruce, Virginia, "John Randolph."

• 1881—Samuel H. James, Louisiana, "Diogenes Teufelsdröckh."

• 1883—James Gazaway Ryals, Georgia, "Tennyson and The Idyls of the King.

• 1885—Blewitt H. Lee, Mississippi, "Shakespeare's Songs."

• 1886—John Singleton Mosby, Virginia, "The Story of the Nile."

• 1887—Frank E. Corbett, Texas, "Napoleon III."

• 1888—Ernest M. Stires, Virginia, "The Eastern Question."

• 1889—Thomas Longstreet Wood, Virginia, "Life in Shiflet's Hollow."

• 1890—H. Snowden Marshall, Maryland, "A Crusade by Turks."

• 1891—Stuart-Menteth Beard, Louisiana, "Essex and Bacon."

• 1892—Charles Trotter Lassiter, Virginia, "The Parliament of Man."

• 1893—Charles Hall Davis, Virginia, "The Chief of Women Poets."

• 1894—J. Spottiswood Taylor, Virginia, "An Unenterprising Fellow.'

• 1895—John Handy Hall, Virginia, "Marah."

• 1896—Schuyler Poitevent, Mississippi, "The Strange Music of Biloxi Bay."

• J. Pierce Bruns, Louisiana, Translation medal.

• 1897—Morris P. Tilley, Virginia, "Coffee Houses and Coffee Drinkers."

• Mayer L. Halff, Texas, Translation medal.

• J. Pierce Bruns, Louisiana, Original Verse medal.

---

57





• 1898—E. L. Grace, Virginia, "Sidney Lanier."

• L. P. Chamberlayne, Virginia, Translation medal.

• J. W. Rice, Texas, Original Verse medal.

• J. W. Rice, Texas (story), "A Sketcher of Skulls."

• 1899—Carroll M. Newman, Virginia, "Some Charms of Kipling."

• Philip F. DuPont, Delaware, Original Verse medal.

• Morris P. Tilley, Virginia (story), "The Body-Snatching of Mr. Peppers."

From 1861 to 1867 no record can be found of the awarding of this
medal, and it is quite likely it was not bestowed in that time. No
award was made in 1869, 1871, 1882 and 1884. In 1882 William
P. Trent and Charles W. Kent, both of Virginia, were honorably
mentioned.

* * *

The Society of the Alumni was founded in 1838, but there exists
only the briefest record of its transactions from the organization until
after the civil war.

At a meeting of the Faculty in January,
1838, Professor Tucker, proposed that a committee
should be appointed by the chairman to organize a society of
alumni. The members of the committee were immediately appointed
by Dr. Gessner Harrison, then chairman, and they were Professors
George Tucker, J. A. G. Davis, M. D., and John P. Emmet, M.
D. In the student publications—first the Collegian and then the
Magazine — are occasional references to the addresses before the
Society of Alumni on commencement occasions. The first oration of
which there is any notice was the one by the Hon. R. M. T. Hunter,
on the 9th of July, 1839, and it is quite probable this distinguished
alumnus was the first of the long line of notable men who have accepted
the invitation to return to the Alma Mater and speak to her
children who have not gone forth, as well as to those who come back
for the commencement season of reunion. In the library are two
volumes of "Addresses and Memorials of the University of Virginia,"
made up chiefly of the orations delivered on such occasions. They
contain several addresses that take rank with those of the great orators
of the world. Certainly to this eminence rises the effort of the late
Senator Daniel W. Voorhees, of Indiana.

At the first meeting after the war, June 28, 1866, the secretary reported

that during the occupation of Charlottesville by Gen. Sheridan,
in March of the previous year, his desk containing all of the records
and papers of the Society was carried off by the Federal soldiers,
thus leaving the Society without written constitution, laws, or list of
members. A committee consisting of N. H. Massie, Green Peyton,
S. V. Southall, Eugene Davis and W. J. Robertson, prepared a constitution
and by-laws, which were adopted in 1867. Of this committee
Mr. Southall is the sole survivor. Since the reorganization the records
are fairly complete. The following list of orators and presidents
of the Society for the past third of a century are worth preserving:

• 1867—Marmaduke Johnson, of Virginia, orator; J. P. Holcombe, of Virginia,
  president.

• 1868—Charles Marshall, of Maryland, orator; J. P. Holcombe, of Virginia, president.

• 1869—William C. Rives, of Massachusetts, orator; A. H. H. Stuart, of Virginia,
  president.

• 1870—J. W. Stevenson, of Kentucky, orator; A. H. H. Stuart, of Virginia,
  president.

• 1871—W. B. Napton, of Missouri, orator; J. L. Marye, of Virginia, president.

• 1872—W. B. Quarles, of Tennessee, orator; J. L. Marye, of Virginia, president.

• 1873—Thomas Swann, of Maryland, orator; B. J. Barbour, of Virginia, president.

• 1874—J. H. Kennard, of Louisiana, orator; B. J. Barbour, of Virginia, president.

• 1875—R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, orator; D. B. Lucas (poem), of West Virginia;
  B. J. Barbour, of Virginia, president.

• 1876—F. W. M. Holliday, of Virginia, orator; B. J. Barbour, of Virginia, president.

• 1877—No orator; J. M. Hanger, of Virginia, president.

