University of Virginia Library

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA BRANCH OF THE AMERICAN
INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS.

This branch holds meetings regularly at which various programmes
are carried out. Current literature is abstracted and discussed. Prominent
engineers address the Branch at intervals upon topics of engineering
interest, and members of the Faculty present subjects of interest which
are not in general covered in the regular courses.

SCHEDULE.

                                                                       

	Subject	Lecture Hours	Laboratory Periods	Examination Days
Freshman	Mathematics 100-1-2	M. W. F. 9		II
	Chemistry 300-1-2	T. Th. S. 10	T. Th. S. 12-2	V
	Drawing 600-1-700	T. Th. S. 11	M. W. 11-2	IX
	Shop 660-1-x		Th. F. 3-6
	Field x-x-750		Th. F. S. 3-6
Sophomore	Mathematics 103-4-5	M. W. F. 12		III
	Physics 200-1-2	T. Th. S. 11	M. W. F. 9-11	VI
	Drawing 603-5-4	M. W. F. 11	T. Th. S. 12-2	VIII
	Civil 701-3-2	Th. F. S. 9		I
	Mechanical 800-1-2	Th. F. S. 1		I
	Chemistry 330-1-2	T. Th. S. 10	9 hours a week	V
Junior	Mechanics 500-1-2	M. W. F. 10		I
	Mechanics 503-4-5	M. T. W. 9	S. 9-2	X
	Civil 704-5-6	Th. F. S. 1		V
	Electrical 900-1-2	Th. F. S. 9	M. T. W. Th. 3-5	IV
	Chemistry 333-4-5	M. W. F. 10	12 hours a week	I
	Chemistry 303-4-5	M. W. F. 11	6 hours a week	X
	Mechanical 850-x-x		T. Th. 3-6
	Shop 662-x-3		M. W. 3-6
	Field 751-x-x		Daily 3-6
	Drawing 75x-5-6		12 hours a week
Senior	Mechanics 50x-6-7	T. Th. S. 10		V
	Geology 400-1-2	M T. W. 1	M. W. 10-1	IX
	Geology 403-4-5	M. T. W. 12	6 hours a week	VII
	Mining 420-1-2	Th. F. S. 9		II
	Civil 707-8-x	Th. F. S. 12		II
	Mechanical 803-4-5	Th. F. S. 12		VIII
	Mechanical 806-7-x	M. T. W. 12		II
	Electrical 903-4-5	Th. F. S. 11	M. 10-2	VI
	Electrical 906-7-x	Th. F. S. 12	W. 10-1	II
	Electrical 908-x-x	Th. F. S. 10		V
	Physics 203-1-x	By Ap.	T. Th. 3-5	IV
	Chemistry 306-7-8	T. Th. S. 12	12 hours a week	II
	Chemistry 336-7-8	M. W. F. 3	T. 12-1	VII
	Shop 66x-4-x		12 hours a week

The student is warned to adhere strictly to the regular programmes,
or else to select his courses so as to avoid conflicts of lecture hours, laboratory
periods, and examination days. The Faculty declines to accept any
responsibility for conflicts, unless the same have been authorized in advance
by a special vote of the Faculty.

For the session 1915-16 the initial examination days are 13 Dec.,
19 Mar., 29 May.

EXAMINATIONS AND REPORTS.

Oral examinations are held at the beginning of each lecture hour on
the topics of the preceding lecture. Written test papers are set monthly,
or at such other interval as the professor may appoint. Absences from lecture
except by reason of sickness are not excused without a written leave
from the Dean. Class standing is determined on the basis of the oral
examinations and the written tests. Absence from the latter or failure to
answer incurs a zero grade. Absences from laboratory periods, however
caused, must be made up by special private arrangement with the instructor.

Written examinations are held at the end of each term on the entire
work of that term. The result of the examination combined with the
student's class-standing gives his term-grade. The pass-mark is seventy-five
per cent. Absence from the written term examination incurs a zero
term-grade, which may not be removed except by the passage of a special
written examination on the work of that term. Such special examinations
are granted only upon presentation of a written certificate from a reputable
physician that the student by reason of sickness on the day of the
regular examination was unable to attend.

