COURSES OF INSTRUCTION
In the following description of courses,[3]
the number of hours represents
the amount of time each student devotes to the course. In addition to the
hours scheduled in the third and fourth years of the course, each student
devotes a considerable amount of time to practical work which does not appear
in the schedule, but the satisfactory performance of which is essential
to graduation. Thus the taking of histories, the visits to his cases in the
hospital, assisting at operations, attendance upon cases of labor, the employment
of microscopical and chemical methods of diagnosis in the hospital, require
much time which it has not seemed possible to record in a rigid
schedule.
The session, exclusive of the time devoted to examination, is divided into
a first term of twelve weeks, a second term of ten weeks, and a third term
of ten weeks.
First Year
Anatomy 1: 20 hours weekly during the first term and 15 hours weekly
during the second term. This course begins with a systematic study of the
bones, on the completion of which a part is assigned to each student for
dissection and study. On the completion of this course each student has
dissected a lateral half of the body. The student obtains his knowledge at
first hand and by his own personal efforts.
Dr. Bean and Dr. Speidel.
Bacteriology: 12 hours weekly throughout the first term. Lectures and
laboratory course in the fundamentals of bacteriological technique, some of
the manifestations of infection and immunity in man and the lower animals,
knowledge of the bacteria important to man, methods used in the study and
diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Dr. Maxcy, Dr. Dunn and Dr. Graham.
Histology: 3 lectures or recitations and 9 hours of laboratory work weekly
during the second term, and 1 lecture and 6 hours laboratory work weekly during
the third term. This course aims to acquaint the student with the microscopic
structure of tissues and organs. Cytogenesis and histogenesis are briefly
considered in the case of many tissues studied. The relation of histology
to physiology and pathology is constantly kept in view. The student is also
given opportunity to acquaint himself with the principles and practice of
histological technique.
A record of 70 per cent. in this course is required for admission to
Physiology, and of 80 per cent. for admission to Pathology.
Dr. Jordan and Dr. Kindred.
Embryology: 8 hours weekly during the third term. The laboratory
work (6 hours weekly) with sections and dissections of mammalian embryos,
is supplemented by lectures, recitations, and the study of models.
The course aims to give the student a knowledge of developmental processes,
in the light of which he may the better understand the more abstruse
normal conditions of adult anatomy, as well as many anomalies and variations.
Dr. Jordan and Dr. Kindred.
Biochemistry: Lectures and laboratory, 9 hours weekly during the second
a third terms. Course comprises the chemistry of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates;
digestion, intestinal putrefaction, feces; blood, milk, and bile; particular
attention is devoted to the chemical physiology of digestion, secretion,
excretion, internal secretion, intermediary metabolism, and nutrition. Laboratory
work includes the study of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, purine compounds,
etc.; gastric contents, blood, milk, and urine; the digestive enzymes
and the digestion of foods; and extensive qualitative and quantitative work
on urine. A grade of 70 per cent. on this course is required for admission
to Physiology.
Dr. Chanutin and Mr. Silvette.
Second Year
Physiology: Lectures, conferences, and demonstrations, 5 hours weekly during
the first term, and 4 hours during the second term; laboratory work, 7 hours
weekly during the first term, 3 hours weekly during the second term. In the
lecture course attention is drawn to the fundamental branches of the subject,
and the more difficult aspects are thoroughly discussed. Recent important
physiological contributions are evaluated, and the student is directed further
to consult various monographs and original papers. Each student is
held responsible for preparing during the year a thesis of his own choice on
some phase of physiology.
The laboratory work consists of preliminary elemental experiments on
the neuromuscular system, followed by intensive courses in mammalian and
in human physiology. The latter are designed particularly to train students
to observe and record, and to interpret and make deductions from their
results. Suggestive outlines only are provided for the experimental studies
and emphasis is given to those branches of physiology which should prove
valuable in later work in medicine.
Open only to students who have obtained grades of 70 per cent. in Histology
and Biochemistry. An average grade of 70 per cent. and the satisfactory completion
of the laboratory work of this course is necessary for admission to Pharmacology.
Dr. Britton and Dr. Corey.
