 | The University of Virginia record February, 1909 |  |
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING.
| EDWIN ANDERSON ALDERMAN, D. C. L., LL. D., | President. |
| WILLIAM MYNN THORNTON, LL. D., | Dean. |
| FRANCIS HENRY SMITH, M. A., LL. D., | Emeritus Professor of Natural Philosophy. |
| JOHN WILLIAM MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S. | Emeritus Professor of General and Industrial Chemistry. |
| WILLIAM MORRIS FONTAINE, M. A., | Professor of Geology and Mineralogy. |
| WILLIAM MYNN THORNTON, LL. D., | Professor of Applied Mathematics. |
| FRANCIS PERRY DUNNINGTON, B. S., C. E., | Professor of Analytical Chemistry. |
| WILLIAM HOLDING ECHOLS, B. S., C. E., | Professor of Pure Mathematics. |
| JAMES MORRIS PAGE, M. A., Ph. D., | Professor of Pure Mathematics. |
| ROBERT MONTGOMERY BIRD, B. S., Ph. D., | Collegiate Professor of Chemistry. |
| THOMAS LEONARD WATSON, Ph. D., | Professor of Economic Geology. |
| LEWIS LITTLEPAGE HOLLADAY, B. S., | Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering |
| JOHN LLOYD NEWCOMB, A. B., C. E., | Adjunct Professor of Civil Engineering. |
| LLEWELYN GRIFFITH HOXTON, B. S., M. A., | Adjunct Professor of Physics. |
| CHARLES HANCOCK, B. S., | Adjunct Professor of Mechanical Engineering. |
| MATTHEW HUME BEDFORD, Ph. D., | Adjunct Professor of Chemistry. |
| JOHN WINFREE WEST, M. E., | Instructor in Drawing. |
| WALTER JONES LAIRD, | Instructor in Field-work. |
| JOHN MORIN GALLALEE, | Instructor in Shop-Work. |
| JOHN JENNINGS LUCK, M. A., Ph. D., | Instructor in Mathematics. |
| EMMET YOUNG BURTON, | Instructor in Mathematics. |
| JAMES NEWTON MICHIE, B. A., B. S., | Instructor in Mathematics. |
| CHARLES WATSON GIVENS, B. A., | Instructor in Mathematics. |
| DAVID VANCE GUTHRIE, M. A., Ph. D., | Instructor in Physics. |
| HENRY BOYD ANDREWS, | Assistant in Field-Work. |
| JAMES VASS BROOKE, | Assistant in Mechanics. |
| WILSON STANLEY BUTLER, B. A., | Assistant in Physics. |
| STANLEY REEVES, B. A., | Assistant in Physics. |
| TURNER MOREHEAD HARRIS, A. B., | Assistant in Chemistry. |
| JOHN HARRISON WELLFORD, | Assistant in Chemistry. |
ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS.
For admission to the regular Freshman Class in the Department
of Engineering the candidate must be at least sixteen years old. He
must present a certificate of honorable withdrawal from the school
last attended, or other valid proof of general good character. And
he must satisfy the Dean of the University as to his adequate preparation
for the work by passing the Entrance Examinations specified
below or by the presentation of equivalent certificates of preparation
signed by the President of a recognized institution of collegiate rank,
or by the Principal of an accredited high school. The topics required
for entrance and their values in units are as follows:
| English A.—Grammar and Grammatical Analysis | 1 |
| English B.—Composition and Rhetoric | 1 |
| English C.—Critical Study of Specimens of Literature | 1 |
| Mathematics A.—Algebra to Quadratics | 1 |
| Mathematics B.—Quadratics, Progressions, Binomial Formula | 1 |
| Mathematics C.—Plane Geometry | 1 |
| Mathematics D.—Solid Geometry | ½ |
| Mathematics E.—Plane Trigonometry | ½ |
| History.—Ancient; Medieval; English; American (any two) | 2 |
| Electives | 5 |
| Total | 14 |
The candidate is recommended to include among his five electives
Physical Geography, Chemistry, and Physics (valued at 1 unit each).
(4 units), German (2 units), French (2 units), Spanish (2 units),
Botany (half unit), Zoology (half unit), Mechanical Drawing (1 unit),
Shop-work (1 unit).
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
The candidate who has satisfied the requirements for entrance as
above defined is matriculated as a student of Engineering and admitted
to the regular Freshman Class. The studies of this class comprise
lecture-courses in Mathematics 1, Physics 1, and Chemistry 1, with
associated laboratory courses in Physics, Chemistry, and Drawing, as
specified below.
For advancement to the Sophomore Class the student must have
completed at least two thirds of his Freshman work. Upon entering
this class he elects his specialty. The courses thereafter diverge according
as the student is an applicant for a degree in Civil, Mechanical,
Electrical, Mining, or Chemical Engineering. Programmes of
study for each degree are given below.
The courses are so ordered that the specified entrance requirements
are adequate for the work of the Freshman Year. Each succeeding
year presupposes the completion of the work for all the foregoing
years. Students are advised to adhere strictly to the regular programmes.
The arrangements specified in them have been carefully
planned and are the best. Haphazard election is discouraged and in
extreme cases will be prohibited. No student will be registered for
a course unless in the opinion both of the Dean and of the professor
his preliminary training has fitted him for the profitable pursuit of
that course.
Students are especially advised against the attempt to crowd too
many studies into their scheme of work, and are warned that admission
to advanced courses will be granted only to those who have
adequate mathematical and scientific training to profit by them. Men
overloaded with work, too great in volume or in difficulty for their
powers, suffer inevitable discouragement and incur almost certain
failure.
Mathematics 1. [Page.]
In Trigonometry, a complete course in Plane and Spherical
Trigonometry is pursued with constant drill in the solution of problems,
and exercises in the use of logarithms.
In Algebra, the work begins with the Progressions and proceeds
with the study of the Binomial Formula, Convergence and Divergence
Series. The study of Inequalities and Determinants prepares
for the Theory of Equations with which the course is closed.
In elementary Analytical Geometry the study of Cartesian and
Polar Coordinates is followed by numerous exercises on the graphical
representation of equations. Special attention is given to the straight
line and the representation of the general equation of the first degree
in two variables. The course is intended to prepare for the fuller
study of the Analytical Geometry of the conic sections.
Mathematics 2. [Echols].
The subject matter of this course consists of the Analytical Geometry
of the Conic Sections beginning with the circle; Differential Calculus:
Integral Calculus. It is expected to conclude the work in Analytical
Geometry early in November and then to take up the Differential
Calculus which is discussed until the March examinations. The last
term of the session is devoted exclusively to the Integral Calculus.
Applicants for advanced standing must pass a written examination
on the topics of Mathematics 1.
Mechanics 1. [Thornton].
The Fall Term is devoted to General Mechanics. The fundamental
laws of motion, force, and energy are established and applied to
the Statics and Dynamics of material particles and rigid bodies.
The work of the Winter Term is in Graphical Statics. The graphical
method is studied and applied to the analysis of roofs, bridges,
dams, walls, chimneys, and so on. The elements of the Strength
of Materials are also taught.