• 1878—J. C. Southall, of Virginia (opening of Brooks Museum), orator; J. M.
  Hanger, of Virginia, president.

• 1879—T. U. Dudley, Kentucky, orator; J. R. Tucker, of Virginia, president.

• 1880—J. H. Chamberlayne, of Virginia, orator; J. R. Tucker, of Virginia, president.

• 1881—J. O. Broadhead, of Missouri, orator; J. W. Stevenson, of Kentucky,
  president.

• 1882—H. Tutwiler, of Alabama, orator; J. W. Stevenson, of Kentucky, president.

• 1883—W. C. Rives, of Massachusetts, (W. B. Rogers, Memorial), orator; F. R.
  Rives, of New York, president.

• 1884—A. P. Humphrey, of Kentucky, orator; F. R. Rives, of New York, president.

• 1885—C. E. Stuart, of Virginia, orator; C. M. Blackford, of Virginia, president.

• 1886—C. E. Fenner, of Louisiana, orator; C. M. Blackford, of Virginia, president.

---

59





• 1887—H. A. Herbert, of Alabama, orator; H. E. Jackson, of Tennessee, president.

• 1888—W. Gordon McCabe, of Virginia, orator; H. E. Jackson, of Tennessee,
  president.

• 1889—H. T. Kent, of Missouri, orator; A. E. Richards, of Virginia, president.

• 1890—J. L. Gordon, of Virginia, orator; A. E. Richards, of Virginia, president.

• 1891—W. L. Wilson, of West Virginia, orator; Charles Marshall, of Maryland,
  president.

• 1892—L. S. Marye, of Virginia, orator; Charles Marshall, of Maryland, president.

• 1893—W. C. Bruce, of Maryland, orator; Joseph Bryan, of Virginia, president.

• 1894—Rev. John Johnson, D. D., of South Carolina, orator; Joseph Bryan, of
  Virginia, president.

• 1895—Woodrow Wilson, of New Jersey, orator; George Perkins, of Virginia,
  president.

• 1896—Rev. J. S. Lindsay, D. D., of Massachusetts, orator; George Perkins, of
  Virginia, president.

• 1897—W. R. Abbot, of Virginia, orator; Rev. Randolph H. McKim, D. D., of
  Washington, D. C., president.

• 1898—Rev. Randolph H. McKim, D. D., of Washington, D. C., orator; George
  Perkins, of Virginia, president.

• 1899—John Bassett Moore, of New York, orator; George Perkins, of Virginia,
  president.

In 1899 a new constitution was adopted and since that event the
Society has flourished more than at any other time in its history. The
Board of Visitors, recognizing the obligation of the University to its
graduates, has incorporated into the University system a scheme for
alumni scholarships, the beneficiaries to be appointed, under certain
conditions, by the local associations. In this way many bright young
men are given the advantage of thorough university training who
might otherwise be deprived of it. The Board has also set aside
one of the University buildings for the accommodation of visiting
alumni. This and other influences have led to the organization of
many local alumni associations and the infusing of new life into the
entire system.

* * *

Among the clubs are the German, the Dramatic, the Mandolin, and
the Glee, together with State and School clubs. The fraternities are
Greek letter and Ribbon societies. The follow-

ing Greek letter fraternities have chapters in
the University: Phi Kappa Sigma, Delta
Kappa Epsilon, Phi Kappa Psi, Beta Theta Pi, Chi Phi, Sigma
Alpha Epsilon, Phi Gamma Delta, Delta Psi, Kappa Sigma, Sigma
Chi, Alpha Tau Omega, Zeta Psi, Phi Delta Theta, Kappa Alpha,
Delta Tau Delta, Mu Pi Lambda, Phi Delta Phi, Pi Mu, and
Lambda Pi.

The Ribbon societies are Eli Banana, T. I. L K. A., Z, and
Thirteen Club.

* * *

In the first years of the University athletics took a military form,
a military instructor training the students in the manual exercises,
field evolutions, maneuvers, and so on. Attend-

ance was compulsory, obedience to the instructor
enjoined by enactment, and a uniform
was prescribed. The system became odious, and was abolished after
being tried for several years.

In 1852 a Mons. D'Alfonce became Physical Instructor and under
him the exercises continued to be of semi-military character. His
services in this department lasted until 1866.

For ten years athletics received little attention. In 1876 the late
Francis R. Rives of New York (M. A. 1840) gave a sum of money

to found a boat club, and Mr. E. R. Squibbs, of the same city,
furnished the money to equip a gymnasium. In 1888—twenty-two
years after D'Alfonce—an instructor in physical culture was appointed.
This was Ellery C. Huntington. His successor was Zelotes W.
Coombs, who was followed by John S. Hitchcock, of Amherst, Mass.,
afterwards an alumnus of the Medical Department. All of these men
were trained at Amherst College, and each held the office one year.
Dr. William A. Lambeth (M. D. 1891), succeeded them, and still
remains in office.

THE FAYERWEATHER GYMNASIUM.

Out of the Fayerweather gift the University built and equipped the
Fayerweather Gymnasium. In addition to athletic appliances, it contains
sponge and other baths, a swimming

pool, bowling alleys, ball cage, hundreds of
lockers, etc. The architects were Carpenter
& Peebles, of Norfolk, Va., the latter an alumnus.

Adjoining the gymnasium is the athletic campus, where football
and baseball practice takes place and tennis is played.