Pathology: 6½ hours weekly during the first term, 8 hours weekly during
the second term, and 12 hours weekly during the third term. First term: Gross
pathology of selected tissues and diseases; the study of infection and immunity
in connection with bacteriology; autopsies and autopsy interpretations.
Second and third terms: General and special pathology; autopsy
studies. Opportunities for research for qualified students.
Dr. Marshall, Dr. Dunn and Dr. Graham.
Anatomy 2: 6 hours weekly during the second term. This course consists
of a laboratory study of the anatomy of the central nervous system
carried out in considerable detail. The gross anatomy of the spinal cord and
brain is first considered, on the completion of which sections of the more
important regions are studied carefully with the aid of the microscope. Fresh
brains and series of sections of the cord and brain are thoroughly used. A
reconstruction of the central nervous system showing the more important
pathways is prepared by each student.
Dr. Bean and Dr. Speidel.
Materia Medica: Lectures and recitations 3 hours weekly and laboratory
work 4 hours weekly, during the first three-fourths of the second term. A
thorough study is made of the sources, preparation, composition, properties
and interactions of medicinal substances to the end that they may be intelligently
prescribed. Special attention is paid to their standardization for
purity and potency. Prescription writing and incompatibility are dealt with
in frequent practical exercises. While the consideration of the more important
preparations of the Pharmacopeia and the New and Non-Official
Remedies consumes the greater portion of the allotted time, the course is
concluded with a critical study of many of the so-called patent medicines.
Dr. J. A. Waddell and Assistants.
Toxicology: Lectures and recitations 3 hours weekly and laboratory work
4 hours weekly, during the last quarter of the second term. A systematic
review is made of the pharmacological action of such chemic agents as are
particularly liable to cause injury to health or loss of life, special attention
being given to their quantitative effects. Practical instruction is given in the
methods of isolating and identifying. The treatment of poisoning is dealt
with in detail.
Dr. J. A. Waddell and Assistants.
Pharmacology: Lectures, recitations and demonstrations 4 hours weekly
and laboratory work 10 hours weekly, during the third term. The physical and
chemical characteristics and the mode of action of representative drugs and other
chemic agents are dealt with in both didactic and practical exercises. Special
attention is given to analysing and interpreting the results obtained in the laboratory.
An average grade of 70 per cent. on Physiology, together with the satisfactory
completion of the laboratory work of Physiology is required for admission
to the course.
Dr. J. A. Waddell and Assistants.
Physical Diagnosis: 4 hours weekly during the third term. Instruction is
given in the principles and methods of physical examination. Attention is
given especially to the study of the normal subject.
Dr. Flippin, Dr. Mulholland, Dr. Wood, Dr. Blackford and Dr. Swineford.
Third Year
Clinical Diagnosis: 6 hours weekly during the first and second terms. In
this course the student is made familiar with those laboratory methods which
are helpful in the diagnosis of disease. These include, among others, the
examination of blood, urine, sputum, gastric contents, feces, spinal fluid,
exudates and transudates. Instruction is given in the Clinical Laboratory in
the new Medical Building, which is well equipped with the most modern
instruments and apparatus.
Dr. Bray and Dr. Swineford.
Theory and Practice of Medicine: 3 hours weekly of lectures and recitations
throughout the session; 6 hours weekly in the clinics for one-half the session.
A systematic course of lectures, supplemented by work in the out-patient
department and hospital. The class is divided into two sections, each of
which devotes itself for half the year to the medical service in the out-patient
department, and also twice a week receives instruction on selected cases in the
wards of the hospital. There is a general medical clinic once a week in the
hospital amphitheater.
Dr. Flippin, Dr. Mulholland, Dr. Wood, Dr. Blackford, Dr. Swineford
and Dr. Hart.
Dermatology and Syphilology: 4 hours weekly of lectures during the
third term, supplemented by clinics in the out-patient department. The importance,
etiology, prophylaxis, pathology, clinical history, diagnosis and
treatment of syphilis are discussed. After review of the anatomic and histologic
structure and physiology of the skin the diseases commonly met with
are discussed. The main object in this course is not to train specialists but
to give all the students basic information regarding the diagnosis and treatment
of the common skin diseases and syphilis. The relationship of these
to other branches of medicine is emphasized. This subject is completed
in the fourth year, q. v.
Dr. Smith and Dr. Barker.