In the Spring Term a careful study is made of Hydrostatics and
elementary Hydraulics. Special attention is given to problems of
large technical importance; such as the design of dams, aqueducts,
and pipe lines; the theory of the barometer and so on.
Parallel with the lecture courses are given extended laboratory
courses on the testing of cements and mortars, of timber, and of iron
and steel and other metals.
Mechanics 2. [Thornton].
The work of the Fall Term is Strength of Materials. The fundamental
laws of strength and elasticity are developed and applied to
the analysis and design of the elements of structures and machines
The Winter Term is given to the study of the Stability of Structures;
as for example Continuous Girders and Trusses, Retaining
so on.
In the Spring Term a course is given on Hydraulics and Hydraulic
Motors, in which the fundamental principles of this science are established
and applied to the great problems of Hydraulic Engineering;
as for example the design of aqueducts and pipe lines, the analysis
and test of turbines and pumps, the gauging of rivers, and so on.
The practical courses, which run parallel with the lecture courses,
include advanced work in the Strength and Elasticity of Materials;
laboratory practice in Hydraulic Measurements (efflux, pipe friction,
pressure, buoyancy, and so on); and field exercises in gauging the
flow of rivers and canals.
Mechanics 3. [Thornton].
This course constitutes a complete survey of Analytical Mechanics.
The Fall Term is given to Analytical Statics, the Winter Term
to the Dynamics of a Particle, the Spring Term, to the Dynamics of a
Rigid Body. For illustrative material use is made not only of such
classical topics as harmonic motion, projectile motion, planetary
motion, meteoric motion, motion in resisting media and so on; but
examples are taken also from engineering practice in the Kinematics
of Machines, the Dynamics of the Steam Engine, the Balancing of
Single and Coupled Engines, and others of the great problems of
scientific engineering.
Physics 1. [Hoxton].
General Physics.—This course is intended to include Elementary
Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity and Magnetism. Instruction
is given by lectures and text-books, with illustrative experiments
and numerical problems. The student is expected to spend, during
the greater part of each term, from five to six hours a week in the
laboratory, performing simple quantitative experiments, of which
written reports are to be submitted. This includes one hour set
apart for quizzing.
Physics 2. [Hoxton].
Electricity and Magnetism.—The elements of the mathematical
theory are developed, making free use of the methods of the calculus,
beginning, however, with fundamental principles the subject. Laboratory
work more advanced than that in Physics 1 will be required, occupying
the student from four to six hours a week, and aiming at the
more exact measurement of the chief physical quantities here dealt
with.
Chemistry 1. [Bird].
This class meets three times a week for lectures and works six
hours a week in the laboratory. It studies the fundamental principles
of General Chemistry—Inorganic, Organic, and Physical; but devotes
most of the time to the significant phenomena of Inorganic Chemistry.
At appropriate places the foundation of Analytical Chemistry are
taught and such special exercises are given as will emphasize the
more important chemical properties of the structural materials of
Engineering, fuels, and so on. No previous study of Chemistry is
demanded; but to students, who have received preliminary instruction
in a chemical laboratory, the exercises assigned are of a somewhat
more advanced type.
Chemistry 2. [Bird and Bedford].
This course consists of two divisions: Part I in Elementary
Organic Chemistry: Part II in Elementary Physical Chemistry. The
class meets three times a week for lectures and works six hours a
week in the laboratory. For Part II no knowledge of the Calculus is
required.
Chemistry 3. [Bird and Bedford].
This is a course in Advanced General Chemistry. There are three
lectures a week and at least nine hours a week must be devoted to
laboratory studies.
Analytical Chemistry 1. [Dunnington].
This course consists of three lessons a week throughout the
session, after each of which the students spend three or four hours
in practical experiments in the Laboratory. A course in Chemical
manipulation is first given, then Blowpipe Analysis, Fire Assaying of
Ores of Lead, Gold, and Silver, and a systematic course in Inorganic
Qualitative Analysis, followed by practice in analysis of salts, alloys,
and ores, determination of minerals and the examination of potable
water, coal, limestone, clay, and so on, together with some simpler
quantitative determinations. Weekly written exercises are required.
Analytical Chemistry 2. [Dunnington].
The work of the second course is also given in three lessons a
week throughout the session, each being followed by four hours or
more of practical laboratory work. This course is primarily one in
Quantitative Analysis. After some training in manipulation and gravimetric
estimations, the class pursues volumetric estimations and a full
steel, technical products, and so on. Weekly written exercises are
required. As the student advances in the course he is encouraged to
undertake original research and assist in its prosecution; and in determining
his fitness for graduation, work of this kind is considered
as having much weight.
The laboratory is open to students six days in the week, during
all the working hours of the day.
Industrial Chemistry 1. [Dunnington].
This course is concerned with the applications of chemistry to the
purposes of human life. It examines in detail the chemical principles
and processes specially involved in the more important arts and manufactures;
as for example the Metallurgy of iron, steel, copper, and all
the important metals: the Manufacture of limes, cements, mortars,
and other building materials: the Chemistry of explosives, lubricants,
paints, and other preservatives. Exercises in chemical computations
are regularly required.
The collections of the University in illustration of the processes
and products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured at much
expense and pains in this country, England, France, and Germany,
and are unusually extensive and good; among the best on this side
of the Atlantic.
Geology 1. [Watson].
General Geology.—A course of three lectures per week and nine
additional hours per week for laboratory and field work, and private
study, throughout the year. The divisions of Dynamical, Structural,
and Physiographical Geology are covered in considerable detail.
Special emphasis is given the common rock-forming minerals and
rocks, building stones and ores.
Geology 2. [Watson].
Economic Geology.—This course is designed to give a general
but comprehensive account of the origin, nature, distribution and uses
of the metallic and non-metallic products, with especial reference to
those of the United States. Lectures, collateral reading, laboratory
and field work to the amount of twelve hours per week throughout
the year.
Civil Engineering 1. [Newcomb].
Plane Surveying.—Lectures on the use and adjustment of the
Surveying; the methods and proper conduct of Land, Mine, City, and
Hydrographic Surveys. Practical field exercises with Compass, Level,
Transit and Stadia.
Curves and Earthwork.—Lectures on Simple, Compound, Transition
and Vertical Curves; the form of Excavations and Embankments.
Earthwork Surveys, Computation of Volumes, Formation of Embankments,
Computation of Haul, Cost of Earthwork, Blasting. Practical
exercises in Map Drawing and Topography.
Building Construction.—Lectures on the Materials of Construction;
Soil Foundations; the design and construction of Walls, Floors,
Partitions and Roofs of buildings. Practical exercises in Structural
Drawing. Laboratory tests of Building Materials.
Civil Engineering 2. [Newcomb].
Masonry Construction.—Lectures on Foundations; the design and
construction of Dams, Retaining Walls, Bridge Piers and Abutments,
Culverts, Arches; the Theory of Reenforced Concrete; the design
and construction of Reenforced Concrete Structures. Practical exercises
in the design of Masonry Structures and Structural Drawing.
Short Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction
of standard types of Steel and Timber Bridges. Each student makes a
complete bridge design with all necessary computations and drawings.
