COURSES OF INSTRUCTION
In the following description of courses, the number of hours represents
the amount of time each student devotes to the course. In addition to the hours
scheduled in the third and fourth years of the course, each student devotes a
considerable amount of time to practical work which does not appear in the
schedule, but the satisfactory performance of which is essential to graduation.
Thus the taking of histories, the visits to his cases in the hospital, assisting at
operations, attendance upon cases of labor, the employment of microscopical and
chemical methods of diagnosis in the hospital, require much time which it has
not seemed possible to record in a rigid schedule.
The session, exclusive of the time devoted to examination, is divided into
a fall term of twelve weeks, a winter term of ten weeks, and a spring term of
ten weeks.
FIRST YEAR
Anatomy 1.—Twenty-four hours weekly during the first term and twelve
hours weekly during the second term. This course begins with a systematic study
of the bones, on the completion of which a part is assigned to each student for
dissection and study. On the completion of this course each student has dissected
a lateral half of the body. The student obtains his knowledge at first hand and
by his own personal efforts. The work in gross anatomy is completed in Anatomy
of the second year. Dr. Bean, Dr. Speidel and Dr. Adams.
Anatomy 2.—Six hours weekly during the third term. This course consists
of a laboratory study of the anatomy of the central nervous system carried
out in considerable detail. The gross anatomy of the spinal cord and brain
is first considered, on the completion of which sections of the more important
regions are studied carefully with the aid of the microscope. Fresh brains and
series of sections of the cord and brain are thoroughly used. A reconstruction
of the central nervous system showing the more important pathways is prepared
by each student. Dr. Bean, Dr. Speidel and Dr. Adams.
Histology.—Three lectures or recitations and six hours of laboratory work
weekly during the first and second terms. This course aims to acquaint the student
with the microscopic structure of tissues and organs. Cytogenesis and histogenesis
are briefly considered in the case of many tissues studied. The relation
of histology to physiology and pathology is constantly kept in view. The
student is also given opportunity to acquaint himself with the principles and
practice of histological technique.
A record of seventy per cent. in this course is required for admission to
Physiology, and of eighty per cent. for admission to Pathology. Dr. Jordan
and Dr. Kindred.
Embryology.—Nine hours weekly during the third term. The laboratory
work (six hours weekly) with sections and dissections of mammalian embryos,
is supplemented by lectures, recitations, and the study of models. The course
aims to give the student a knowledge of developmental processes, in the light of
which he may the better understand the more abstruse normal conditions of adult
anatomy, as well as many anomalies and variations. Dr. Jordan and Dr.
Kindred.
Biochemistry.—Lectures and recitations, three hours weekly during the
second and third terms; and laboratory work six hours weekly during the second
term and nine hours weekly during the third term. Course comprises the
chemistry of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates; digestion, intestinal putrefaction,
feces; blood, milk, and bile; particular attention is devoted to the chemical physiology
of digestion, secretion, excretion, internal secretion, intermediary metabolism,
and nutrition. Laboratory work includes the study of carbohydrates,
fats, proteins, purine compounds, etc.; gastric contents, blood, milk, and urine;
the digestive enzymes and the digestion of foods; and extensive qualitative and
quantitative work on urine. A grade of seventy per cent. on this course is required
for admission to Physiology. Dr. Chanutin and Assistants.
SECOND YEAR
Anatomy 3.—Eight hours weekly during the second term. This course is
the continuation of Anatomy 1, and consists of the systematic study of topographic
anatomy, with the aid of cross sections of the human body, special dissections,
and wet preparations with a review of the whole body in relation to
the needs of the student in general medicine and surgery. At the end of this
course a practical examination is given, covering the work of Anatomy 1, 2 and
3. Dr. Bean, Dr. Speidel and Dr. Adams.
Physiology.—Lectures, recitations, and demonstrations, six hours weekly
during the first term, five hours during the second term, two hours during the
third term; laboratory work, six hours weekly during the first term, two hours
weekly during the second term. The physiology of muscle and nerve; blood and
lymph; the circulation; respiration, secretion; digestion; and nutrition, and the
central nervous system. The work of the laboratory closely follows the lectures
as an integral part of the study of each subject. Open only to the students
who have obtained grades of seventy per cent. in Histology and Biochemistry.
An average grade of seventy per cent. and the satisfactory completion of the
laboratory work of this course is necessary for admission to Pharmacology.