The golf links are between Monroe Hill and the Cemetery.

The central athletic organization is known as the General Athletic
Association of the University, which is chartered by the legislature.
Every matriculated student and every alumnus of the University is a
member. It is governed by an advisory board selected from students
and resident alumni. The officers are a president, vice-president,
secretary, treasurer, and a manager for the football and a manager for
the baseball teams. Valuable prizes are offered each session in track
and other athletics.

The match games of football and baseball are played on the old
athletic grounds, southwest of the University. Here many an exciting
contest has been waged, while college songs—especially "the good old
song of Wah-hoo-wah" (Air, Auld Lang Syne)—urged Virginia to
her utmost achievement. The scene is an inspiring one when the rooters
are in good voice. Then the academic quiet is shattered by hundreds
of voices roaring the "Wah-hoo-wah" of the "long yell," the
"Rah!—Rah!—Rah! of the "short," or vociferating in exasperating
staccata, "Give 'em the ax, the ax, the ax!" The tumult is defiant
or victorious as Virginia's fortunes in the arena at the moment demand.
This rooting takes place on the west side of the field, while ladies on
the grand-stand at the north end, or in traps on the east, wave Virginia's
colors—orange and blue—and in every way display sympathy
for her defenders on the gridiron or the diamond.

The yells referred to are these:

* * *

Three companies of students were organized at the University at the
beginning of the civil war. The first was known as the Southern
Guard, and was commanded by Captain Edward

S. Hutter of Lynchburg. He afterwards became
a major in the Confederate service.

The second company was called the Sons of Liberty, Captain James
T. Tosh of Roanoke county. Captain Tosh was killed April 7, 1894,
by an explosion at Stevensburg, Virginia.

The third company was organized in April or May, 1861, with James
Parran Crane of Great Mills, Md., later of Leonardtown, in the same
State, as captain, and William W. Old, of Norfolk, Va., as lieutenant.
On the 4th of July, 1861, this company left the University for Wise's
Legion, then operating in what is now West Virginia, and was attached
to the Second regiment, commanded by Colonel Henningsen, the Nicaraguan
filibuster. The company was disbanded by Secretary Benjamin
to enable the members to join commands in their own States.

Nearly all of the alumni of this institution, not disqualified by age
or disease, enlisted, and nearly five hundred were killed.[74]

Those who desire to look more closely into the war record of the
alumni are referred to "The University Memorial," by the Rev. John
Lipscomb Johnson, published by Turnbull Bros., of Baltimore, in
1871. The volume contains over seven hundred pages, and includes
biographies of nearly two hundred University of Virginia men who
took up arms for the Confederacy. "The list," says the author,
"comparises not a few of those who achieved the highest honors of
their Alma Mater: twelve masters of arts, two bachelors of arts, nine

bachelors of law, and two doctors of medicine are found in it, while
the Literary Societies are represented by six valedictory orators, four
readers, thirteen presidents, and five magazine editors."

* * *

The University was visited by the Federals under General Sheridan,
reaching Charlottesville March 3, 1865, early in the afternoon. A
part of the forces camped on Carr's Hill and

in the vicinity, but the larger part around
Charlottesville. Sheridan's headquarters were
the house on the east corner of Park and High streets. The University
requested protection and an official guard was promptly posted in
and around the precincts. On the 6th of March the Federals left by
way of the Scottsville and the Lynchburg roads. Before their arrival
the silver and some other valuables of certain of the professors' families
were confided to Henry Martin's care. He buried them in a box
in the bell room where they escaped discovery. Some plundering was
done—a few horses and all the provender were taken away, but on the
whole little damage was inflicted.

General Sheridan caused a search to be made at the University for
arms which were reported to be concealed within the grounds, but none
were found. In the mountains near by an old cannon, a six pounder,
was discovered where it had been hidden some six months before. It
was destroyed.

* * *

There is one little spot within the five hundred broad acres that surround
the University which appeals pathetically to all lovers of the
place. Lying to one side, down a pathway

overshadowed by noble oaks, over against a
green, embowered wood, is a miniature God'sacre
overrun with white and blue periwinkle, separated from the noisy
highway where impatient feet pass all day long, and gathering to itself
a solemn calm from the separation, most tranquilizing to the contemplative
observer. Here, in its small enclosure, in sight of the gleaming
copper dome of the Rotunda, under the shelter of the noble elevation
from which rises the great McCormick observatory, exists apart
and in charming seclusion the one spot to which old lovers of the University
turn most lovingly, the resting-place of a little world of people
once associated with all the light and laughter about the University.
. . . .

It is a little Westminster Abbey in the woods where men, famous in
the annals of the University, sleep a perfect sleep among blossoming
vines and ivied cedars, attended ever in their sleep by the loving ministrations
of the living. Full it is of honored and distinguished
names, yet the place itself is not larger than that which is covered by
many a great European cathedral with its far-stretching aisles and
apse, here represented only by the vaulting heavens and the vanishing
distances of columned, overshadowing trees most full at times of mellifluous

voices; full it is, too, of children's tombs and of unknown
folk, and small snow-white bits of marble that seem to supplicate a
glance from the passer-by. . . . .