Railway Engineering.—Lectures on Reconnoissance and Preliminary
Surveys, Office Location, Field Location; the construction, maintenance
and operation of Railroads. In Field Work the class is divided
into squads, each squad making complete Surveys, Maps, Profiles,
and Estimates for a mile of located line.
Civil Engineering 3. [Newcomb].
Long Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction of
the more intricate Simple Trusses, Cantilever Bridges, Steel Arches.
Continuous Girders, and Swing Bridges. Each student is required to
work out stress sheets and general drawings for specified types of long
span Bridges.
Water Works and Sewers.—Lectures on the quality, sources, collection,
conveyance, purification and distribution of City Water Supplies;
the laws of flow in pipe lines and aqueducts; the drainage of
houses and streets; the collection and conveyance of sewage; the
disposal of sewage; the construction and maintenance of works. Practical
exercises in the design of pipe lines and sewers.
Roads, Streets, and Street Railways.—Lectures on the Principles
of Road Location; the Construction and Maintenance of Earth Roads,
Broken Stone Roads, Gravel Roads; the pavements for City Streets
and Sidewalks; the Location and Construction of Street Railways.
Laboratory tests for Road Materials.
Mechanical Engineering 1. [Hancock].
Machine Kinematics.—A careful study of plane, spheric, and screw
motions, turning pairs, slider crank chains, cams, ratchets, escapements,
toothed gears and so on. Free use is made of the drawing
board, the greater bulk of the work consisting in the graphic solution
of problems and the production of finished plates.
Shop work under instructors in Joinery and Turning.
Machine Design.—Consideration of the straining actions to which
machine parts are subjected; analysis and design of machine parts,
such as fastenings, journals, shafts and bearings, the investigation of
these parts or elements being, so far as is possible, independent of
their application to any special machine. Both carefully penciled
designs and finished plates are required.
Shop work under instructors in the Machine Shop.
Elementary Steam Engineering.—An elementary study of the
properties of steam; of the standard modern types of steam boilers,
engines, feed water heaters, and condensers; of gas, gasoline, oil, and
alcohol engines; and of steam turbines. Laboratory exercises in
steam tests for pressure, temperature and humidity; and in tests of
steam and gasoline engines for speed, horse-power, and mechanical
efficiency.
Mechanical Engineering 2. [Hancock].
Steam Engines and Steam Boilers.—Thermodynamics of the steam
engine; behavior of steam in the engine cylinder; effects of superheating,
jacketing, compounding, and condensing; study of the steam
boiler as a means of transferring heat energy from fuel to engine,
based on a preliminary study of the heat values of fuels, of economizers
and of feed water heaters. Laboratory tests for the steam consumption,
heat consumption, and thermodynamic efficiency of a steam
engine.
Shop work under instructors in Pattern Making.
Engine and Boiler Design.—Study and design of valves, vaive
gears, and governors; straining actions to which engine parts are
subjected and the design of these parts; balancing the engine; capacity,
artificial and natural draft and chimney design; design of steam mains
and boiler accessories. A complete engine and boiler design are required
of each student.
Shop work under instructors in the Forge Shop and in the Foundry.
Steam Turbines and Gas Engines.—Thermodynamic theory of the
steam turbine; behavior of steam in nozzles and flow from orifices;
power and efficiency of the turbine; materials of construction, mechanics
of the turbine, and balancing the motor; study of standard types
of turbines. Theory of internal combustion engines; power, efficiency,
and economy; forces due to gas pressure and inertia; dimensions of
the engine parts. Laboratory exercises in thermodynamic and mechanical
efficiency tests of gasoline and alcohol engines. Complete
test of a steam power plant in the vicinity.
Mechanical Engineering 3. [Hancock].
Hydraulic Machinery.—Review of Theoretical Hydraulics as applied
to efflux from orifices, weirs, nozzles, and flow in pipes, canals,
and rivers; computation of the horse-power of streams and of hydraulic
transmissions; pressure machines, reciprocating pumps, water
wheels, turbines and centrifugal pumps. Complete hydraulic and
mechanical efficiency test of some water-power plant in the vicinity.
Heating and Ventilation.—Careful study and analysis of fuels
and determination of heat-values; types and arrangement of furnaces
and boilers; settings, appliances, and pipe fittings; principles of ventilation;
heat given off from radiating surfaces; systems of heating
and their design; special study of heating and ventilating public
buildings from the standpoint of correct sanitation. Laboratory exercises
in fuel tests, radiation from heating surfaces, and efficiency
tests of heating systems in large buildings.
Locomotive Engineering.—Study of the peculiarities in design
of locomotive furnaces and boilers, forced draft; valves and valve
gears; inertia effects on moving parts, their strength and design;
engine balancing; tractive force, hauling capacity, efficiency, and economy;
examination of the peculiar demands of service and investigation
of the means used to meet these demands.
Electrical Engineering 1. [Holladay].
The work of the Fall Term is devoted to the study of the fundamental
principles of Electrical Measurements, and Electric and Magnetic
Circuits. The Arithmetic of Electrical Engineering is emphasized
course in the laboratory familiarizes the student with measuring instruments
and their uses in making tests.
The work of the Winter Term is devoted to the study of the theory
and operation of Direct Current Machinery. In the laboratory the
student submits his theory to test by determining the characteristics
and constants of commercial types of Direct Current Generators and
Motors.
During the Spring Term a study of Telephony is undertaken in
which the general principles of telephony, the design and construction
of commercial apparatus and the circuits connecting such apparatus
into operative systems are discussed.
The year's work is completed by a brief study of Primary and
Secondary Batteries, the theory of their reactions, the methods of
manufacture, and some of the uses of batteries.
Electrical Engineering 2. [Holladay].
The Fall Term is devoted to the study of the fundamental principles
of Alternating Currents and Alternating Current Apparatus.
The physics of the phenomena is emphasized and by the use of
numerous exercises the student is thoroughly drilled in original calculations.
The course is paralleled by selected laboratory exercises
which give the use of standardizing apparatus.
The Winter Term is given to the study of Photometry, Electric
Lighting, and Low Voltage Power Distributions. The student is familiarized
with the different types of Photometers, Photometric Standards,
Incandescent Lamps, Arc Lamps, and Systems of Electrical
Distribution. In the laboratory the student tests various types of
commercial lamps, and studies their luminous effects, efficiencies and
general characteristics.
The Spring Term is devoted to the Design of Electrical Apparatus.
Calculations are made of the electric, magnetic and mechanical parts
of Direct Current Machines, Transformers, and Alternators; and the
operation of certain laboratory apparatus is presented and the calculations
are verified by test of the apparatus itself.
Electrical Engineering 3. [Holladay].
The Fall Term is devoted to an advanced study of Alternating
Current Phenomena as encountered in complex Electric Circuits, Transformers,
Induction Motors, Frequency Changers, Alternators and Synchronous
Motors. The Vector Method is freely employed as by its use
simplified.
During the Winter Term a study is made of Electric Traction and
Traction Apparatus, including the various types of Direct and Alternating
Current railway motors, controllers, brakes, rolling stock,
track, train performance, and electric railway economics.