Regular Reports are sent out at the end of every term to the student's
parent or guardian. These state for each course followed the term-grade
and the number of absences. Further comment may be added by the Dean
or the professor, if it appears probable that such comment would be helpful
to the student. Parents are urged to examine these reports carefully, and
to exert such parental influence as may seem needed to establish and confirm
the student in habits of industry and order.

Special Reports are sent to parents at the end of each month for
students delinquent in attendance or studiousness and for delinquents
only. When a student is making steady progress and showing due diligence
in his work only the regular reports are sent. The receipt of a
special report is evidence that, in the judgment of the Faculty, prompt
and pointed parental admonition is urgently needed.

Re-examinations are held during registration week in September.
To these re-examinations the Faculty will admit, on the recommendation
of his professor, any student of the previous session who in any course
fell below the pass-mark of seventy-five per cent., but made at least
sixty-five per cent. at the regular examination. For every such re-examination
the student must pay to the Bursar on or before July 15th a fee
of $5, which fee is in no case returnable. The student who fails in any
course and does not make up his deficiency on re-examination will be
required to register anew for that course and attend the lectures and
pass the regular examination, unless relieved by special vote of the
Faculty. The Dean will send to every student eligible for re-examination
a programme of the dates of the September examinations.

If in any class in the Department of Engineering a student fails
to make satisfactory progress, he is first admonished by the professor
in charge. In default of prompt and permanent improvement he is next
formally warned by the Dean. If due amendment is then not immediately
effected, the student's name is dropped from the rolls of the Department,
on the ground that he is not accomplishing the purposes for which he
should have entered upon a University course of study.

REGULATIONS.

The following regulations, adopted to define the policy of the Faculty,
are published for the information and guidance of the Students:

1. Practice-courses as well as lecture-courses must be conducted
under the Honor System. The student who submits any work to be
graded is considered to submit it under pledge.

2. When the lecture-course and the associated practice-course are
given in the same term of the same year, no student will be admitted to
examination on the lecture-course until he has completed at least three-fourths
of the practice-course.

3. No student will be admitted to any practice-course unless he is
at the same time pursuing the associated lecture-course, or has already
received credit for the same.

4. No student will be admitted to the graduating examination on a
lecture-course unless he has been present at more than half the lectures
in that course.

5. In the technical courses in Engineering (i. e., courses not given
in the College) term-grades shall not be averaged; except that the term-grades
for Freshman Drawing (600-601-700) may be averaged for first-year
men only, provided no mark is below 65.

6. The pass-mark in every course is 75. If a student's term-grade
in any course is less than 75, but more than 65, he may be admitted by
the Faculty to re-examination at the beginning of the next session, provided
he has completed all the associated practical work of the course.

7. No student who fails to make 75 on re-examination shall be
granted another examination on the course until he has again attended
lectures on that course.

8. Special examinations are not given except by reason of sickness
on the day of examination, attested by the written certificate of a reputable
physician, or for other like providential cause. In every case they
must be validated by special vote of the Faculty.

9. A student whose term-grades average less than 40 for all the
courses in which he is registered shall be at once dropped from the rolls.
If his average is above 40 with no mark above 65, he is placed on probation.

10. A student on probation, who in the next term makes less than
65 on each and all his courses, shall be at once dropped from the rolls.

PROGRAMMES OF STUDY FOR DEGREES IN ENGINEERING.

