 | The University of Virginia record February 15, 1923 |  |
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
In the following description of courses, the number of hours represents
the amount of time each student devotes to the course. In addition to the
hours scheduled in the third and fourth years of the course, each student
devotes a considerable amount of time to practical work which does not
appear in the schedule, but the satisfactory performance of which is essential
to graduation. Thus the taking of histories, the visits to his cases in
the hospital, assisting at operations, attendance upon cases of labor, the employment
of microscopical and chemical methods of diagnosis in the hospital,
require much time which it has not seemed possible to record in a
rigid schedule. It should, however, be stated that each student in the fourth
year gives at least six hundred hours to this required but unscheduled practical
work.
The session, exclusive of the time devoted to examination, is divided
into a fall term of twelve weeks, a winter term of ten weeks, and a spring
term of ten weeks.
FIRST YEAR.
Anatomy 1.—Twenty-four hours weekly during the first term and twelve
hours weekly during the second term. This coures begins with a systematic
study of the bones, on the completion of which a part is assigned to each
student for dissection and study. On the completion of this course each
student has dissected a lateral half of the body. The student obtains his
knowledge at first hand and by his own personal efforts. The work in
gross anatomy is completed by Anatomy 3 of the second year. Dr. Bean, Dr.
Speidel, Mr. Hubbard, Mr. Kimbrough and Mr. Stone.
Anatomy 2.—Six hours weekly during the third term. This course consists
in a laboratory study of the anatomy of the central nervous system carried
out in considerable detail. The gross anatomy of the spinal cord and
brain is first considered, on the completion of which sections of the more
important regions are studied carefully with the aid of the microscope.
Fresh brains and series of sections of the cord and brain are thoroughly
used. A reconstruction of the central nervous system showing the more
important pathways is prepared by each student. Dr. Bean, Dr. Speidel,
Mr. Hubbard, Mr. Kimbrough and Mr. Stone.
Histology.—Three lectures or recitations and six hours of laboratory work
weekly during the first and second terms. This course aims to acquaint the
student with the microscopic structure of tissues and organs. Cytogenesis
and histogenesis are briefly considered in the case of many tissues studied.
The relation of histology to physiology and pathology is constantly kept in
view. The student also has opportunity to acquaint himself with the
principles and practice of histological technique.
A record of seventy per cent. in the course is required for admission to
Physiology, and of eighty per cent. for admission to Pathology. Dr. Jordan
and Dr. Hedges.
Embryology.—Nine hours weekly during the third term. The laboratory
work (six hours weekly) with sections and dissections of mammalian
embryos, is supplemented by lectures, recitations, and the study of models.
The course aims to give the student a knowledge of developmental processes,
in the light of which he may the better understand the more abstruse normal
conditions of adult anatomy, as well as many anomalies and variations,
neoplasms and malformations. Dr. Jordan and Dr. Hedges.
Biochemistry.—Lectures and recitations, six hours weekly during the second
and third terms; laboratory work, six hours weekly during the second term;
twelve hours weekly during the third term. The chemical structure and reactions
of carbohydrates, lipins, proteins, and other compounds occurring in
the body. Blood, milk, and bile. The chemical physiology of digestion,
secretion, excretion, internal secretion, intermediary metabolism, and nutrition.
The laboratory work includes the study of carbohydrates, fats, fatty
acids, soaps, proteins, purine compounds, etc.; blood, milk, and bile; the
digestive enzymes and the digestion of foods; and extensive qualitative and
quantitative work on urine. A grade of seventy per cent. on this course is
required for admission to Physiology. Dr. Hough, Dr. Lawrence and Mr.
Hershenson.
SECOND YEAR.
Anatomy 3.—Four hours weekly through the first and second terms. This
course is the continuation of Anatomy 1, and consists of the systematic study
of topographic anatomy, with the aid of cross sections of the human body,
special dissections, and wet preparations with a review of the whole body
in relation to the needs of the student in general medicine and surgery. At
the end of this course a practical examination is given, covering the work
of Anatomy 1, 2 and 3. Dr. Bean, Dr. Speidel, Mr. Hubbard, Mr. Kimbrough
and Mr. Stone.
Physiology.—Lectures, recitations, and demonstrations, four and a half
hours weekly during the first term, eight and a half hours during the second
term; laboratory work, eleven and a half hours weekly during the first term, two
and a half hours weekly during the second term. The physiology of muscle
and nerve; blood and lymph; the circulation; respiration; secretion; digestion
and nutrition, and the central nervous system. The work of the laboratory
closely follows the lectures as an integral part of the study of each subject.