The work of the Spring Term is in part a resumé of the entire
course, embracing a general study of the Generation and Transmission
of Electrical Energy, Prime Movers, Generating apparatus, auxiliary
apparatus, switchboards, High Tension Transmission Lines, and economic
designs of modern Electric plants and Transmission Systems.
Laboratory exercises run parallel with the lectures throughout the
entire course.
Mining Engineering 1. [Newcomb and Hancock].
Plane Surveying.—Lectures on the uses and adjustments of the
Compass, Level, Transit and Stadia; on the computations of the
Surveyor; on the conduct of Land, Mine, City, and Hydrographic
Surveys. Practical field exercises with Compass, Level, Transit, and
Stadia.
Machine Design.—Lectures on the straining actions in Machine
Parts; on the analysis and design of such parts as fastenings, journals,
shafts, and bearings. Drafting exercises including both carefully
penciled designs, and finished plates in Machine Drawing.
Elementary Steam Engineering.—Lectures on the properties of
Steam; on the standard modern types of boilers, engines, condensers,
and feed-water heaters; on modern gas, gasoline, and alcohol engines;
and on the steam turbine. Laboratory exercises in testing steam for
pressure, temperature, and humidity; and steam and gasoline engines
for speed, horse-power, and mechanical efficiency.
[This course is identical with Chemical Engineering 1].
Mining Engineering 2. [Holladay and Newcomb].
Electrical Measurements.—Lectures on the principles of electrical
measurements, and of electric and magnetic circuits. Practical exercises
in the arithmetic of Electrical Engineering, involving the solution
by the student of numerous well-graded problems. Laboratory
work on measuring instruments, and their uses in making tests.
Direct Current Machinery.—Lectures on the theory and operation
of Direct Current Electric Generators and Motors; Laboratory
and magnetic constants of commercial types of machines.
Building Construction.—Lectures on the materials of construction;
on foundations and the bearing powers of soils; on the design
and construction of walls, floors, partitions and roofs of buildings.
Practical exercises in drafting and computation. Laboratory tests
of building materials.
[This course is identical with Chemical Engineering 2].
Mining Engineering 3. [Thornton].
Exploitation of Mines.—Lectures on the principles to be observed
in prospecting; on the work of opening the mine by shaft or adit
tunnel; on the layout of the underground workings and the extraction
of the mineral; on timbering the excavations; on lighting the mine; on
mine explosions and other accidents; on mine surveys, maps, and
plans. Practical exercises solved by the student in nocturnal surveying
and on the computations and drawings of the Mining Engineer.
Mining Machinery.—Lectures on the central power plant for mining
undertakings; on the theory and operation of power transmission
lines; on the machinery for haulage, hoisting, drainage, and ventilation;
on the methods and machinery used in hydraulic mining; and on
the machinery for quarrying and ore dressing. The lectures are paralleled
by a series of practical exercises in which the student makes
independent estimates on the mechanical equipment of a projected
mine or reports on the operation and outfit of some actual mine inspected
by him.
Electricity in Mining.—Lectures on the installation of electric
lines for light and for power in mines; on the special types of generators
and motors suitable for mines; on electric locomotives and haulage;
on electrically driven hoists, pumps, and fans; on electric coal
cutters; on electric lights for mines; and on electric methods of
signaling. Practical exercises in electric computations for mine installations.
Drawing 1. [Thornton and West].
The purpose of this course is to familiarize the beginner with the
technique of Engineering Drafting. The student executes each week
under the supervision of the Instructor a plate (15×20 inches), the
entire course consisting of about twenty-four such plates. The Fall
Term is given to Mechanical Drawing, including practice in lettering
and dimensioning; the Winter Term to Projection Drawing, including
Term to Machine Drawing. Three periods a week of three hours each
are assigned to the course; one hour is devoted to a lecture by the
Professor on the theories and constructions illustrated in the weekly
plate and the remaining eight hours to practice in the Drafting Room
under the Instructor.
Drawing 2. [Thornton and West].
The object of the Sophomore course in Drawing is to train the
student in the use of the graphical method not merely as a means
of representation, but as an instrument of research. The work is
organized as in Drawing 1; one hour a week being devoted to a lecture
by the Professor on the problems of the plate and eight hours
a week to practice under the direction of the Instructor. The Fall
Term is devoted to a systematic course in Descriptive Geometry;
the Winter Term takes up Graphical Statics and includes the analysis
of roofs, bridges, beams, reservoir walls and dams, chimneys, and
so on; the Spring Term is given to Topographical Drawing, including
the construction of maps and plans.
Drawing 3. [Thornton and West].
The Junior course in Drawing furnishes striking illustrations of
the power of the graphical method in achieving easy and rapid solutions
of problems, before which analytical methods are comparatively
impotent. The work is organized as in the other courses; one hour
of lecture and eight hours of practice. In the Fall Term a series of
problems in the Strength of Materials is given for graphical solution.
The Winter Term is devoted to the analysis of high masonry dams,
retaining walls, continuous girders and trusses, masonry and reenforced
concrete arches, and like problems of Structural Drawing. The
Spring Term concludes the course with a series of plates on Shades
and Shadows, and Linear Perspective.
CONFERENCE CLUB AND THESIS WORK.
Every candidate for a degree in Engineering will be required at
the beginning of his graduating year to submit to the Dean some
subject for independent study suited to the student's especial course
and aims. After such subject has been approved by the Dean and
the Professor in charge, the student will be expected to carry out
for himself the necessary literary and laboratory researches and to
present his results in the form of a Graduating Thesis. Such thesis
must be typewritten on standard sheets, 8 by 10½ inches, bound in
25th. All necessary computations and drawings must accompany
the thesis. Serious weight will be given to this work in estimating
the student's fitness for graduation.
To stimulate the independent work of the candidates for graduation
the Junior and Senior students of this Department and the members
of the Faculty will be organized into a Conference Club, which
will conduct weekly conferences on engineering problems of immediate
value and present importance. At these meetings the candidates
for graduation will make from week to week reports of progress on
their thesis work. In addition reports will be made and illustrated.
lectures will be delivered on great engineering undertakings of current
interest. From time to time addresses will be made before the
Club by the alumni of this Department and other engineers engaged
in professional practise. By vote of the regular members a limited
number of the students of the lower classes may be granted the privileges
of the Club.
A Reading Room has been fitted up for the use of the regular
members of the Club. In it the more important Engineering periodical
publications will be kept on file.
EXAMINATIONS AND REPORTS.
Written Examinations are held at the end of each term covering
the work of that term and the results of these examinations, combined
with the student's class standing, give his Term Grade. The
Regular Reports sent out at the end of every term to the student's
parent or guardian state for each course followed the term grade and
the number of absences. Further comment may be added by the
Dean or the Professor, if it appears probable that such comment
would be helpful to the student. Parents are urged to examine these
reports carefully, and to exert such parental influence as may seem
needed to establish and confirm the student in habits of industry
and order.