                                               

	Civil Engineering	Mechanical Engineering	Electrical Engineering	Chemical Engineering	Mining Engineering
Freshman	Math. 100-1-2	Math. 100-1-2	Math. 100-1-2	Math. 100-1-2	Math. 100-1-2
	Chem.[1] 300-1-2	Chem.[2] 300-1-2	Chem.[3] 300-1-2	Chem.[4] 300-1-2	Chem.[5] 300-1-2
	Draw.[6] 600-1-700	Draw.[7] 600-1-700	Draw.[8] 600-1-700	Draw.[9] 600-1-700	Draw.[10] 600-1-700
	Shop 660-1-x	Shop 660-1-x	Shop 660-1-x	Shop 660-1-x	Shop 660-1-x
	Field x-x-750	Field x-x-750	Field x-x-750	Field x-x-750	Field x-x-750
Sophomore	Math. 103-4-5	Math. 103-4-5	Math. 103-4-5	Math. 103-4-5	Math. 103-4-5
	Phys.[11] 200-1-2	Phys.[12] 200-1-2	Phys.[13] 200-1-2	Phys.[14] 200-1-2	Phys.[15] 200-1-2
	Draw.[16] 603-4-5	Draw.[17] 603-4-5	Draw.[18] 603-4-5	Draw.[19] 603-4-5	Draw.[20] 603-4-5
	Engin. 701-2-3	Engin. 800-1-2	Engin. 800-1-2	Chem.[21] 330-1-2	Engin. 800-1-2
Junior					Mechs. 500-1-2
	Mechs. 500-1-2	Mechs. 500-1-2	Mechs. 500-1-2	Chem.[22] 333-4-5	Geol.[23] 400-1-2
	Mechs.[24] 503-4-5	Mechs.[25] 503-4-5	Mechs.[26] 503-4-5	Chem.[27] 303-4-5	Chem. 336-7-8
	Engin. 704-5-6	Engin.[28] 900-1-2	Engin.[29] 900-1-2	Engin. 800-1-2	Engin. 900-1-2
	Field 751	Engin. 850	Engin. 850	Engin. 900-1-2	Engin. 850-950-952
	Draw. 755-6	Shop 662-3	Shop 662-3	Engin. 850-950-952
Senior	Chem. 336	Chem. 336	Chem. 336	Chem. 336-7-8	Chem. 330-1-2
	Mechs. 506-7	Mechs. 506-7	Mechs. 506-7	Mechs. 500-504-505	Mechs. 503-4-5
	Geol.[30] 400-1-2	Engin. 803-4-5	Engin.[31] 903-4-5	Mechs. 553-4-5	Mechs. 553-4-5
	Engin. 707-8	Engin. 806-7	Engin.[32] 906-7	Geol.[33] 400-1-2	Geol.[34] 403-4-5
	Engin. 800-1	Engin. 704	Engin. 860	Chem.[35] 306-7-8	Mining 420-1-2
	Engin. 908	Engin. 860	Phys.[36] 203-4
	Thesis	Shop 664	Thesis
		Thesis

Upon the completion of the four years' course as defined in any one
of the Programmes of Study and the presentation of an acceptable graduating
thesis, the Faculty will award to any student in regular and honorable
standing the appropriate Degree of Civil Engineer, Mechanical
Engineer, Electrical Engineer, Chemical Engineer, or Mining Engineer.
In each programme will be found the Topics of Study for the several
years. The hours for lectures and laboratory exercises and the dates
for the examinations are given in the Schedule.

The student who adheres strictly to any one of the above programmes
will escape all conflicts of lecture hours, laboratory periods,
and examination days.

EXPENSES OF REGULAR STUDENTS.

The average annual expenses of a student who pursues the regular
course in Engineering will be:

             

	Outside Students	Virginians
University Fee	$ 40	$ 20
Tuition and Laboratory Fees (average)	105	65
Living Expenses (for nine months)	250	250
Books and Drawing Materials	20	20
Incidental Expenses (for nine months)	45	45
Total for average conditions	$460	$400

The charges for Tuition are uniform to all students, except that
Virginians are relieved of tuition on courses offered in the College. The
fee for each collegiate class taken will be $25, with the addition of the
prescribed laboratory charges, which are $5 per class for Physics and
$15 for Chemistry. For each class in Analytical Chemistry a special fee
of $50 is charged for tuition, plus $10 for apparatus and supplies. The
fee for each technical lecture-course is $30, for each practice-course in
drawing $15, for each laboratory or practice course in Applied Mechanics,
Engineering, Shop-work, or Field-work $5. These fees include all charge
for laboratory materials; but the student is held further responsible for
breakage.