Neurology and Psychiatry: 3 lectures weekly during the first term and
2 lectures weekly during the second term, supplemented by clinical demonstrations
and ward rounds. An attempt is made to correlate neurology and psychiatry,
so that although they are presented as distinct units their interrelation is
stressed. A special study is made of the more common neuroses and borderline
psychoses.
Dr. Wilson.
Surgery and Gynecology: 2 hours weekly of lectures and recitations, for
the first term, 3 hours weekly for the second term, 5 hours weekly for the
third term, and 1 hour weekly of surgical clinic throughout the session; with 40
hours in the out-patient department, and 2 hours weekly in ward rounds for
one term. The study of surgery begins in the third year and continues through
the fourth year. In the third year the classroom work consists of lectures
and recitations, as arranged in the schedule, in which the principles and practice
of surgery, surgical diseases, surgical diagnosis, etc., are thoroughly discussed.
The out-patient department course in the third year gives opportunities
for diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases under close personal supervision.
Experience in dressings, bandaging, anesthesia and minor surgery
is afforded. Surgical applicances and technique are demonstrated to the students,
divided into small groups. The work in gynecology follows the outlines
already described for surgery. In addition, the out-patient department
affords practice in palpation, diagnosis and treatment.
Dr. Lehman, Dr. Goodwin, Dr. Meade, Dr. Morton and Dr. Stone.
Urology and Proctology: 2 lectures weekly for the first term; approximately
36 hours in the out-patient department. In the classroom a general survey
of the surgery of the genito-urinary tract and rectum is made by lectures and
recitations. Especial emphasis is placed upon modern methods of diagnosis
and treatment. In the out-patient department, one-eighth of the class at a
time obtains supervised experience in handling clinical cases and performing
minor operations. Opportunity is afforded for the observation of cystoscopic
and proctoscopic procedures.
Dr. Neff, Dr. Eikner and Dr. Koontz.
Orthopedics: 2 hours weekly during the second and third terms, supplemented
by practical work in the out-patient department.
Dr. Voshell.
Phthisiotherapy: 6 hours weekly for eight weeks, with each of the four
sections of the class. The work is given in 3 two-hour sessions a week, held
at the Blue Ridge Sanatorium, and consists of demonstrations, ward rounds
and assignment of cases for history taking and physical examination. At the
end of each clinic session the case history, physical signs, X-ray plates and
laboratory findings are compared in conference. The procedure followed aims
to instruct in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis by systematically
presenting each step separately at first and later combining them all in the
full consideration of the case, including the management and treatment of the
patient both in institutions and private practice.
Dr. Brown, Dr. Stafford and Dr. Shelton.
Obstetrics and Gynecology: 3 hours of lectures weekly throughout first,
second and third terms, covering the history, physiology and pathology of pregnancy,
parturition, and puerperium.
Dr. Carter.
Pediatrics: 23 hours during the first term; 30 hours during the second
term, supplemented by practical work in the out-patient department, children's
clinic. Each section gets 70 hours in the clinic. This is 2½ hours three times
a week for each section. The observation and recording of symptoms and
signs is taught and a definite amount of diagnosis and treatment. 12 hours
during each term are devoted to case conference in which an intensive course
is given in record keeping with an explanation of the significance of the signs
and symptoms elicited during examination. 12 hours during this term is
given to field work which consists of sending students under the supervision
of the Social Service Worker into the field to observe home conditions and
make a general sociological survey. Students are then sent out under supervision
for an independent report.
Dr. Royster and Dr. W. W. Waddell.
Fourth Year
Theory and Practice of Medicine: 1 hour weekly of medical clinic
throughout the session; 5 hours weekly of ward classes for one-half the session
with each of the two sections of the class. Full histories are taken of every
case, thorough examinations made, and management indicated by the students.
These records are considered in their final grading.
Dr. Flippin, Dr. Mulholland, Dr. Wood, Dr. Blackford and Dr. Swineford.
Case Teaching, Medical Ethics and Economics: 2 hours weekly during
the third term.
Dr. Flippin.