Special Reports are sent to parents at the end of each month for
students delinquent in attendance or studiousness and for delinquents
only. When a student is making steady progress and showing due
diligence in his work only the regular reports are sent. The receipt
of a special report is evidence that, in the judgment of the Faculty,
prompt and pointed parental admonition is urgently needed.
Reexaminations are held during registration week in September.
To these reexaminations the Faculty will admit, on the recommendation
in any course fell below the pass mark of seventy-five per cent., but
made at least sixty-five per cent. at the regular examination. For
every such reexamination the student must pay to the Bursar on or
before July 15th a fee of $5, which fee is in no case returnable. The
student who fails in any course and does not make up his deficiency on
reexamination will be required to register anew for that course and
attend the lectures and pass the regular examination, unless relieved
by special vote of the Faculty. The Dean will send to every student
eligible for reexamination a programme of the dates of the September
examinations.
DEGREES.
Upon the completion of the four year course as defined in any
one of the following Programmes of Study and the presentation of
an acceptable graduating thesis the Faculty will award to any student
in regular and honorable standing the appropriate Degree of Civil Engineer,
Mechanical Engineer, Electrical Engineer, Mining Engineer, or
Chemical Engineer. In each programme will be found the Topics of
Study for the several years and the hours of lecture or of laboratory
exercises, where such hours are fixed and non-adjustable. In the more
advanced laboratory, shop, and field courses the hours for the exercises
will be adjusted to the convenience of the students. Arabic numerals
give the hours for Monday, Wednesday and Friday; Roman numerals
give the hours for Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday.
| Class | Hours | Topics |
| Freshman | 9-10 | Mathematics 1. Trigonometry, Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry. |
| 11-2 | Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing. | |
| 3-5 | Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| X-XI | Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry. | |
| XI-XII | Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism. | |
| XII-II | Chemical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| Sophomore | 10-11 | Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics. |
| 11-12 | Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Calculus. | |
| IX-X | Civil Engineering 1. Plane Surveying, Curves and Earth Work, Building Construction. |
|
| XI-II | Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Topographical Drawing. |
|
| Junior | 9-10 | Mechanics 2. Strength of Materials, Stability of Structures, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. |
| 12-1 | Geology 1. General Geology, Geological Field Work, Geological Laboratory. |
|
| XI-XII | Civil Engineering 2. Masoury Construction, Short-Span Bridges, Railway Engineering. |
|
| Drawing 3. Strength of Materials, Structural Drawing, Shades, Shadows and Perspective. |
||
| Senior | 11-12 | Civil Engineering 3. Long-Span Bridges, Water-Works and Sewers, Roads and Streets. |
| X-XI | Mechanics 3. Analytical Statics, Dynamics of a Particle, Dynamics of a Rigid Body. |
|
| Engineering Electives. | ||
| Graduating Thesis. |
| Class | Hours | Topics |
| Freshman | 9-10 | Mathematics 1. Trigonometry, Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry. |
| 11-2 | Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing. | |
| 3-5 | Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| X-XI | Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry. | |
| XI-XII | Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism. | |
| XII-II | Chemical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| Sophomore | 10-11 | Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics. |
| 11-12 | Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Calculus. | |
| IX-X | Mechanical Engineering 1. Machine Kinematics, Machine Design, Elementary Steam Engineering. |
|
| XI-II | Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Topographical Drawing. |
|
| Junior | 9-10 | Mechanics 2. Strength of Materials, Stability of Structures, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. |
| IX-X | Electrical Engineering 1. Electrical Measurements, Direct Current Machinery, Telephony, Electric Batteries. |
|
| XII-I | Mechanical Engineering 2. Steam Engines and Boilers, Engine and Boiler Design, Steam Turbines, Gas Engines. |
|
| Drawing 3. Strength of Materials, Structural Drawing, Shades, Shadows and Perspective. |
||
| Senior | 12-1 | Mechanical Engineering 3. Hydraulic Machinery, Heating and Ventilation, Locomotive Engineering. |
| X-XI | Mechanics 3. Analytical Statics, Dynamics of a Particle, Dynamics of a Rigid Body. |
|
| Engineering Electives, | ||
| Graduating Thesis. |
| Class | Hours | Topics |
| Freshman | 9-10 | Mathematics 1. Trigonometry, Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry. |
| 11-2 | Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing. | |
| 3-5 | Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| X-XI | Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry. | |
| XI-XII | Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism. | |
| XII-II | Chemical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| Sophomore | 10-11 | Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics. |
| 11-12 | Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Calculus. | |
| IX-X | Electrical Engineering 1. Electrical Measurements, Direct Current Machinery, Telephony, Electric Batteries. |
|
| XI-II | Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Topographical Drawings. |
|
| Junior | 9-10 | Mechanics 2. Strength of Materials, Stability of Structures, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. |
| 10-11 | Physics 2. Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, Magnetic Induction, Theory of Electrical Measurements. |
|
| XI-XII | Electrical Engineering 2. Alternating Currents and A. C. Apparatus, Electric Lighting and Photometry, Design of Electric Apparatus. |
|
| Drawing 3. Strength of Materials, Structural Drawing, Shades, Shadows and Perspective. |
||
| Senior | 11-12 | Electrical Engineering 3. Alternating Current Phenomena, Electric Traction, High Voltage Electric Transmission. |
| X-XI | Mechanics 3. Analytical Statics, Dynamics of a Particle, Dynamics of a Rigid Body. |
|
| Engineering Electives. | ||
| Graduating Thesis. |
| Class | Hours | Topics |
| Freshman | 9-10 | Mathematics 1. Trigonometry. Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry. |
| 11-2 | Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing. | |
| 3-5 | Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| X-XI | Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry. | |
| XI-XII | Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism. | |
| XII-II | Chemical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| Sophomore | 10-11 | Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics. |
| 11-12 | Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Calculus. | |
| IX-X | Mining Engineering 1. Surveying, Machine Design, Elementary Steam Engineering. |
|
| XI-II | Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Topographical Drawing. |
|
| Junior | 9-10 | Mechanics 2. Strength of Materials, Stability of Structures, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. |
| 12-1 | Geology 1. General Geology, Geological Field-Work, Geological Laboratory, |
|
| IX-X | Mining Engineering 2. Electrical Measurements, Direct Current Machinery, Building Construction. |
|
| Drawing 3. Strength of Materials, Structural Drawing, Shades, Shadows and Perspective. |
||
| Senior | 1-2 | Geology 2. Economic Geology, Geological Field-Work, Geological Laboratory. |
| 3½-5 | Industrial Chemistry. Chemistry of Arts and Manufactures. | |
| IX-X | Mining Engineering 3. Exploitation of Mines, Mining Machinery, Electricity in Mining. |
|
| X-XI | Analytical Chemistry. Manipulation, Blowpipe Analysis, Fire Assaying, Systematic Qualitative Analysis. |
|
| Graduating Thesis. |
| Class | Hours | Topics |
| Freshman | 9-10 | Mathematics 1. Trigonometry, Higher Algebra, Analytical Geometry. |
| 11-2 | Drawing 1. Mechanical, Projection and Machine Drawing. | |
| 3-5 | Physical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| X-XI | Chemistry 1. Inorganic Chemistry. | |
| XI-XII | Physics 1. Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism. | |
| XII-II | Chemical Laboratory 1. Experiments and Computations. | |
| Sophomore | 10-11 | Mechanics 1. General Mechanics, Graphical Statics and Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics. |
| 11-12 | Mathematics 2. Analytical Geometry, Calculus. | |
| X-XI | Analytical Chemistry 1. Manipulation, Blowpipe Analysis, Fire Assaying, Systematic Qualitative Analysis. |
|
| XI-II | Drawing 2. Descriptive Geometry, Graphical Statics, Topographical Drawing. |
|
| Junior | 9-10 | Chemistry 2. Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry. |
| 10-11 | Analytical Chemistry 2. Gravimetric and Volumetric Determinations, Systematic Quantitative Analysis. |
|
| 12-1 | Geology 1. General Geology, Geological Field-Work, Geological Laboratory. |
|
| IX-X | Chemical Engineering 1. Surveying, Machine Design, Elementary Steam Engineering. |
|
| Senior | 3½-5 | Industrial Chemistry. Chemistry or Arts and Manufactures. |
| IX-X | Chemical Engineering 2. Electrical Measurements, Direct Current Machinery, Building Construction. |
|
| XII-I | Chemistry 3. Elementary Research Work in Inorganic or in Organic Chemistry. |
|
| Graduating Thesis. |
EXPENSES OF REGULAR STUDENTS.