The Living Expenses include board, lodging, fuel and lights, servant
and laundry; the average is $28 a month, the minimum $20, and a reasonable
maximum $35. Books and Drawing Materials will cost about $80
for the four-year course. Incidental Expenses ought to be kept within
modest bounds; the above estimate is sufficient; large allowances of pocket
money promote idleness and attract companions of the baser sort. No
allowances are made for clothing or travel, the expenses for which vary
too much to be introduced into any general estimate.

The following are payable on entrance: University Fee ($40); Tuition
and Laboratory Fees ($105); Contingent Deposit ($10); Books and
Instruments ($20); and one month's Living Expenses ($35-20). The
student will need at entrance about $200.

SPECIAL COURSE IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING.

In recognition of the growing interest in Good Roads in Virginia
and the immense social and economic importance of the construction of
such roads in all parts of the commonwealth, the Faculty of the Department
of Engineering has rearranged the course of instruction in this topic
and brought them together into the Winter Term, so as to form a Special
Course in Highway Engineering.

To render this work accessible to as many young Virginians as possible,
the University offers a limited number of free scholarships to adequately
prepared students, citizens of Virginia, who shall be nominated
by the Boards of Supervisors of their respective counties. Such students
pay only a $5 fee for the use of field instruments and laboratory equipment.
To others the fee for this special course is $50. The following
summary gives the context of the course:

Lecture-Courses.

       

703.	Roads and Streets. [Newcomb.]	9, Th. F. S.
700.	Plane Surveying. [Newcomb.]	11, T. Th. S.
605.	Structural Design. [Thornton.]	11, M. W. F.
—.	Public lectures by visiting experts.	—

Practice-Courses.

       

753.	Road Materials Laboratory. [Newcomb, Edgar, and Assistants.]
750.	Field Surveying. [Newcomb and Assistants.]
652.	Topographical Drawing. [Hancock and Assistant.]	12-2, M. W. F.
655.	Structural Drawing. [Thornton and Assistant.]	12-2, T. Th. S.

Equipment.

Apparatus for testing non-bituminous road materials (page 32).

Apparatus for testing bituminous road materials (page 32).

Field instruments: transits, levels, plane tables and so on (page 32).

Drafting rooms: desks and instruments (page 30).

Full details are given in the sections of this catalogue indicated by
page and number as above.

Applications for scholarships, accompanied by the required credentials,
should be addressed to the Dean of the Department of Engineering.

ADVANCED STANDING.

Under the elective system of the University of Virginia a student
who has completed courses of college or university grade in other institutions
of learning on mathematical or scientific subjects may be excused
from attendance upon these courses by the Dean, with the advice and
consent of the professor in charge, and will then be registered for the
more advanced work.

In order to secure College Credit upon such courses toward a degree
in Engineering from this University the applicant must show—

1. That the courses offered are coextensive with the corresponding
courses as given in the University of Virginia.

2. That his examination grades on them were not less than the seventy-five
per cent. pass-mark of this University.

Such credits may be granted by the Faculty upon the recommendation
of the Dean and the professors in charge; but are automatically revoked
by the failure of the student to pass in the more advanced courses in the
related topics.

The same rules apply to Credits on Summer School Courses; except
that for courses in the Summer School of this University the examination
questions must be prepared by the professor in charge of the regular course
and the answers must be read and graded by him.

Credits on Practice-Courses in Drawing, Shop-work, or Field-work
may be granted to applicants who have gained in professional practice the
training which these courses represent. Such applicants must file with the
Dean proper certificates from the official under whom the work was done
and must in addition pass a practical test on the subjects for which credit
is desired.

DRAFTING ROOMS AND SHOPS.

The drafting rooms are abundantly lighted and are provided with
solidly constructed tables with locked drawers for instruments and materials.
Each student is assigned to a table and has a drawer for his exclusive
use. The regular Drawing Classes execute each one plate a week
under the supervision of the Instructors in Drawing. The more advanced
students have such additional drawings assigned by their respective professors
as are needed for the full development of the courses of study.