The reverent spectator will be struck on entering the burial ground
with the simplicity of the monumental marbles. Simple crosses, the
flamelike obelisk of granite or polished stone, columns surmounted by
urns, rounded head-stones without symbols of any kind, three or four
old English tombs with carven sides, and engraved horizontal slabs,
bits of glimmering stone with children's names engraved; these are all.

Nothing proud, little that is pretentious, desecrates this ivy-mantled

sanctuary of the University dead who have stepped aside here for a
brief rest till the resurrection-morn, like tired travellers sitting for a
moment by the wayside, "pilgrims of eternity."[77]

Beside this embowered God's-acre is another of about equal extent.
It is the silent bivouac of men who wore the grey—Georgia Volunteers,
rebels from the Carolinas, Mississippi,

Alabama and far Louisiana. Some of them
fell mortally wounded at Chancellorsville and
some at the Wilderness, and they all sleep literally under the sod and
the dew and the great oaks, for the brick wall which separates the beds
of these victims of a great political upheaval from the last resting
places of dead professors and their congeners shuts out the periwinkle,
the rose, the shrubbery and the trees which beautify the spot sacred to
the repose of those who have yielded to mere mortality.

But the rose is not always wanting in the Soldiers' Cemetery. The
30th of May, or some day about that time in spring, is dedicated to
the memory of the fallen, and the people repair to this little cemetery
at the foot of Mt. Jefferson to lay many a rose reverently above the
ashes of the soldier dead. And in the center of the ground stands a
monument to the heroes of 1861-65 (a testimonial as well to the
noble women of this community who built it "for remembrance"), an
heroic figure in bronze, by Buberl, nobly typifying the Confederate
soldier. "Fate" says the inscription, "denied them victory, but
crowned them with glorious immortality."

* * *

The "Calathump" in its worst form has probably no late counterpart
in student life, and nothing approaching it happens anywhere
except occasionally in some wild mining town

on the frontier, where cowboys, "paid off," and,
with a long period of enforced soberness behind
them, get blind drunk, take the town in charge and "paint it red,"
to the music of their six-shooters in violent irruption. In the early
years of the University, when disorder was frequent, the calathump
was often resorted to as the easiest and safest means of annoying professors
whose "walk and conversation" displeased. Masked students
paraded the grounds, fired their revolvers, and made night hideous to
those who remained indoors and dangerous to those who ventured out.

It was during a calathump that Professor J. A. G. Davis, at the
time chairman of the faculty, was killed by a student from whose face
he had snatched the mask. The shooting occurred about ten o'clock
on the night of November 12, 1840, where stands the large maple
near the north column of Pavilion X, East Lawn, at present the home
of Professor Lile.

When life at the University settled down to a steadier existence the
calathump became a thing of the past. It is said the last one of any
moment was in 1856. Then Dr. Socrates Maupin addressed the college

mob from the portico of the Rotunda, and it took his advice
reluctantly and dispersed.

The "Dyke," often spoken of as the same, was really a very
different thing. The one was an exhibition, usually, of bad feeling,
while the other was a characteristic ebulition

of undergraduate spirits and a reigning terror
to collegians who were "addicted to calico,"
as "going to see the girls" was and still is called. The practice was
probably abused on some occasions, and in the end public sentiment
prevailed against it. However, the purposes of dykers, while not conventionally
benevolent, were not incompatible with a boisterous good
humor, and the victim was never regarded with less favor, but rather
more because of the distinction which had somewhat the value of a
scar received by a German student in an affair of honor. The following
is a truthful limning of a dyking scene:[81]

Suddenly the still, crisp atmosphere was pierced with a hideous cry.
Dyke! From the deep shadows beneath the arches, out of the alleys,
and, in short, from every conceivable direction surged a crowd of students,
shouting like mad, blowing tin horns and waving torches above
their heads. A cold chill traversed my backbone with lightning
rapidity, and my first impulse was to step back into my room, the door
of which I had not yet closed, but Will and Walter held me firmly by
the arm. Will chuckled softly. In an instant the cause of his heretofore
unaccountable behavior flashed upon me. With a nervous grin
and a ghastly effort at pleasantry I turned my face towards him and
said, "Et tu, Brute!" He laughed and clutched my arm more
securely than ever.

By this time was collected before my door a screaming, hallooing,
laughing mob, more hideous to a collegian in a swallow-tail coat than
the Reign of Terror was to the royal family of France. There was
nothing left for me to do but literally grin and endure it. Closely
pinioned, a half dozen torch-bearers circling around me, the rest of the
crowd gathered behind me, I was borne off along the centre of the
lawn at a brisk trot. The torch-bearers went before, the players on
instruments followed after; in the midst were the dykers playing with
coal scuttles. And oh! those horns. The very bull of Bashan would

have fled ignominiously before them. On we went, our ranks swelling
every moment. I was marched to the Rotunda steps; six torch-bearers
took their places in a line on either side of me; a double line of torchbearers
formed from the porch to the foot of the steps. The muscles
about my mouth were attacked with a twitching that was exceedingly
unpleasant, not to say embarrassing. The order was given for silence
and the removal of hats, and Walter, in a stentorian voice, announced
me as the orator of the evening.