Internal Medicine: 2 lectures weekly throughout the session. In this
course the endeavor is made to bring to the attention of the senior student
the more important problems of Internal Medicine. The relationship of recent
investigations in the fields of normal and pathological physiology, biochemistry,
immunology, etc., to internal diseases is especially emphasized. No textbook
is used; students are referred to the files and current issues of journals
and to reference works in the Medical Library as sources of information.
Dr. Flippin, Dr. Mulholland and Dr. Wood.
Dermatology and Syphilology: 2 ward rounds weekly for nine weeks.
Hospital beds for infectious and late syphilis and interesting dermatological
cases are liberally supplied. This permits special study for senior students.
Dr. Smith and Dr. Barker.
Surgery and Gynecology: 1 hour weekly of surgical clinic throughout
the session; 5 hours weekly of ward classes, supplemented by clinic work in the
wards and operating room for one-half the session with each of the two sections
of the class.
Instruction in surgery is carried on by clinics and bedside demonstrations
in the hospital. In the wards the students are assigned cases, whose histories
they must take. They must also make complete physical examinations, urine
analyses, blood examinations, etc. In the ward rounds the diagnosis, operative
and other treatment, post-operative care of the cases, complications, prognosis,
etc., are discussed in detail. A large variety of cases is available and
the close contact of the students with their cases and with the routine of
hospital management offers many of the opportunities that an interneship
affords. In the operating rooms the students, in small groups, take part in
the operations, thus acquiring familiarity with technique, anesthetization, etc.
In gynecology, urology and orthopedics the students have the same
general work as in surgery, consisting of the examination and the recording
of the cases in the public wards, attendance on ward rounds, at which the
cases are discussed, and observation and assistance in the operating rooms.
Dr. Lehman, Dr. Goodwin, Dr. Neff, Dr. Voshell, Dr. Meade, Dr. Morton
and Dr. Stone.
Orthopedics: 2 hours weekly throughout one-fourth the year for ward
rounds.
Dr. Voshell and Dr. Ergenbright.
Roentgenology: Lectures, and practical demonstrations to the class in sections
throughout the year. The application of the X-rays to medicine and the
interpretation of plates in diagnosis.
Dr. Archer and Dr. Peterson.
Surgical Pathology: 2 hours weekly during one-fourth the session. This
course is intended to supplement the general courses in pathology and surgery
and consists of lectures upon the pathology of surgical lesions, demonstrations
of fresh tissues obtained from the operating rooms, and examination
of microscopic sections.
Dr. Meade and Dr. Morton.
Obstetrics and Gynecology: In small groups throughout the year instruction
is given in the practical observation of, and participation in, the care of the
pregnant and parturient woman, in the hospital wards and labor rooms. Ward
rounds, and mannequin demonstrations, obstetrical and gynecological pathology,
and practice by the individual student.
Dr. Carter and Dr. Hamblen.
Entire class throughout the second and third terms, one hour weekly. Case
analysis, and discussion of special problems complete the training in these
subjects.
Dr. Carter.
Pediatrics: Students are instructed in the wards of the hospital twice a
week in ward rounds. In addition all students serve as clinical clerks and have
cases assigned to them for their personal care under the direction of the
professor or instructor. Frequent clinics are held in the mountains, the students
of the fourth-year class being used as assistants in this work. Students
are also required to go into the milk laboratory and acquire a knowledge
of the preparation of formulae by practical experience.
Dr. Royster and Dr. W. W. Waddell.
Medical Jurisprudence: 1 lecture weekly during one term of the fourth
year. The application of medical knowledge and skill to the needs of the law is
presented. References to literature are assigned for the fuller development
of special topics.
Dr. J. A. Waddell.
Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat: 2 lectures weekly during
the first two terms, supplemented by regular two- to three-hour clinics 3 times
a week throughout the session and clinical lectures to sections of the class as
suitable cases occur. The class is divided into small sections and each student
is taught the methods of examination and the use of the ophthalmoscope,
head mirror, and of the laryngeal and post-nasal mirrors In the clinics each
patient is assigned to a student, who must take the history and keep the
record of that patient; the case is then demonstrated by the professor in
charge, and, if possible, each student makes his own examination under the
personal supervision of the attending physician. Clinical cases are abundant,
and during the year the student sees and handles practically all the common
diseases of the eye, ear and upper respiratory tract.
Dr. Hedges and Dr. Woodward.