Careful attention is given to the training of the students in free-hand
lettering, in the conventional signs of mechanical drawing, in the proper
lay-out of drawings, and in neat and accurate execution. Exercises are
required also in tracing and in blue-printing, the rooms for which are
conveniently arranged and in close contiguity to the drafting rooms. While,

however, technical dexterity is demanded, the graphical method is taught
and used primarily as an indispensable instrument of research, the thoughtful
mastery of which is essential for the instructed Engineer.

The construction and theory of the Polar Planimeter, the Slide Rule,
and the Pantograph are carefully taught, and the student is trained in the
practical use of these appliances for the rapid and accurate production of
estimates and copies from finished drawings.

The Shop Equipment is throughout of the best quality, the machines
being all from good makers and of sizes ample for the purposes of instruction.
A full outfit of hand tools is maintained at all times. Each shop is
equipped for the instruction of a squad of sixteen students, this being as
large a number as one instructor can properly direct at once.

The Machine Shop is provided with four first-class engine lathes,
illustrating the practice of the best American makers; with a planer, a
shaper, two drill presses, a universal milling machine (Brown and Sharpe),
and a universal grinder (same makers); also with a gas forge for tempering
tools, a cut-off saw for metal rods, an emery wheel, grindstone, and
so on.

The Wood Shop is furnished with five small lathes, a large pattern
maker's lathe, a jointer, a planer, a saw bench for slitting and cross-cutting,
a band-saw, a jig-saw, and a wood trimmer for pattern making, six cabinet
maker's benches, and an ample supply of the familiar hand tools.

The Foundry has a cupola furnace for working cast iron, a brass
furnace, a core oven, and all needful accessories for moulding and casting;
the blast for the cupola is furnished by a special blower, driven by a small
high-speed steam engine.

The Forge Room is equipped with Buffalo down-draft forges; and the
necessary smith's tools; the draft is furnished by an engine-driven blower,
and the exhaust is operated by a fan driven also by the engine.

LABORATORY WORK IN APPLIED MECHANICS.

The Sinclair Laboratory for work in Strength of Materials was
founded on the original donation of Mrs. John Sinclair, of New York
City, as a memorial to her late husband. The collection has since been
considerably enlarged. It contains Riehle and Olsen machines, each of
100,000 pounds capacity, arranged for tensile, compressive, and transverse
tests; an Olsen torsion machine of 50,000 inch-pounds capacity; an Olsen
compression machine of 40,000 pounds capacity; a Ewing tester for the
elasticity of rods; hand machines for testing rods and wires under pull
and small specimens of timber and cast iron under transverse loads; Fair-banks
and Olsen cement testers of 1,000 pounds capacity each; appliances

for torsional tests on both long wires and short wires; together with the
necessary accessory measuring instruments for utilizing these machines.

The laboratory equipment for work in Hydraulics comprises a steel
tank for weir experiments with adjustable bronze notches; a hook gauge
for accurate measurement of surface levels; a cast-iron stand pipe with
adjustable bronze orifices for experiments on efflux; a series of pipes with
bends, elbows, and tees for measuring pipe friction; and the proper manometers
and gauges for reading pressures. For the field-work the outfit
of field instruments has been enlarged by a current meter of modern construction
and a set of hollow copper ball floats for direct stream velocity
measurements.

FIELD AND LABORATORY WORK IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

The outfit of Field Instruments contains compasses, transits, and levels
of various approved makes; a solar transit, furnished also with stadia
wires and gradienter for tachymetric work; hand-levels and clinometers
for field topography; plane tables; a sextant; together with an adequate
supply of leveling rods, telemeter rods, signal poles, chains, tapes, pins,
and so on. For hydraulic surveys a hook gauge and a current meter are
provided. All students are instructed in the theory and adjustments of
the field instruments and in their practical use in the field. They are also
required to make up their field-books in standard forms; to reduce their
surveys and execute all the necessary profiles, plans, and maps; and to
determine lengths, areas, and volumes both from the maps and from the
original notes. Polar planimeters are provided for facilitating such estimates
and a pantograph for making reduced copies of finished drawings.