With a sickening sensation about my chest, I made an effort to speak,

which only resulted in a great gulp. The din of horns, yells and coal
scuttles, accompanied by a waving of torches which followed this attempt,
gave me a moment's respite; and at the next pause I was able
to articulate, "Gentlemen—" Again the deafening chorus arose.
"It gives me great pleasure—" The loud and continued applause
that ensued deprived me of the last vestige of self-possession, and I
was only half-conscious of being rushed down the steps, along the
arcades and being shoved pell-mell into the front door of the fair sender
of my violet-scented, cream-tinted note.

In the hall I encountered "papa and mama," who condoled with
me upon my somewhat bedraggled condition, and the latter treated my

opera hat, of which I had lately been so proud, to an application of
the clothes-brush. With such assistance I was able to present a genteel
appearance when my fair partner entered the room.

* * *

It is not easy to avoid some confusion in an endeavor to make a list of
the professors and their assistants from the opening of the University
to the present. This difficulty, which grows

out of the development of the schools and the
subdivision of some of them, has not prevented
an attempt to accomplish a useful and interesting result. What follows
is an effort to give all the schools that have ever been in existence in

WILLIAM E. PETERS, LL. D.

MILTON W. HUMPHREYS,
M. A., PH. D., LL. D.

this institution, the date of the establishment of each, and the professors
and instructors who have taught in them:

Ancient Languages (Latin and Greek—Established 1825)—Professors:
George Long, 1825-28; Gessner Harrison, 1828-56. Assistants:
John A. Broadus, 1851-53; Edward S. Joynes, 1853-56;
William Dinwiddie, 1855-56; Thomas U. Dudley, 1860-61; James
M. Boyd, 1867-68; Henry Clay Brock, 1870-71. Charles A. Young
(Hebrew) since 1898.

Latin (1856)—Gessner Harrison, 1856-59; Lewis M. Coleman,
1859-61; Basil L. Gildersleeve, 1861-65; and W. E. Peters, since
1865. Assistants: William J. Bingham, 1880-81; R. M. Smith,
1881-82; William H. Perkinson, 1882-83; James W. Kern, 188486;
John Staige Davis, Jr., 1886-87; Robert S. Radford, 1887-93;
James H. Paxton, 1893-96; C. C. Wright since 1896.

Greek and Hebrew (1856) — Basil L. Gildersleeve, 1856-76;
Thomas R. Price, 1876-82; W. H. Wheeler, 1882-87; M. W.
Humphreys since 1887. Assistants: C. H. Fauntleroy, 1881-85; James

RICHARD H. WILSON, M. A., PH. D.

W. Kern, 1885-86; John Staige Davis, Jr., 1886-87; Robert S.
Radford, 1887-93; James H. Paxton, 1893-96.

Modern Languages (1825) — George Blaettermann, 1825-40;
Charles Kraitsir, 1841-44; M. Schele De Vere, 1844-95; Joachim
Reinhard, acting professor of French and German, 1895-96; James

JAMES MORRIS PAGE, A. M., PH. D.

A. Harrison (Romance Languages), 1895-96; English, French, and
Spanish, 1896-98; Teutonic Languages, since 1898; William H.
Perkinson, German and Italian, 1896-98; Richard H. Wilson, Romance
Languages, since 1899. Assistants: Tutors: J. Hervé, 183133;
Joseph Togno, 1840; Paul Piodal, 1840-41. Assistant instructors:
Ernest Volger, 1851-53; S. E. W. Becker, 1853-56; Joseph
Wall, 1856-57; A. von Fischerz, 1857-60; G. Baillard, 185859;
Gaetano Lanza, 1856-61; William C. Grossman, 1872-73; Fred.
M. Page, 1879-81; Julian Taylor, 1881-85; William H. Perkinson,
1885-89; J. Elliott Heath, 1891-92; Emerson H. George, 1892-93;
R. E. Lee Dinwiddie, 1893-94; William H. Faulkner, 1894-95;
Hugh M. Blain, English and French, 1897-98; F. H. Abbot, 1898-99.

Mathematics (1825)—Thomas Hewitt Key, 1825-27; Charles Bonnycastle,
1827-40; J. J. Sylvester, 1840-41; Edward H. Courtenay,

FRANCIS H. SMITH. M. A., LL. D.

1842-53; Albert T. Bledsoe, 1854-63; Robert T. Massie, 1861-62;
Francis H. Smith, 1863-65; Pike Powers was professor by temporary
appointment from 1840 to 1841, and again from 1842 to 1843,
and Alexander Nelson from 1853 to 1854; Charles S. Venable 186596
(now emeritus); W. H. Echols since 1896; James M. Page, adjunct,
1896-98, and associate since 1898. Assistants: Francis H.
Smith, 1851-53; William Dinwiddie, 1853-55; Edward B. Smith,
1855-57; Robert T. Massie, 1857-59; James G. Clark, 1857-58;
John M. Strother, 1858-61; Howe P. Cochran, 1859-61; Gaetano
Lanza; Jr., 1869-71; William M. Thornton, 1871-73; Joshua W.
Gore, 1881-82; R. D. Bohannon, 1884-87; James S. Miller, 188790;
Harrison Randolph, 1890-95; Hopson O. Murfee, 1895-96; Edward
O. Lovett, lecturer, 1896-97.

Applied Mathematics (1867)—Leopold J. Boeck, 1867-75; William
M. Thornton, adjunct, 1875-83, professor since 1883; William
H. Echols, adjunct, 1891-96. Assistants: John W. C. Davis, 187072;
Albert Folke, 1872-74; Henry Rose Carter, 1874-75; Julio R.
Santos, 1875-77; Bernard R. Guest, 1884-88; John K. Peebles,
1888-90.