Dr. H. W. Smith and assistants.
Bacteriology and Pathology.—Twelve hours weekly throughout the session
and four additional hours a week during the second term. The work in pathology
is open only to students who have obtained a record of passed in Histology.
Bacteriology and Pathology are taught in a combined course. Emphasis is laid
upon the medical and public health aspects of bacteriology. Autopsies and the
study of gross and microscopic specimens supply the practical work accompanying
the systematic study of pathology. Opportunity is given selected students for
advanced work. Dr. Marshall, Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Conner.
Materia Medica.—Lectures and recitations six hours weekly and laboratory
work four hours weekly, during the first three-fourths of the fall term. A thorough
study is made of the sources, preparation, composition, properties and interactions
of medicinal substances to the end that they may be intelligently prescribed.
Special attention is paid to their standardization for purity and potency.
Prescription writing and incompatibility are dealt with in frequent practical exercises.
While the consideration of the more important preparations of the
Pharmacopeia and the New and Non-Official Remedies consumes the greater
portion of the allotted time, the course is concluded with a critical study of many
of the so-called patent medicines. Dr. J. A. Waddell, assisted by Messrs.
Adams, Calhoun, Edmunds, Graham, and Thweatt.
Toxicology.—Lectures and recitations six hours weekly and laboratory
work four hours weekly, during the last quarter of the fall term. A systematic
review is made of the pharmacological action of such chemic agents as are particularly
liable to cause injury to health or loss of life, special attention being
given to their quantitative effects. Practical instruction is given in the methods
of isolating and identifying. The treatment of poisoning is dealt with in detail.
Dr. J. A. Waddell, assisted by
Messrs. Adams, Calhoun, Edmunds, Graham,
and
Thweatt.
Pharmacology.—Lectures, recitations and demonstrations six hours weekly
and laboratory work six hours weekly, during the third term. The physical and
chemical characteristics and the mode of action of representative drugs and
other chemic agents are dealt with in both didactic and practical exercises. Special
attention is given to analysing and interpreting the results obtained in the
laboratory. An average grade of seventy per cent. on Physiology together with
the satisfactory completion of the laboratory work of Physiology is required
for admission to the course. Dr. J. A. Waddell, assisted by Messrs. Adams,
Calhoun, Edmunds, Graham, and Thweatt.
Physical Diagnosis.—Four hours weekly during the third term. Instruction
is given in the principles and methods of physical examination. Attention is
given especially to the study of the normal subject. Dr. Flippin, Dr. Mulholland
and Dr. Wood.
THIRD YEAR
Clinical Diagnosis.—Six hours weekly during the first and second terms.
In this course the student is made familiar with those laboratory methods which
are helpful in the diagnosis of disease. These include, among others, the examination
of blood, urine, sputum, gastric contents, feces, spinal fluid, exudates and
transudates. Instruction is given in the Clinical Laboratory in the north pavilion
of the hospital, which is well equipped with the most modern instruments and apparatus.
Dr. Bray.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—Three hours weekly of lectures and
recitations throughout the session; six hours weekly in the clinics for one-half
the session. A systematic course of lectures, supplemented by work in the outpatient
department and hospital. The class is divided into two sections, each of
which devotes itself for half the year to the medical service in the out-patient
department, and also twice a week receives instruction on selected cases in the
wards of the hospital. There is a general medical clinic once a week in the hospital
amphitheater. Dr. Davis, Dr. Flippin, Dr. Daniel, Dr. Nelson, Dr.
D. C. Smith, Dr. Mulholland, Dr. Wood, and Dr. Jones.
Dermatology and Syphilology.—Four hours weekly of lectures during the
third term, supplemented by clinics in the out-patient department. The importance,
etiology, prophylaxis, pathology, clinical history, diagnosis and treatment of
syphilis are discussed. After review of the anatomic and histologic structure
and physiology of the skin the diseases commonly met with are discussed. This
subject is completed in the fourth year, q. v. Dr. D. C. Smith.