Hygiene and Preventive Medicine: 2 hours weekly throughout the session.
A lecture course based so far as practical upon selected clinical cases illustrating
the failure of preventive effort; a consideration of the sources and
modes of infection of the common communicable diseases and the possibilities
of their prevention and control; the mass phenomena of disease and
their relationships to social and economic factors; epidemiologic methods of
investigation; industrial medicine; public health administration and sanitation.
Dr. Maxcy.
Elective Courses: Open to medical students of the third and fourth years,
and to graduate students.
Histology and Embryology
1. The histology and embryology of the blood forming tissues: Session
1930-31.
2. The histology and embryology of the endocrine tissues: Session
1931-32.
3. The histology and embryology of the reproductive organs: Session
1932-33.
9 hours weekly during the first term.
Dr. Jordan and Dr. Kindred.
Anatomy and Anthropology
1. Topographic and Applied Anatomy: 8 hours weekly during the
second term.
Dr. Bean and Dr. Speidel.
2. Physical Anthropology: 9 hours weekly during the third term.
Dr. Bean.
3. Research in Experimental Anatomy: 9 hours weekly during the first
term.
Dr. Speidel.
Biochemistry
1. Biochemical preparations: Individual instruction is given in the
separation, purification and identification of products of biochemical nature.
6 hours of laboratory work a week during the entire year.
Dr. Chanutin.
2. Physiology of nutrition: An attempt is made to cover the subject
of nutrition in its broadest aspects. Various phases of digestion, respiratory,
basal and intermediary metabolism are studied. Previous knowledge in
Biochemistry is necessary. 1 hour a week during the entire year.
Dr. Chanutin.
3. Biochemical seminar: Papers pertaining to Biochemistry and related
subjects in the English, German and French literature are read by the participants.
The student is enabled to keep in touch with the advances made in
the subject. 2 hours a week during the entire year.
Dr. Chanutin.
4. Biochemical research: For those students properly qualified the
laboratory will be opened during the academic year and summer vacation.
Dr. Chanutin.
Physiology
1. The sympathico-adrenal system: Session 1930-31.
Dr. Britton.
2. The physiology of muscular exercise: Session 1931-32.
Dr. Britton.
3. Applications of physiology to medicine: Session 1932-33.
Dr. Britton.
4. Mammalian experimental embryology: Session 1930-31.
Dr. Corey.
5. Comparative physiology of the internal secretions: Session 1931-32.
6 hours weekly during the third term.
Dr. Corey.
6. Original investigation: Oportunity is afforded a limited number of
specially qualified students to undertake investigative work at any time
throughout the year in physiology or nearly related sciences.
Dr. Britton and Dr. Corey.
Pharmacology
1. The standardization of drugs, embracing a study of the most representative
methods, chemical and biological. Session 1930-31.
2. The biological significance and pharmacological actions of the compounds
of certain metallic elements, particular attention being given to Ca,
Fe, Mg, Mn, and Cu. Session 1931-32.
3. The influence of chemical structure on pharmacological action, the
significance of the presence and position in the molecule of alkyl, hydroxyl,
carboxyl, and amino radicles being investigated. Session 1932-33.
Didactic, 2 hours per week, January 15 to March 15; laboratory 4 hours
per week, February 1 to March 10. Total, 30 hours.
Dr. J. A. Waddell and Assistants.
Dermatology and Syphilology
Clinical Dermatology and Syphilology: 1 afternoon weekly for one-half
session in the out-patient department.
Dr. Smith.
Neurology
1. Reconstruction of brain stem.
2. Personality studies.
9 hours weekly during the second or third term.
Dr. Wilson.
Public Health and Hygiene
Immunology: Study of the problems and methods of medical bacteriology
and serology; the reactions of immunity of experimental animals;
the application of immunological principles to the treatment and prevention
of disease.
9 hours weekly of laboratory and conference work during the second
term.
Dr. Maxcy.
Surgery
Surgical pathology and research in the field of the biological sciences on
subjects related to clinical surgery. The former portion of the course consists
of study and reports on a large collection of surgical pathological material.
The latter portion is to be arranged individually with the director.
The student is expected to spend his entire time for the year. Open only to
graduate students with M.D. degree and at least one year of interne service.
Dr. Lehman.