Open only to students who have obtained grades of seventy per cent. in
Histology and Biochemistry. An average grade of seventy per cent. and the
satisfactory completion of the laboratory work of this course is necessary for
admission to Pharmacology. Dr. Hough and Mr. Hershenson.
Bacteriology and Pathology.—Twelve hours weekly throughout the session
and four additional hours a week the second term. The work in pathology is
open only to students who have obtained a record of passed in Histology.
Bacteriology and Pathology are taught in a combined course. Emphasis is
laid upon the medical and public health aspects of bacteriology. Autopsies
accompanying the systematic study of pathology. Opportunity is given
selected students for advanced work. Dr. Marshall, Dr. Sheppe and Dr.
Helvestine.
Pharmacology.—Lectures, recitations and demonstrations five hours weekly
and laboratory work six hours weekly, during the third term. The physical and
chemical characteristics and the mode of action of representative drugs and
other chemic agents are dealt with in both didactic and practical exercises.
Special attention is given to analysing and interpreting the results obtained
in the laboratory. An average grade of seventy per cent. on Physiology together
with the satisfactory completion of the laboratory work of Physiology
is required for admission to the course. Dr. Waddell, assisted by Mr. Ratcliffe
and Mr. Rutledge.
Clinical Diagnosis.—Six hours weekly during the third term. In this course
the student is made familiar with those laboratory methods which are helpful
in the diagnosis of disease. These include, among others, the examination
of blood, urine, sputum, gastric contents, feces, spinal fluid, exudates and
transudates. Instruction is given in the Clinical Laboratory in the north
pavilion of the hospital, which is well equipped with the most modern instruments
and apparatus. This subject is completed in the second term
of the third year. Dr. Bray, assisted by Mr. Cardwell.
Journals.—In connection with the work in Physiology, Bacteriology and
Pathology, the second-year students meet with their instructors for one
hour each week from the first of December to the end of the session for
reports and discussion of the current literature of the above sciences. Three
reports are made at each meeting by the students.
Physical Diagnosis.—Four hours weekly during the third term. Instruction
is given in the principles and methods of physical examination. Attention
is especially given to study of the normal subject. Dr. Flippin.
THIRD YEAR.
Materia Medica.—Lectures and recitations six hours weekly and laboratory
work six hours weekly, during the first three-fourths of the fall term. A thorough
study is made of the sources, preparation, composition, properties and
interactions of medicinal substances to the end that they may be intelligently
prescribed. Special attention is paid to their standardization for purity and
potency. Prescription writing and incompatibility are dealt with in frequent
practical exercises. While the consideration of the more important preparations
of the Pharmacopeia and the New and Non-Official Remedies consumes
the greater portion of the allotted time, the course is concluded with
a critical study of many of the so-called patent medicines. Dr. Waddell,
assisted by Mr. Hiden and Mr. Johnson.
Toxicology.—Lectures and recitations six hours weekly and laboratory
work six hours weekly, during the last quarter of the fall term. A systematic
particularly liable to cause injury to health or loss of life, special attention
being given to their quantitative effects. Practical instruction is given in
the methods of isolating and identifying. The treatment of poisoning is
dealt with in detail. Dr. Waddell.
Clinical Diagnosis.—Eight hours weekly during the second term. Continuation
and completion of the second year course in this subject. The
examination, written and practical at the close of the course covers the
work given in the second and third years. Dr. Bray and Mr. Cardwell.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—Three hours weekly of lectures and
recitations throughout the session; six hours weekly in the clinics for one-half
the session. A systematic course of lectures, supplemented by work in the
out-patient department and hospital. The class is divided into two sections,
each of which devotes itself for half the year to the medical service in the
out-patient department, and also twice a week receives instruction on selected
cases in the wards of the hospital. There is a general medical clinic
once a week in the hospital amphitheater. Dr. Davis, Dr. Flippin, Dr.
Daniel, Dr. Nelson and Dr. Smith.
Dermatology and Syphilology.—One hour weekly of lectures during second
and third term in third year, and one hour weekly during the first term of
the fourth year; one hour of ward rounds and six hours of clinic weekly to the
classes in sections throughout the year. The importance, etiology, prophylaxis,
pathology, clinical history, diagnosis, and treatment of syphilis are discussed.