Natural Philosophy (1825)—Charles Bonnycastle, 1825-28; Robert
M. Patterson, 1828-35; William B. Rogers, 1835-53; Francis H.
Smith since 1853.

Chemistry (1825)—John P. Emmet, 1825-42; Robert E. Rogers,
1842-52; J. Lawrence Smith, 1852-53; Socrates Maupin, 1853-71;
John W. Mallet since 1872. Assistant, David K. Tuttle, 1858-62.

JOHN W. MALLET, M. D., PH. D., LL. D., F. R. S.

FRANCIS P. DUNNINGTON, B. S.

Chemical Technology and Agricultural Science (1867)—John W.
Mallet, 1867-68.

Analytical, Industrial and Agricultural Chemistry (1868)—John
W. Mallet, 1868-72.

General and Applied Chemistry (1872)—John W. Mallet, 187284;
Frank P. Dunnington, acting, 1884-85.

General and Industrial Chemistry (1885)—John W. Mallet since
1885.

Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry (1885)—Frank P. Dunnington
since 1885.

Natural History and Agriculture (1872)—John R. Page, 1872-87.

Natural History and Geology(1878)—William M. Fontaine since
1879.

Moral Philosophy (1825)—George Tucker, 1825-45; William H.
McGuffey, 1845-73; Noah K. Davis since 1873.

NOAH K. DAVIS, PH. D., LL. D.

WILLIAM M. FONTAINE, M. A.

History and General Literature (1857)—George Frederick Holmes,
1857-82.

Historical Science (1882)—George Frederick Holmes, 1882-97;

CHARLES W. KENT, M. A., PH. D.

Richard H. Dabney, assistant, 1889-90; adjunct, 1890-95; associate,
1895-97.

Historical and Economical Science (1897)—Richard H. Dabney
since 1897.

English Language and Literature (1882)—James M. Garnett,
1882-93.

English Literature (1892)—Charles W. Kent since 1893.

English Language (1893)—James M. Garnett, 1893-96.

ORMOND STONE, M. A.

ALBERT H. TUTTLE, M. S.

Practical Astronomy (1881)—Ormond Stone since 1882. Assistants:
F. P. Leavenworth, 1882-88; Nicholas M. Parrish, 1888-93;
E. O. Lovett, 1893-94; Gordon M. Buck, 1894-96; Herbert R.
Morgan, 1896-99; Everett O. Eastwood, 1899—.

AUGUSTUS H. BUCKMASTER, M. D.

JOHN STAIGE DAVIS, M. A., M. D.

Biology and Agriculture (1887)—Albert H. Tuttle since 1888.

Medicine (1825)—Robley Dunglison, 1825-33; Alfred T. Magill,
1833-37; R. E. Griffith 1837-39; Henry Howard, 1839-67.

Medicine and Obstetrics (1867)—James F. Harrison, 1867-79.

Medicine, Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence (1879)—James
F. Harrison, 1879-86; William C. Dabney, 1886-90.

Obstetrics and Practice of Medicine (1890)—William C. Dabney,
1890-94; Augustus H. Buckmaster, acting, 1894-95; professor,
1895-96.

Gynecology, Obstetrics and Practice of Medicine (1896)—Augustus
H. Buckmaster since 1896.

Pathology and Hygiene (1893)—John Staige Davis, instructor,
1893-94; adjunct, 1894-99; professor since 1899.

Anatomy and Surgery (1827)—Thomas Johnson, demonstrator,
1827-31; professor, 1831-34; Augustus L.
Warner, 1834-37; James L. Cabell, 183749;
John Staige Davis (senior), demonstrator,
1845-49; lecturer and demonstrator,
1849-53; lecturer on Anatomy, Materia
Medica and Therapeutics, 1853-56; B.
W. Allen, demonstrator, 1853-65; J. Edgar
Chancellor, demonstrator, 1865-72;
William B. Towles, demonstrator, 1872-85;
acting professor, 1885-86; professor, 188693;
William G. Christian, demonstrator,
1889-93.

WILLIAM G. CHRISTIAN, M. D.

Comparative Anatomy, Physiology and
Surgery (1849)—James L. Cabell, 1849-61.

Anatomy, Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Botany (1856)—John
Staige Davis, 1856-61; B. W. Allen, demonstrator, 1853-61.

Anatomy and Materia Medica (1861)—John Staige Davis, 186185;
William B. Towles, acting, 1885-86; professor, 1886-93; B. W.
Allen, demonstrator, 1861-65; J. Edgar Chancellor, demonstrator,
1865-72; William B. Towles, demonstrator, 1872-85.

Anatomy and Surgery (1893)—William G. Christian since 1893.

Douglas Tardy, demonstrator, 1885-87; Richard H. Whitehead,
1887-89; William G. Christian, 1889-93; Halstead S. Hedges, 189397;
Arlie C. Jones, 1897-99; James B. Bullitt since 1899.

Physiology and Surgery (1861)—James L. Cabell, 1861-89; Paul
B. Barringer, 1889-94.

Physiology and Materia Medica (1894)—Paul B. Barringer since
1894.