The average annual expenses of a student who pursues the
regular course in Engineering will be:
| Outside Students. |
Virginians. | |
| University Fee | $ 40 | $ 40 |
| Department Fee (average of four years) | 75 | 30 |
| Living Expenses (for nine months) | 225 | 225 |
| Books and Drawing Materials | 20 | 20 |
| Incidental Expenses (for nine months) | 45 | 45 |
| Total for average conditions | $405 | $360 |
The Department Fee is $90 for the Freshman Year, $80 for the
Sophomore, $70 for the Junior, $60 for the Senior, and averages $75. It
entitles the student to take over again without charge any single course
of the previous year on which he may have failed. But students who
fail on two or more courses of any year are required to take them
over and pay the full fee of that year.
The University Fee of $40 entitles the student to the free use
of the Library, Gymnasium, Shops, and Laboratories; to free medical
attention; to the services of the Instructor in Physical Culture; to
the facilities of the Hospital in case of need; and covers all fees for
the regular examinations, degrees, and diplomas.
The Living Expenses include board, lodging, fuel and lights, servant
and laundry; the average is $25 a month, minimum $18, and a
reasonable maximum $32. Books and Drawing Materials will cost
about $80 for the four year course. Incidental Expenses ought to be
kept within modest bounds; the above estimate is sufficient; large
allowances of pocket money promote idleness and attract companions
of the baser sort. No allowances are made for clothing or travelling
expenses, which vary too much to be introduced into any general
estimate.
The following are payable on entrance: University Fee ($40); Department
Fee ($90-60); Contingent Deposit ($10); Books and Instruments
($20); and one month's Living Expenses ($32-$18). The
student will need at entrance about $200.
In Mining and in Chemical Engineering there are additional
laboratory fees as noted below for the advanced courses in Analytical
and General Chemistry.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVANCED STANDING.
Applicants from other colleges will be admitted provisionally
to advanced standing as candidates for a degree in Engineering upon
presentation of proper certificates covering the courses for which credit
is desired. Such certificates must be filed with the Dean, and
must be acceptable both to him and to the professors in charge of the
accredited courses. The certificate must bear the official signature
of the head of the college; must specify the character and content of
the course followed by the student; must give his marks, which
should not fall below the standard seventy-five per cent. of this
University; and must recommend the student as worthy of admission
to the University of Virginia in respect of both character and scholarship.
The final validation of such a certificate is effected by the
successful completion of the courses attended in this University.
The programme of studies offered by such a candidate for his
degree in Engineering must satisfy all the requirements for that degree
as here established. He must devote at least two full sessions
to engineering studies in this University.
Credits on Practical Work will be allowed to applicants, who
have accomplished successfully courses in Drawing, Field-work, or
Shop-work equivalent to those given in this University, or have acquired
in professional practice the training which these courses represent.
To secure credit for such work the student must make
written application to the Dean of the Department, and with this
application must file the certificate of the chief draftsman or other
officer under whom the work was done.
Applicants for admission to the Engineering Department, who are
twenty years old, and desire to enter for the pursuit of special elective
courses, must present adequate proofs of good character and of the
needful maturity and training. Such applicants are then registered as
Special Students, and are admitted without formal examination to the
privileges of the University, but not as candidates for any titled degree.
The Expenses of special students, and of all students who pursue
elective courses, are the same as those of regular students, except as
to fees for tuition. The fee for each class taken will be $25, with the
addition of the prescribed laboratory charges, which are $5 for each
class in Mechanics, Engineering, and Physics; $10 for Chemistry.
For each class in Analytical Chemistry a special fee of $50 is charged for
tuition, plus $10 for apparatus and supplies. The fee for each class in
Drawing is $10.
HUMANISTIC STUDIES.
Students, who have enjoyed the benefits of sound preliminary
training in good high schools, are advised in all cases to enrich and
liberalize their professional course by the introduction of humanistic
studies.
Under the elective system of this University it is easy to plan a
schedule of work for a well prepared matriculate, which will at the
end of five years give him in addition to his professional degree the
general culture degree of Bachelor of Science or of Bachelor of Arts.
The additional courses required are two languages (elected from
French, German, and Latin), one historical science (History, or Economics,
or English Literature, or Biblical History and Literature), and one
philosophical science (Logic, or Ethics, or Psychology).
The following is a sample schedule leading at the end of five
years to the two degrees of B. S. and C. E.
I. Mathematics 2, Chemistry 1, French 2B.
II. Physics 1, English Literature 2B, German 2B, Drawing 1.
III. Civil Engineering 1, Mechanics 1, Logic 1B, Drawing 2.
IV. Civil Engineering, 2, Mechanics 2, Geology 1, Drawing 3.
V. Civil Engineering 3, Mechanics 3, Electives, Thesis.
The courses printed in italics are those added from the College.
Only students of good training and robust intelligence are advised
to attempt the double course.
DRAFTING ROOMS.
The drafting rooms are abundantly lighted and are provided with
solidly constructed tables with locked drawers for instruments and
materials. Each student is assigned to a table and has a drawer for
his exclusive use. The regular Drawing Classes execute each one
plate a week under the supervision of the Instructor in Drawing.
The more advanced students have such additional drawings assigned
by their respective professors as are needed for the full development
of the courses of study.
Careful attention is given to the training of the students in lettering,
in the conventional signs of mechanical drawing, in the proper
lay-out of drawings, and in neat and accurate execution. Exercises
are required also in tracing and in blue-printing, the rooms for which
are conveniently arranged and in close contiguity to the drafting
rooms. While, however, technical dexterity is demanded, the graphical
instrument of research, the thoughtful mastery of which is
essential for the instructed Engineer.