After review of the anatomic and histologic structure and physiology of the
skin the diseases commonly met with are discussed. Out patient material
is utilized by third-year students. This subject is completed in the first
term of the fourth year, q. v. Dr. Smith.
Surgery and Gynecology.—Four hours weekly of lectures and recitations,
and two hours weekly of surgical clinic throughout the session; with six hours
weekly, in the out-patient department, two hours weekly in ward rounds in the
hospital. The study of surgery begins in the third year and continues through
the fourth year. In the third year the classroom work consists of lectures and
recitations, as arranged in the schedule, in which the principles and practice
of surgery, surgical diseases, surgical diagnosis, etc., are thoroughly
discussed. The out-patient department course in the third year gives opportunities
for diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases under close personal
supervision. Experience in dressings, bandaging, anesthesia and minor
surgery is afforded. Surgical appliances and technique are demonstrated to
the students, divided into small groups. The work in gynecology follows
closely the outlines already described for surgery. The general principles
of gynecology are taken up in lectures and recitations. In addition, the
out-patient department affords practice in palpation, diagnosis and treatment.
Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin, Dr. Bigger and Dr. Jones.
Urology and Proctology.—Of the total time assigned to surgery, one lecture
hour weekly for the first and second terms, and six hours weekly in the
and proctology. In the classroom a general survey of the surgery of the
genito-urinary tract and rectum is made by lectures and recitations. Especial
emphasis is placed upon modern methods of diagnosis and treatment.
In the out-patient department, one-fourth of the class at a time obtains
supervised experience in handling clinical cases and performing minor operations.
Ample opportunity is afforded for the observation of cystoscopic,
urethroscopic and proctoscopic procedures. Dr. Neff and Dr. Page.
Orthopedics.—Two hours weekly of lectures and recitations during the second
and third terms; with six hours weekly in the out-patient department. Dr.
Voshell.
Roentgenology.—Lectures and practical demonstrations to the class in
sections throughout the year. The application of the X-rays to medicine and
the interpretation of plates in diagnosis. Dr. Wiatt.
Phthisiotherapy.—Six hours weekly for eight weeks, with each of the four
sections of the class. The work is given in three two-hour sessions a week,
held at the Blue Ridge Sanatorium, and consists of demonstrations, ward
rounds and assignment of cases for history taking and physical examination.
At the end of each clinic session the case history, physical signs, X-ray
plates and laboratory findings are compared in conference. The section is
also invited to be present at the fluoroscopic examinations on Friday mornings
at the University Hospital. The procedure followed aims to instruct
in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis by systematically presenting
each step separately at first and later combining them all in the full consideration
of the case, including the management and treatment of the patient
both in institutions and private practise. Dr. Brown.
Obstetrics.—Five hours weekly of lectures, recitations and manikin demonstrations
during the year, supplemented by work with patients in the wards of
the hospital. The class is divided into sections of five for manikin instruction
and for examination of patients in the hospital. The manikin course
forms an important part of the work, not only for teaching presentation,
position and posture, but also the mechanism of normal and abnormal labor
and the application of forceps. When the section is taken into the wards of
the hospital, the methods of examination, particularly abdominal palpation,
are practiced on the living subject. Dr. Macon.
Elective Courses.—In the second and third terms each student is required
to take an elective course of approximately five hours weekly. Elective
courses vary from year to year.
FOURTH YEAR.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—The same plan is followed in the
clinical work as that already described for the third year, each of the two
sections of the class devoting itself for half the year to the medical service
in the wards of the hospital. Full histories are taken of every case, thorough
division. These records are considered in the final grading of the student.
The subjects treated with the approximate division of time among them are
as follows:
Nervous Diseases and Insanity.—Three lectures and recitations weekly,
supplemented by clinical work during the first term. In this course is given
also instruction in electrotherapeutics. Dr. Davis.
Pediatrics.—Three lectures and recitations weekly, supplemented by clinical
work during the second term. This course of lectures is intended to point
out in a brief way how disease is modified by childhood and to indicate how
the difficulties of diagnosis and treatment due to early age may best be encountered.
The principles of infant feeding are emphasized and the student
is taught how to prepare the food. There is also a baby welfare clinic once
a week in the out-patient department. Dr. Davis and Dr. Rea.
Case Teaching, Medical Ethics and Economics, and Insurance Exam-
inations.—Two hours weekly during the third term. Dr. Davis.
Internal Medicine.—Two lectures weekly throughout the session. In this
course the endeavor is made to bring to the attention of the senior student
the more important problems of Internal Medicine. The relationship of
recent investigations in the fields of normal and pathological physiology,
biochemistry, immunology, etc., to internal diseases is especially emphasized.