Law (1826)—John Tayloe Lomax, 1826-30; John A. G. Davis,
1830-40; N. P. Howard, 1840-41; H. St. George Tucker, 1841-45;

RALEIGH C. MINOR, M. A., B. L.

John B. Minor, 1845-95; James P. Holcombe, adjunct, 1851-54;
professor, 1854-61; Stephen O. Southall, 1866-84; James H. Gilmore,
1885-96; William Minor Lile since 1893; John B. Minor, Jr.,

CHARLES A. GRAVES, M. A., LL. D.

instructor, 1890-93; Raleigh C. Minor, instructor, 1893-95; adjunct,
1895-99; professor since 1899; Walter D. Dabney, professor, 189599;
Charles A. Graves since 1899.

Physical instructor, William A. Lambeth since 1891.

Chairmen of the Faculty.—George Tucker, 1825, 1828, and 183233;
Robley Dunglison, 1826 and 1828-30; John Tayloe Lomax 1827;
Robert M. Patterson, 1830-32; Charles Bonnycastle 1833-35; John

A. G. Davis, 1835-37 and 1839-40; Gessner Harrison 1837-39,
1840-42 and 1847-54; H. St. George Tucker, 1842-44; William B.
Rogers, 1844-45; Edward H. Courtenay, 1845-46; James L. Cabell,
1846-47; Socrates Maupin, 1854-70; Charles S. Venable, 1870-73
and 1886-88 (with William M. Thornton vice-chairman during this
last term); James F. Harrison, 1873-86; William M. Thornton,
1888-96 and Paul B. Barringer since 1896.

The chairmen for 1825, 1826, 1827 and 1828 were appointed by
the Faculty; their successors, by the Board of Visitors.

Secretaries to the Faculty.—Robley Dunglison, 1825; John P. Emmet,

1826; William Wertenbaker, 1826-31; Gessner Harrison, 183132;
Thomas Johnson, 1832-34; Alfred T. Magill, 1834-36; William

JAMES B. BAKER,
Secretary of the Faculty.

FREDERICK W. PAGE.
Librarian.

Wertenbaker, 1836-81; F. W. Page, 1881-82; William A. Winston,
1882-86; James B. Baker since 1886.

* * *

THOMAS H. CARTER,
Proctor.

In administrative capacities and in the lecture-room men of the
first order of talent have served the University.

The list of her Rectors and Visitors is, in the
main, a roll of great men, and it is recorded
here with a pardonable feeling of pride.

Rectors.—Thomas Jefferson, 1819-26; James Madison, 1826-34;
Joseph C. Cabell, 1834-36 and again from 1845-56; Chapman Johnson,
1836-45; Andrew Stevenson, 1856-57; Thomas Jefferson Randolph,
1857-64; Thomas L. Preston, 1864-65; Alexander Rives,
1865-66; B. Johnson Barbour, 1866-72; R. G. H. Kean, 1872-75;
A. H. H. Stuart, 1875-82; Wyatt M. Elliott, 1882-83; William
Lamb (pro tem.), 1883-84; W. Roane Ruffin, 1884-86; A. H. H.
Stuart, 1886-87; J. L. Marye, 1887-90; W. C. N. Randolph,
1890-97; Armistead C. Gordon, 1897 to February 28, 1898; Charles
P. Jones from 1898.

Visitors since 1819.—Thomas Jefferson, 1819-26; Joseph C. Cabell,
1819-56; James Madison, 1819-34; Chapman Johnson, 1819-45;
Robert B. Taylor, 1819-22; James Breckinridge, 1819-33; John H.
Cocke, 1819-52; George Loyall, 1822-28; James Monroe, 1826-31;
William C. Rives, 1828-29 and 1834-49; Thomas Jefferson Randolph,
1829-53 and 1857-64; William H. Brodnax, 1831-34; James M. Mason,
1833-55; Samuel Taylor, 1834-45; Andrew Stevenson, 1845-57; R. M.
T. Hunter, 1845-52; Thomas L. Preston, 1849-52 and 1864-65; William
Lucas, 1852-56; John Y. Mason, 1852-53; Henry A. Wise, 1852-55;
Andrew McDonald 1852-54; Fleming B. Miller, 1852-56; Robert A.
Thompson, 1852-53; James Lawrence Carr, 1853-59; William J.
Robertson, 1853-59; Harrison B. Tomlin, 1853-56; Sherrard Clemens,
1854-56; John R. Edmunds, 1856-64; William T. Joynes, 1856-59;
Muscoe R. H. Garnett, 1855-59; John B. Baldwin, 1856-64; John
Randolph Tucker, 1856-59; James Neeson, 1856-64; Roger A. Pryor,
1859-62; Patrick H. Aylett, 1859-64; William H. Terrell, 1860-64;
George W. Summers, 1860-62; Franklin Minor, 1859-64; Allen T.
Caperton, 1862-64; John M. Daniel, 1864-65; Douglas H. Gordon,
1862-64; Thomas S. Flournoy, 1864-65; George W. Randolph, 186465;
R. H. Cunningham, 1864-65; F. W. M. Holliday, 1864-65;
William Frazier, 1864-65; James W. Sheffey, 1864-65; John Brannon,
1864-65; Alexander Rives, 1865-66; B. Johnson Barbour,
1865-73; Thomas J. Pretlow, 1865-72; Marmaduke Johnson, 186572;
Samuel H. Lewis, 1865-72; John R. Woods, 1865-72; Charles
L. Mosby, 1865-67; R. W. Hughes, 1866-72; Samuel Watts, 186672;
William E. M. Word, 1867-72; Joseph T. Campbell, 1872-76;
Richard H. Baker, 1872-75; William H. Berkeley, 1872-76; Thomas
Beckwith, 1872-76; R. G. H. Kean, 1872-76; E. H. Montague,