The construction and theory of the Polar Planimeter, the Slide
Rule, and the Pantograph are carefully taught, and the student is
trained in the practical use of these appliances for the rapid and accurate
production of estimates and copies from finished drawings.
SHOPS.
The Shop Equipment is throughout of the best quality, the machines
being all from good makers and of sizes ample for the purposes
of instruction. A full outfit of hand tools is maintained at all times.
Each shop is equipped for the instruction of a squad of sixteen students,
this being as large a number as one instructor can properly
direct at once. The Machine Shop is provided with four first-class
engine lathes, illustrating the practice of the best American makers;
with a planer, a shaper, two drill presses, a universal drilling machine
(Brown and Sharpe), and a universal grinder (same makers);
also with a gas forge for tempering tools, a cut-off saw for metal
rods, an emery wheel, and so on. The Wood Shop is furnished
with several small lathes, a large pattern maker's lathe, a jointer, a
planer, a saw bench for slitting and cross-cutting, a band-saw, a jigsaw,
and a wood trimmer for pattern making. The Foundry has a
cupola furnace for working cast iron, a brass furnace, a core oven,
and all needful accessories for moulding and casting; the blast for the
cupola is furnished by a special blower, driven by a small high-speed
steam engine. The Forge Room is equipped with Buffalo down-shaft
forges; and the necessary smith's tools; the draft is furnished by the
same blower, and the exhaust is operated by a fan driven also by the
engine. Shop instruction is given for its educational value. The purpose
of this Department is to train engineers, not artisans; and the
claims of the shops are not permitted to infringe on the truly vital
functions of the laboratories, the drafting rooms, and the lectures.
FIELD INSTRUMENTS.
The outfit of Field Instruments contains compasses, transits, and
levels of various approved makes; a solar transit, furnished also with
stadia wires and gradienter for tachymetric work; hand-levels and
clinometers for railway topography; a plane table; a sextant; together
with an adequate supply of leveling rods, telemeter rods, signal poles,
chains, tapes, pins, and so on. For hydraulic work and hydrographic
surveys a hook guage and a current meter are provided. All students
are instructed in the theory and adjustments of the field-instruments
up their field-books in standard forms; to reduce their surveys and
execute all the necessary profiles, plans, and maps; and to determine
lengths, areas, and volumes both from the maps and from the original
notes. A polar planimeter is provided for facilitating such estimates
and a pantagraph for making reduced copies of finished drawings.
LABORATORY WORK IN STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.
The Sinclair Laboratory for work in Strength of Materials.—This
was founded on the original donation of Mrs. John Sinclair, of New
York City, as a memorial to her late husband. The collection has
since been considerably enlarged. It contains Riehle and Olsen
machines, each of 100,000 pounds capacity, arranged for tensile, compressive,
and transverse tests; an Olsen torsion machine of 50,000
inch pounds capacity; an Olsen compression machine of 40,000 pounds
capacity; a Ewing tester for the elasticity of rods; hand machines
for testing rods and wires and small specimens of timber and cast
iron under transverse loads; Fairbanks and Olsen cement testers of
1,000 pounds capacity each; apparatus for torsional tests on both long
wires and short wires; together with the necessary accessory apparatus
for utilizing these machines.
LABORATORY AND FIELD-WORK IN HYDRAULICS.
The equipment for this work comprises a steel tank for weir experiments
with adjustable bronze notches; a hook gauge for accurate
measurement of surface levels; a cast-iron stand pipe for experiments
on efflux with adjustable bronze orifices; a series of pipes with bends,
elbows, and tees for measuring pipe friction; and the proper manometers
and gauges for reading pressures. For the field-work the outfit
of field instruments has been enlarged by a current meter of modern
construction and a set of hollow copper ball floats for direct stream
velocity measurements.
ENGINE AND BOILER TESTS.
The Steam Engine Tests are made on the high-speed Ball engine,
which operates the shops. This motor has been specially equipped
for the purpose. It receives steam from the main line through a Sweet
separator; humidity determinations are thus made twice—once by a
separating calorimeter before the steam enters the separator, and
again by a throttling calorimeter as it enters the cylinder. It is fitted
with proper indicators, and permanent indicator rigging so that at any
time cards may be taken and the indicated horse-power determined
at once applied for the determination of brake horse-power. Connections
are so made with a Wheeler surface condenser that the engine
may at will be operated either condensing or non-condensing. Provisions
are made for measuring the temperatures and the amounts of
the condensation water and the condensed steam produced during the
run. With these data a complete heat balance of the experimental
run is attainable.
For Steam Boiler Tests the boilers of the University heating and
lighting plant are available. The department is equipped with the
necessary apparatus—thermometers, gauges, steam calorimeters, fuel
calorimeters, gas analyzers, scales, tanks, and so on. Students of
Mechanical Engineering are taught by practical lessons in the boiler
room the standard methods for boiler trials, and the class makes
each session at least one complete trial.
The Gas Engine Tests are made on an Otto machine of 15 I. H. P.
and 12 B. H. P. This is also provided with its friction brake, indicator
rigging, and indicator. The cooling water is run in from calibrated
tanks and provision is made for observing not only its amount
but the initial and final temperature. Gasoline or alcohol is used
as fuel, and is run in from a graduated wrought-iron bottle, so that
the amount consumed is determined. The heating power is obtained
by an independent test with a Rosenhain calorimeter. Samples of the
burnt gases are drawn from the exhaust pipe and analyzed in an
Orsat gas apparatus. The temperature of the exhaust will be determined
by a platinum resistance thermometer inserted close to the
exhaust valve. With these data, and the observed numbers of revolutions
and explosions, the heat balance is worked out.
The Refrigerating Tests are made on a Remington Ice Machine of
one ton capacity. This is an ammonia compression machine driven
by an electric motor. Instead of brine, plain water is used, heated
by a steam jet to 100 degrees and then cooled down to 40 degrees by
the machine. A run is first made with the pipes empty in order to determine
the friction horse power. The ammonia is then turned on
and the run is made under load. In both cases the power consumed
is measured both by watt-meter and by am-meter and volt-meter
readings. The tanks are accurately calibrated and careful measurements
of the temperature are made through the run. Indicator cards
are also taken from the ammonia cylinders and the number of revolutions
is registered by counter. With these data the mechanical and
thermodynamic performance of the machine are figured out.
LABORATORY WORK IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
The Scott Laboratory of Electrical Engineering.—This laboratory
was equipped and endowed by Mrs. Francis Branch Scott, of Richmond,
Va., as a memorial to her late son, an alumnus of this University.
In addition to full sets of electric meters with the appliances for
testing and calibrating them, galvanometers of the best modern types,
standard cells and resistances, standard condensers, and all other necessary
apparatus for minor tests, it contains numerous pieces of the
very best construction. Such are the Wolff potentiometer, the Siemens
and Halske Double Bridge, the Magnetic Induction apparatus, the
Duddell Oscillograph, the Station Photometer, and so on. It contains
also a number of direct current generators and motors, a two-phase
alternator, induction motors of two and three phases, several
pairs of transformers, and all the apparatus used in testing such
machines. Important additions to this equipment have been recently
made.