Surgery and Gynecology.—Two hours weekly of lectures and recitations,
for the first term, three hours weekly for the second and third terms, and one hour
weekly of surgical clinic throughout the session; with six hours weekly in the outpatient
department for six weeks, and two hours weekly in ward rounds for one
term. The study of surgery begins in the third year and continues through the
fourth year. In the third year the classroom work consists of lectures and recitations,
as arranged in the schedule, in which the principles and practice of surgery,
surgical diseases, surgical diagnosis, etc., are thoroughly discussed. The out-patient
department course in the third year gives opportunities for diagnosis and treatment
of clinical cases under close personal supervision. Experience in dressings, bandaging,
anesthesia and minor surgery is afforded. Surgical appliances and technique are
demonstrated to the students, divided into small groups. The work in gynecology
follows the outlines already described for surgery. In addition, the outpatient
department affords practice in palpation, diagnosis and treatment.
Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin, Dr. Bigger, and
Dr. Prince.
Urology and Proctology.—Of the total time assigned to surgery, two lecture
hours weekly for the first term, and six hours weekly in the out-patient
department for one-eighth of the session are devoted to urology and proctology.
In the classroom a general survey of the surgery of the genito-urinary tract
and rectum is made by lectures and recitations. Especial emphasis is placed
upon modern methods of diagnosis and treatment. In the out-patient department,
one-eighth of the class at a time obtains supervised experience in handling
clinical cases and performing minor operations. Opportunity is afforded for the
observation of cystoscopic and proctoscopic procedures. Dr. J. H. Neff and Dr.
R. J. Neff.
Orthopedics.—Two hours weekly during the second and third terms, supplemented
by practical work in the out-patient department. Dr. Voshell.
Roentgenology.—Lectures, and practical demonstrations to the class in sections
throughout the year. The application of the X-rays to medicine and the
interpretation of plates in diagnosis. Dr. Archer.
Phthisiotherapy.—Six hours weekly for eight weeks, with each of the four
sections of the class. The work is given in three two-hour sessions a week, held
at the Blue Ridge Sanatorium, and consists of demonstrations, ward rounds and
assignment of cases for history taking and physical examination. At the end of
each clinic session the case history, physical signs, X-ray plates and laboratory
findings are compared in conference. The section is also invited to be present
at the fluoroscopic examinations on Friday mornings at the University Hospital.
The procedure followed aims to instruct in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
by systematically presenting each step separately at first and later combining
them all in the full consideration of the case, including the management
and treatment of the patient both in institutions and private practice. Dr. Brown
and Dr. Stafford.
Obstetrics and Gynecology.—Three hours of lectures weekly throughout
first and second terms, covering physiology and pathology of pregnancy, parturition,
and puerperium. Dr. Calkins and Associates.
Pediatrics.—Twenty-three hours during the fall term; thirty hours during
the winter term, supplemented by practical work in the out-patient department,
children's clinic. Each section gets seventy hours in the clinic. This is
two and one-half hours three times a week for each section. The observation
and recording of symptoms and signs is taught and a definite amount of diagnosis
and treatment. Twelve hours during each term are devoted to case conference
in which an intensive course is given in record keeping with an explanation
of the significance of the signs and symptoms elicited during examination.
Twelve hours during this term is given to field-work which consists of sending
students under the supervision of the Social Service Worker into the field to observe
home conditions and make a general sociological survey. Students are
then sent out under supervision for an independent report.
Dr. Royster and
Dr. W. W. Waddell.
Elective Courses.—In the second and third terms each student may take
an elective course of approximately five hours weekly. Elective courses vary
from year to year, and include both pre-clinical and clinical subjects.
FOURTH YEAR
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—One hour weekly of medical clinic
throughout the session; five hours weekly of ward classes for one-half the session
with each of the two sections of the class. Full histories are taken of every
case, through examinations made, and management indicated by the students.
These records are considered in their final grading. Drs. Davis, Flippin,
Mulholland, Wood and Koontz.
Nervous Diseases and Insanity.—Three lectures and recitations weekly,
supplemented by clinical work during the first and second terms. In this course
is given also instruction in electrotherapeutics. Dr. Davis.
Case Teaching, Medical Ethics and Economics, and Insurance Exami-
nations.—Two hours weekly during the third term. Dr. Davis.
Internal Medicine.—Two lectures weekly throughout the session. In this
course the endeavor is made to bring to the attention of the senior student the
more important problems of Internal Medicine. The relationship of recent investigations
in the fields of normal and pathological physiology, biochemistry,
immunology, etc., to internal diseases is especially emphasized. No text-book is
used; students are referred to the files and current issues of journals and to reference
works in the Medical Library as sources of information. Dr. Flippin.