No text-book is used; students are referred to the files and current issues of
journals and to reference works in the Medical Library as sources of information.
Dr. Flippin.
Dermatology and Syphilology.—Two lectures weekly during the first
term; ward rounds once weekly for one half the year. Dr. Smith.
Surgery and Gynecology.—Two hours weekly of surgical clinic throughout
the session; five hours weekly of ward classes, supplemented by clinical work
in the wards and operating room for one-half the session with each of the two
sections of the class.
Instruction in surgery is carried on by clinics and bedside demonstrations
in the hospital. In the wards the students are assigned cases, whose
histories they must take. They must also make complete physical and clinical
examinations, urine analyses, blood examinations, etc. In the ward rounds
the diagnosis, operative and other treatment, post-operative care of the cases,
complications, prognosis, etc., are discussed in detail. A large variety of
cases is available and the close contact of the students with their cases and
with the routine of hospital management offers many of the opportunities
that an interneship affords. In the operating rooms the students, in small
groups, take part in the operations, thus acquiring familiarity with technique,
anesthetization, etc. Those of the class who are not assisting witness the
operations, whose important features are demonstrated to them.
In gynecology, urology and orthopedics the students have the same
general work as in surgery, consisting of the examination and the recording
cases are discussed, and observation and assistance in the operating rooms.
Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin, Dr. Neff, Dr. Voshell, Dr. Bigger, Dr. Jones and
Dr. Page.
Surgical Pathology.—Two hours weekly during one-half the session.
This course is intended to supplement the general courses in pathology and
surgery and consists of lectures upon the pathology of surgical lesions,
demonstrations of fresh tissues obtained from the operating rooms, and examination
of microscopic sections. The student reviews pathological
technique, and frozen section work is emphasized. Dr. Bigger.
Clinical Pathological Conferences.—The pathological material from the
autopsy table is correlated with the clinical findings. The conference is
participated in by the students and internes in charge of the patients, the
physicians in charge and the pathologist. Dr. Marshall and the visiting staff
of the hospital.
Obstetrics.—The student attends, under the guidance of an instructor,
the labor cases in the hospital, and is required to prepare the history of
patients and to follow up the cases through the puerperium. Instruction is
also given in the care of the new-born. In addition the student has the
opportunity of attending patients in the out-patient department, and each
student is expected to attend at least six cases of labor. A clinic for third
year students is held one day in the week in the out-patient department for
recording and examining pregnant women. The patients are instructed in
prenatal care, and students are assigned to each case for attendance during
labor under the guidance of an instructor. Dr. Macon.
Medical Jurisprudence.—One lecture weekly during one term of the fourth
year. The application of medical knowledge and skill to the needs of the
law is presented. References to literature are assigned for the fuller development
of special topics. Dr. Waddell.
Phthisiotherapy.—Two lectures weekly for four weeks supplemented by
demonstration clinics at the Blue Ridge Sanatorium. Dr. Brown.
Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat.—Two lectures weekly during
the first two terms, supplemented by regular two- to three-hour clinics twice
weekly throughout the session and clinical lectures to sections of the class as
suitable cases occur. The class is divided into small sections and each student
is taught the methods of examination and the use of the ophthalmoscope,
head mirror, and of the laryngeal and post-nasal mirrors. In the clinics
each patient is assigned to a student, who must take the history and keep
the record of that patient; the case is then demonstrated by the professor
in charge, and, if possible, each student makes his own examination under
the personal supervision of the attending physician. Clinical cases are
abundant, and during the year the student sees and handles practically all
the common diseases of the eye, ear and upper respiratory tract. Dr. Hedges
and Dr. Compton.
Hygiene.—One hour weekly throughout the session, and thirteen additional
hours in the second term. The course begins with a historical sketch of the
developments of preventive medicine, including short biographical sketches
of the pioneers of hygiene. With this introduction the story of the natural
history of contagious and infectious diseases, modes of propagation and
methods of prevention engage the attention of the student. With this
preparation, the chemical and bacteriological contamination of food, water,
air and soil is made an important study. Instruction is also begun in the
proper location and construction of habitations, hospitals, schoolhouses, etc.,
with special reference to the modern methods of heating, ventilating and
draining. Notice is taken of the special relations involved in military and
naval hygiene. Dr. Lambeth.
| The University of Virginia record February 15, 1923 | |