ROAD MATERIAL TESTS.
In the Road Material Tests the machines used are mainly those
devised by Dr. Logan Waller Page, director of the United States office
of public roads. For measuring the strength of the stone cylindrical
samples are cut out with a diamond drill and tested under impact
and in the 40,000-pound compression machine. The resistance to abrasion
is measured on fragments of the stone, rotated in heavy cast
iron cylinders mounted on their diagonals. The binding power of the
dust is measured by impact tests on cylindrical briquettes formed
under heavy hydraulic pressure. The dust for these briquettes is
produced in a ball mill fed with fine stone broken in a small crusher.
This part of the testing outfit has been installed largely by the generous
aid of Dr. Page. It is hoped that useful experimental researches
on the road-building rocks and gravels of Virginia may be carried
out with it.
BUILDINGS.
The buildings devoted wholly or in part to the work of the Department
of Engineering are the following:
The Mechanical Laboratory is the main seat of the instruction in
technical studies. It is 180 by 70 feet and contains on the main floor
the Dean's office and the offices of the three adjunct-professors; the
main lecture room; the laboratory of electrical engineering; and the
drafting room for the First and Second Year students. Above are a
smaller drafting room for advanced students, and blueprint and photographic
rooms. Below on the ground floor are another class room,
the reading room, the testing laboratory, the wood shop, the metal
lavatory.
The Power House is a single-story building 110 by 40 feet. In
addition to the University boiler plant and the electric lighting plant
this contains the foundry and the forge room. The boiler plant consists
of two horizontal return-tubular boilers, each of 140 horse
power. The lighting plant consists of three electric generators directly
connected to high speed engines, the respective capacities being
25, 50, and 75 kilowatts. The whole plant is available for purposes of
instruction, study and experiment.
The Laboratory of General Chemistry, situated at the southern
end of West Range, is one of the older buildings recently remodelled
and fitted up for the work of instruction in undergraduate chemistry.
It is furnished with all the necessary apparatus and supplies, and is
comfortably heated and lighted. The Engineering students, who are
taught in a separate section, have three hours in lecture each week
and six hours in the laboratory. The work is specially adapted to
their needs.
The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry is 150 by 60 feet. It is
a single-story building, containing the lecture room, the laboratory of
analytical chemistry, the rooms for assaying, the balance rooms, the
offices and private laboratories of the professors of Industrial and
Analytical Chemistry, and a number of store rooms. These contain
not only the usual laboratory supplies, but an extensive collection of
specimens, illustrating very completely the processes and products
of industrial chemistry, and of especial interest to engineering students.
The Geological Museum is 120 by 50 feet. It is a three-story
building. The main floor is devoted to the very extensive geological
collection of specimens, charts, relief maps, and so on. The gallery
above contains an equally good collection of minerals and numerous
models of typical crystallographic forms. The upper floor contains
the lecture rooms and the new laboratories of Economic Geology.
In the basement are stored subsidiary collections and new material
accumulated in more recent geological surveys.
The Physical Laboratory faces the Mechanical Laboratory on
the opposite side of the quadrangle, and has almost the same proportions.
The main floor contains the lecture room, the professors'
offices, the laboratory of experimental physics, and the store room for
the very large collection of apparatus used in the lectures. On the
ground floor is the laboratory of theoretical electricity, the storage
battery room, a well equipped shop for the repair and manufacture of
apparatus, and numerous smaller rooms for the work of graduate
students.
SCHEDULE OF LECTURE AND LABORATORY HOURS
1909-1910
| Year | Hr. | Mon. | Tues. | Wed. | Thu. | Fri. | Sat. |
| Freshman | 9 | Math. 1 | Math. 1 | Math. 1 | |||
| 10 | Chem. 1 | Chem. 1 | Chem. 1 | ||||
| 11 | Draw. 1 | Phys. 1 | Draw. 1 | Phys. 1 | Draw. 1 | Phys. 1 | |
| 12 | Draw. 1 | Ch. Lab. 1 | Draw. 1 | Ch. Lab. 1 | Draw. 1 | Ch. Lab. 1 | |
| 1 | Draw. 1 | Ch. Lab. 1 | Draw. 1 | Ch. Lab. 1 | Draw 1 | Ch. Lab. 1 | |
| 3 | Ph. Lab. 1 | Ph. Lab. 1 | Ph. Lab. 1 | ||||
| Sophomore | 9 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | Eng. 1 | Eng. 1 | Eng. 1 |
| 10 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | ||||
| 11 | Math. 2 | Math. 2 | Math. 2 | ||||
| 12 | |||||||
| 1 | Mech's 1 | Mech's 1 | Mech's 1 | ||||
| 3 | |||||||
| Junior | 9 | Mech's 2 | Mech's 2 | Mech's 2 | |||
| 10 | Phys. 2 | Phys. 2 | Draw. 3 | Draw. 3 | Draw. 3 | ||
| Phys. 2 | |||||||
| 11 | Draw. 3 | Draw. 3 | Draw. 3 | ||||
| 12 | Geol. 1 | Geol. 1 | Geol. 1 | Eng. 2 | Eng. 2 | Eng. 2 | |
| 1 | |||||||
| 3 | Mech.Lab. | ||||||
| Senior | 9 | Electives | Electives | Electives | |||
| 10 | An. Ch. 1 | An. Ch. 1 | An. Ch. 1 | ||||
| 11 | Mech's 3 | Mech's 3 | Mech's 3 | ||||
| 12 | |||||||
| 1 | Geol. 2 | Geol. 2 | Geol. 2 | Eng. 3 | Eng. 3 | Eng. 3 | |
| 3 | Ind. Ch. | Ind. Ch. | Ind. Ch. |
Laboratory hours for the higher classes will be made a matter of special arrangement
for each term.
PROGRAMME OF EXAMINATIONS—1909-1910.
| DATES | Freshman | Sophomore | Junior | Senior | ||
| DEC. | MAR. | JUNE | ||||
| 13 | 16 | 9 | Anal. Chem. 2 | Mechanics 3 | ||
| Physics 2 | Min. Eng. 3 | |||||
| 14 | 17 | 31 | Mathematics 1 | Civil Eng. 2 | Chemistry 3 | |
| Chemistry 2 | ||||||
| 15 | 18 | 1 | Mechanics 1 | |||
| 16 | 19 | 2 | Mech. Eng. 3 | |||
| 17 | 21 | 3 | Civil Eng. 1 | An. Chem. 1 | ||
| Mech. Eng. 1 | ||||||
| Elec. Eng. 1 | ||||||
| 18 | 22 | 4 | Physics 1 | Elec. Eng. 2 | ||
| Mech. Eng. 2 | ||||||
| 20 | 23 | 6 | Geology 1 | Indl. Chem. | ||
| 21 | 24 | 7 | ||||
| 22 | 25 | 8 | Chemistry 1 | Mechanics 2 | Geology 2 | |
| 23 | 26 | 30 | Mathematics 2 | Civil Eng. 3 | ||
| Elec. Eng. 3 | ||||||
| The University of Virginia record February, 1909 | |