The apparatus for tests of Non-bituminous Road Materials includes a
two-cylinder Deval abrasion machine, a ball mill, a moulding press for
briquettes of rock dust, a Page impact cementation tester, a Page impact
toughness tester, a rock crusher and a Purdue brick rattler. This outfit
the University owes to the generous aid of Dr. Logan Waller Page. In
addition, the Department has acquired a 40,000-pound compression tester,
a diamond core drill, a diamond rock saw, a grinding lap, a Westphal balance,
specific gravity apparatus, and a complete set of sieves. Useful
researches in the road-building rocks and gravels of Virginia, as well as
the standard tests, are conducted each year by the class in Civil Engineering.

Provision has been recently made of apparatus for tests of Bituminous
Road Materials. This includes the New York Testing Laboratory penetrometer,
the Hirschbaum ductility machine, the Engler viscosimeter, the
asphalt viscosimeter, the New York Testing Laboratory extractor, the New
York State Board of Health oil tester, Hubbard pyknometers, asphalt flow
plates, gas and electric hot plates, and all the accessory apparatus needed
for research on bituminous road-binders

LABORATORY WORK IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

The Steam Engine Tests are made on the high-speed Ball engine, which
operates the shops. This motor has been specially equipped for the purpose.
It receives steam from the main line through a Sweet separator; humidity
determinations are thus made twice—once by a separating calorimeter
before the steam enters the separator, and again by a throttling calorimeter
as it enters the cylinder. It is fitted with proper indicators, and permanent
indicator rigging so that at any time cards may be taken and the
indicated horse-power determined. In like manner a friction brake is so
arranged that it may be at once applied for the determination of brake
horse-power. Connections are so made with a Wheeler surface condenser
that the engine may at will be operated either condensing or non-condensing.
Provisions are made for measuring the temperatures and the amounts
of the condensing water and the condensed steam produced during the
run. With these data a complete heat balance of the experimental run
is attainable.

The Steam Turbine Tests are made on a DeLaval 30 horsepower
turbine direct-connected to a 25 kva. alternating current generator. The
turbine takes steam from the main line through a Cochrane separator;
humidity tests are made with a throttling calorimeter below the separator.
Pressure gauges indicate the steam pressure before and after passing
the governor and after expansion in the nozzles. Humidity tests of
exhaust steam are made with a separating calorimeter. The turbine has
interchangeable nozzles for saturated steam exhausting to atmosphere;
for saturated steam exhausting to condenser; for superheated steam
exhausting to condenser. Steam consumption is determined by weighing
the condensate. Power output is measured at the generator, the efficiency
of the latter being known.

The Steam Pump Tests are made on a Worthington direct acting
duplex pump, receiving steam from the main line and exhausting either
to atmosphere or condenser. By weighing the condensed steam the hourly
consumption is determined. The pump draws water from a concrete tank
in the floor of the laboratory and delivers it to a copper-lined tank in the
attic under a head of forty-five feet. Water from the attic tank is
returned to a wrought-iron weir tank in the laboratory, and thence to the
concrete tank. In the weir tank quantity of water delivered is measured.
Velocity head is determined indirectly from the quantity and the known
area of the discharge nozzle. Friction head is determined independently,
and steam consumption per developed horse-power is computed.

The Air Compressor Tests are made on a Remington Ammonia compressor,
4″ × 6″ double cylinder, single acting, so arranged that it may
be connected either to the refrigerating machine or an air storage tank

of ample capacity. Temperature of the storage tank is determined at a
thermometer cup passing well across the diameter of the tank near its
central portion. From the temperature, pressure, and the known capacity
of the tank compressor-capacity is determined; a check on the capacity
from the indicator diagrams being thus obtained. Power imput is measured
by a calibrated electric motor which drives the compressor.

The Air Engine Tests are made on a 3″ × 4″ single cylinder double
acting engine receiving air from the storage tank at any desired pressure
below 100 pounds. The engine is permanently rigged for taking indicator
diagrams, the intake air temperature being determined near the cylinder.
A friction brake and a revolution counter provide means for determining
power output.