1872-76; Moses Walton, 1872-76; Micajah Woods, 1872-76; Isaac
H. Carrington, 1873-76; G. P. Scarborough, 1875-76, A. H. H.
Stuart, 1876-82 and '86; Thomas S. Bocock, 1876-82; Holmes Conrad,
1876-82 and '86; James H. Gilmore, 1876-82; John Goode, Jr.,
1876-82; John Hart, 1876-80; W. C. N. Randolph, 1876-82 and
'86; Paul Whitehead, 1876-82; John L. Marye, 1876-82 and 1886-93;
John F. Lay, 1880-82; Wyatt M. Elliott, 1882-84; F. S. Blair,
1882-86; T. T. Fauntleroy, Jr., 1882-83; G. W. Hansborough,
1882-86; William Lamb, 1882-85; John Paul, 1882-84; W. Roane
Ruffin, 1882-86; John W. Bell, 1882-86; Daniel Ruggles, 1882-85;
Hugh M. Taylor, 1883-86: George T. Barbee, 1883-86; E. C.
Burks, 1884-86; V. D. Groner, 1885-86; William Byrd, 1885-86;
Holmes Conrad, 1886-90, and 1892-96; W. H. Payne, 1886-89, Burr
P. Noland, 1887-89; W. H. Bolling, 1887-92; Mason Gordon,
1887-92; W. Gordon McCabe, 1887-96; Legh R. Watts, 1887-98;
R. G. H. Kean, 1890-94; Camm Patteson, 1890-97; J. Marshall
McCormick, 1890-98; Basil B. Gordon, 1892-96; Thomas S. Martin,
1892-96; Armistead C. Gordon, 1896-98; R. Tate Irvine since
1896; Henry T. Wickham, 1897-98; Joseph Bryan since 1898;
Daniel Harmon since 1898; W. B. McIlwaine, 1898-99; M. Q.
Holt, 1898-1900; Algernon B. Chandler since 1898: Henry H.
Downing since 1898; Carter Glass since 1898: George W. Miles since
1898, and Walton R. Moore since February, 1900.

Secretaries to the Board—Peter Minor, 1819—; Nicholas P. Trist,
1826-29; John A. G. Davis, 1829-30; Frank Carr, 1830-51; St.
George Tucker, 1851-53; R. T. W. Duke, 1853-65; William Wertenbaker,
1865-70; James D. Jones, 1870-82; William A. Winston,
1882-86; James D. Jones since 1886.

Proctors.—Arthur P. Brockenbrough, 1825-31; John A. Carr,
1831-32; William G. Pendleton, 1832-36; Willis H. Woodley 183645;
George W. Spooner (pro tem.), 1845-46; William J. Kemper,
1846-53; Robert R. Prentis, 1853-65; John E. Johnson, 1866-67;
Green Peyton, 1867-82; James K. Campbell, 1882-86; Green Peyton,
1886-97; Thomas H. Carter since 1897.

William A. Pratt was the first Superintendent of Grounds, and
served from 1858 to 1865. In the last named year the office was
merged with that of Proctor.

Alexander Garrett, whose portrait hangs in the court-room in Charlottesville,
was bursar from 1849 to 1851, and William A. Bibb from
1851 to 1861. The office was then abolished. It was revived in 1882
and W. L. Maupin was bursar until 1884, when it was again abolished.

* * *

The commanding form of "Uncle Henry," the janitor, is one of
the familiar figures at the University. He has rung the summons to
lecture to two generations of students, his term

of service as full janitor having begun upon the
death of "Doctor" Smith, who died after
thirty-three years of service, full of years and such honors as the sincere
regard and trust of his superiors, and lies buried in the University
Cemetery, where he was laid in 1861, probably wrapped in his long
blue coat, which was adorned with abundant brass buttons. Henry
Martin's memory is marvelous, especially in recalling the names and
faces of visitors who were once students at this institution. His manner
is urbane and dignified and his probity perfect—in short, he is a
fine old colored gentleman. He has been connected with the University
since 1847, and his familiarity with the place and his knowledge
of the persons who are still here, and of many who are gone,
make him a pleasant cicerone to those who come sight-seeing.

* * *

In text and illustration attempt has been made to show the extent
and beauty of "The Academic Village," while the spirit and compulsion
of the student's environment have not been passed over.
What is strongly felt by every man of impressionable soul who has
studied here has not found adequate expression, of course. The
influence and achievements of those who have gone forth cannot be
estimated even by one who paces these studious precincts, but if any
doubt that they have been of surpassing merit let him study the
history, civil and military, of this country. For seventy-five years
men have left these halls stronger in character and mental equipment
than they entered them, taking increase to the sum of the moral and
mental wealth which exalts a nation, and returning to the Alma
Mater a generous tribute of prestige. The dignity of age is hers,
while naught of the beauty and strength of her youth has departed.
It is the firm conviction of her children that the coming years will
add to without withering the infinite variety of her virtues.