Dermatology and Syphilology.—Two ward rounds weekly for nine weeks.
The interesting cases seen in the out-patient department are admitted to the hospital
for detailed study. Dr. D. C. Smith.
Surgery and Gynecology.—One hour weekly of surgical clinic throughout
the session; five hours weekly of ward classes, supplemented by clinic work
in the wards and operating room for one-half the session with each of the two
sections of the class.
Instruction in surgery is carried on by clinics and bedside demonstrations in
the hospital. In the wards the students are assigned cases, whose histories they
must take. They must also make complete physical and clinical examinations,
urine analyses, blood examinations, etc. In the ward rounds the diagnosis, operative
and other treatment, post-operative care of the cases, complications, prognosis,
etc., are discussed in detail. A large variety of cases is available and the
close contact of the students with their cases and with the routine of hospital
management offers many of the opportunities that an interneship affords. In the
operating rooms the students, in small groups, take part in the operations, thus acquiring
familiarity with technique, anesthetization, etc. Those of the class who
are not assisting witness the operations, whose important features are demonstrated
to them.
In gynecology, urology and orthopedics the students have the same general
work as in surgery, consisting of the examination and the recording of the cases
in the public wards, attendance on ward rounds, at which the cases are discussed,
and observation and assistance in the operating rooms. Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin,
Dr. J. H. Neff, Dr. Voshell, Dr. Bigger and Dr. R. J. Neff.
Orthopedics.—One hour weekly throughout one-half the year for ward
rounds. Dr. Voshell.
Surgical Pathology.—Two hours weekly during one-fourth the session.
This course is intended to supplement the general courses in pathology and surgery
and consists of lectures upon the pathology of surgical lesions, demonstrations
of fresh tissues obtained from the operating rooms, and examination of microscopic
sections. Dr. Bigger.
Obstetrics and Gynecology.—In small groups throughout the year instruction
is given in the practical observation of, and participation in, the care of the
pregnant and parturient woman, in the Hospital wards and labor room. Ward
rounds, and mannequin demonstrations and practice by the individual student.
Dr. Calkins and Associates.
Entire class throughout the year, one hour weekly. Case analysis, and
discussion of special problems complete the training in these subjects. Dr.
Calkins and Associates.
Pediatrics.—Students are instructed in the wards of the hospital twice a
week in ward rounds. In addition all students serve as clinical clerks and have
cases assigned to them for their personal care under the direction of the professor
or instructor. Frequent clinics are held in the mountains, the students
of the fourth year class being used as assistants in this work. Students are also
required to go into the milk laboratory and acquire a knowledge of the preparation
of formulae by practical experience. Dr. Royster and Dr. W. W. Waddell.
Medical Jurisprudence.—One lecture weekly during one term of the fourth
year. The application of medical knowledge and skill to the needs of the law is
presented. References to literature are assigned for the fuller development of
special topics. Dr. J. A. Waddell.
Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat.—Two lectures weekly during
the first two terms, supplemented by regular two- to three-hour clinics three
times a week throughout the session and clinical lectures to sections of the class
as suitable cases occur. The class is divided into small sections and each student
is taught the methods of examination and the use of the ophthalmoscope,
head mirror, and of the laryngeal and post-nasal mirrors. In the clinics each
patient is assigned to a student, who must take the history and keep the record
of that patient; the case is then demonstrated by the professor in charge, and, if
possible, each student makes his own examination under the personal supervision
of the attending physician. Clinical cases are abundant, and during the year the
student sees and handles practically all the common diseases of the eye, ear and
upper respiratory tract.
Dr. Hedges and
Dr. Woodward.
Hygiene and Preventive Medicine.—Two hours weekly throughout the
session. The course begins with a historical sketch of the developments of preventive
medicine, including short biographical sketches of the pioneers of
hygiene. With this introduction the story of the natural history of contagious
and infectious diseases, modes of propagation and methods of prevention
engage the attention of the student. With this preparation, the chemical
and bacteriological contamination of food, water, air and soil is made an important
study. Instruction is also begun in the proper location and construction of
habitations, hospitals, schoolhouses, etc., with special reference to the modern
methods of heating, ventilating and draining. Notice is taken of the special relations
involved in military and naval hygiene. Dr. Lambeth and Dr. Young.