This equipment provides for the determination of (a) Mechanical
efficiency of the compressor, (b) Cylinder efficiency of the compressor,
(c) Efficiency of transmission, (d) Cylinder efficiency of the engine, (e)
Mechanical efficiency of the engine, (f) Over-all efficiency of the air plant.

For Steam Boiler Tests the boilers of the university heating and
lighting plant are available. The department is equipped with the necessary
apparatus—thermometers, gauges, steam calorimeters, fuel calorimeters,
gas analyzers, scales, tanks, and so on. Students of Mechanical
Engineering are taught by practical lessons in the boiler-room the standard
methods for boiler trials, and the class makes each session at least
one complete trial.

The Gas Engine Tests are made on an Otto machine of 15 I. H. P.
and 12 B. H. P. This is also provided with its friction brake, indicator
rigging, and indicator. The cooling water is run in from calibrated tanks
and provision is made for observing not only its amount but the initial
and final temperatures. Gasoline or alcohol is used as fuel, and is run
in from a graduated wrought-iron bottle, so that the amount consumed
is determined. The heating power is obtained by an independent test with
a Rosenhain calorimeter. Samples of the burnt gases are drawn from
the exhaust pipe and analyzed in an Orsat gas apparatus. With these
data, and the observed numbers of revolutions and explosions, the heat
balance is worked out.

The Refrigerating Tests are made on a Remington Ice Machine of
one ton capacity. This is an ammonia compression machine driven by an
electric motor. Instead of brine, plain water is used, heated by a steam
jet to 100 degrees and then cooled down to 40 degrees by the machine.
A run is first made with the pipes empty in order to determine the friction
horse-power. The ammonia is then turned on and the run is made under
load. In both cases the power consumed is measured both by wattmeter
and by ammeter and voltmeter readings. The tanks are accurately calibrated

and careful measurements of the temperature are made through
the run. Indicator cards are also taken from the ammonia cylinders and
the number of revolutions is registered by counter. With these data the
mechanical and thermodynamic performance of the machine are figured
out.

For Engine Balancing Experiments the 3″ × 4″ air engine is provided
with detachable weights which may be clamped at any desired position
relative to the crank and the axis of the main shaft. The engine is
then suspended by coil springs; the exactness of the balance from previously
computed weights being determined by the nature of vibration
of the suspended frame.

LABORATORY WORK IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

The Scott Laboratory of Electrical Engineering.—This laboratory
was initially equipped and endowed by Mrs. Frances Branch Scott, of
Richmond, Va., as a memorial to her late son, an alumnus of this university.
During the year 1910 the equipment was substantially increased
through the generosity of the Hon. Charles R. Crane, of Chicago, Ill., a
friend of the university. During 1912, still further substantial additions
were made, consisting of measuring instruments, auxiliary control apparatus,
and more particularly a steam-turbine driven alternating current,
three-phase, generator with exciter and control switchboard.

In addition to full sets of electric meters with the appliances for
testing and calibrating them, galvanometers of the best modern types,
standard cells and resistances, standard condensers, and other pieces of
apparatus for minor tests, it contains numerous pieces of the very best
construction. Such are the Wolff Potentiometer, the Siemens and Halske
Thomson Double Bridge, the Koepsel Permeameter, the Duddell Double
Projection Oscillograph, the Station Photometer with Lummer-Brodhun
screen, the Carey-Foster Bridge and others. For the work in machine
testing there are a number of direct current generators and motors, series,
shunt and compound, an interpole motor, a double current generator, a
two-phase alternator, a General Electric experimental test set for alternating
current, comprising a generator furnishing single, two, three, six
or twelve-phase current, and, in addition, offering three types of induction
motors with all necessary starting and controlling devices, a single-phase
repulsion motor, a two-phase induction motor, two three-phase induction
motors, several pairs of constant voltage transformers, a constant current
transformer, frequency meters, power factor indicator, synchronism indicator,
ground detector and the auxiliary apparatus used in testing these
machines. The laboratory has been arranged with a system of universal
plug and receptacle connections to facilitate the setting up of all experimental
combinations.

The laboratory work is carried on by the students in squads or groups
of two or three and is so arranged that each student will become familiar
with all the details and connections of each particular test. A most
important feature of the laboratory instruction is the required preparation
of a preliminary report on each experiment before the actual test
is carried out. These preliminary reports are written up in the classroom
at assigned hours and consist of a complete résumé of the test under
discussion. The object, the theory, the scheme of connections necessary,
the choice of measuring instruments and all auxiliary devices needful for
the proper performance of the experiment are here worked out and this
preliminary report is handed in for correction or approval. After approval,
the test is assigned for a definite laboratory hour and the work is then
carried through. A final report is then handed in consisting of the preliminary
and the additional data in tabulated and in graphical form. Such
a final report comprises a complete text on any given experiment and will
prove of great value in later work in commercial fields. It is recognized
that the outlined method for laboratory work is of the greatest benefit to
the student inasmuch as it requires a thorough understanding of each given
test, and at the same time inculcates habits of self-reliance and a spirit
of originality which can not prove to be other than beneficial in the later
work when the engineer must rely to a great extent upon his own ingenuity.

BUILDINGS.

The buildings devoted wholly or in part to the work of the Department
of Engineering are the following:

The Mechanical Laboratory is the main seat of the instruction in
technical studies. It is 180 by 70 feet and contains on the main floor the
Dean's office and the offices of the three other professors; the main lecture-room;
the laboratory of electrical engineering; and the drafting-room for
the First and Second-Year students. Above are a smaller drafting-room
for advanced students, and blue-print and photographic rooms. Below on
the ground floor are another classroom, the testing laboratories, the wood
shop, the metal shop, apparatus and storerooms, the toolroom, and the
students' lavatory.

The Power House is a single-story building 110 by 40 feet. In addition
to the university boiler plant and the electric lighting plant, this contains
the foundry and the forge-room. The boiler plant consists of two
horizontal return-tubular boilers, each of 140 horse-power. The lighting
plant consists of three electric generators directly connected to high-speed
engines, the respective capacities being 25, 50, and 75 kilowatts. The whole
plant is available for purposes of instruction, study and experiment.

The Laboratory of General Chemistry, situated at the southern end
of West Range, is one of the older buildings recently remodelled and fitted
up for the work of instruction in undergraduate chemistry. It is furnished
with all the necessary apparatus and supplies, and is comfortably heated
and lighted. The engineering students, who are taught in a separate section,
have three hours in lecture each week and six hours in the laboratory.
The work is specially adapted to their needs. The room used for work in
Organic Chemistry is at the northern end of West Range.

The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry is 150 by 60 feet. It is a
single-story building, containing the lecture-rooms, the laboratory of analytical
chemistry, the rooms for assaying, the balance-rooms, the offices and
private laboratories of the professor of Industrial and Analytical Chemistry,
and a number of storerooms. These contain not only the usual laboratory
supplies, but an extensive collection of specimens, illustrating very
completely the processes and products of industrial chemistry, and of especial
interest to engineering students.

The Geological Museum is 120 by 50 feet. It is a three-story building.
The main floor is devoted to the very extensive geological collection of
specimens, charts, relief maps, and so on. The gallery above contains an
equally good collection of minerals and numerous models of typical crystallographic
forms. The upper floor contains the lecture-rooms and the
laboratories of Economic Geology. In the basement are stored subsidiary
collections and new material accumulated in more recent geological surveys.

The Physical Laboratory faces the Mechanical Laboratory on the opposite
side of the quadrangle, and has almost the same proportions. The
main floor contains the lecture-room, the professors' offices, the laboratory
of experimental physics, and the storeroom for the very large collection of
apparatus used in the lectures. On the ground floor is the laboratory of
theoretical electricity, the storage battery room, a well-equipped shop for
the repair and manufacture of apparatus, and numerous smaller rooms for
the work of graduate students.