University of Virginia Library

INDEX

A

• Abbas I, Pasha of Egypt, 21-2

• Abbas II, Khedive (Abbas Hilmi),
  12, 54, 172, 206;

  • difficulties
    occasioned by, 42, 47,
    86-7, 110, 160;

  • autocratic
    nature and aims of,
    and other characteristics,
    96, 108, 112-13, 115-16,
    118, 216, 304;

  • share of,
    in Cabinet formation, 113;

  • relations of, with Gorst,
    113, 114-15,

  • and with
    Kitchener, 110-12, 114 sqq.,
    209;

  • and the Nationalist
    movement, 114, 150, 154;

  • dominance of, during
    Second Phase of British
    Occupation, 118-19;

  • action
    of, in the War,
    119, 120, 208;

  • relations
    of, with El Azhar, 241, 267

  • Deposition of, 118, 119, 125, 135,
    275,

    • Proclamation of, 123

• Abdeen Palace, serious riot near,
  249

• Abdu (Sheikh Mohamed), a Moslem
  "modernist," 76, 96-7,
  239, 240

• Abdul Aziz, Sultan, and Ismail,
  Khedive of Egypt, 26

• Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Turkey,
  Suzerain of Egypt, 12, 36,
  45, 53, 54;

  • and Abbas
    Hilmi, 12, 118;

  • and the
    Arabi mutiny, 40, 41;

  • and
    Egyptian Nationalism, 95;

  • deposition of, by the Young
    Turk Party, 153

• Abdul Wahab, reforms of, 5

• Adli Pasha, Minister of Justice, 120,
  146, 270

• Adrianople, Peace of (1829), 8

  • THE EGYPTIAN PROBLEM.

• Advice, British, on Egyptian affairs,
  Granville's principle laid
  down on, working thereof,
  208 sqq.

• Agrarian Movement in Egypt, possibility
  of, and danger of, 163

• Agricultural Bank, the, 102, 134

• Agriculture, Fellaheen skill in, 161;

  • predominant importance
    of, in Egypt, 262

  • Ministry of, created by Kitchener,
    102

  • School of, 223

• Akaba, Turkish encroachments towards
  (1906), 54

• Albanian origin of Mehemet Ali, 1, 4

• Alexandria, 7, 95, 201, 226, 233;

  • Arabi's revolt at, 38-9,

  • the
    massacres and the bombardment,
    41-2, 44, 86,

  • the French withdrawal
    before the bombardment,
    55;

  • economic status of,
    174;

  • the rebellion of
    March, 1919 at, 179-80,
    182,

  • and the autumn riots,
    248;

  • the Milner Commission
    at, 265

  • Cotton market, the, 284

  • Harbour works, 27

  • Indemnity, the, 36

  • Port of, creation of, 16

• Allenby, Field-Marshal Viscount,
  182,

  • appointment of, as
    Special High Commissioner,
    190;

  • return of, to Egypt,
    and action taken by, in
    quelling the rebellion, 193
    sqq.;

  • task before, after the
    rebellion, 219-20;

  • changes
    made by, 220;

  • the Declaration
    of British Policy
    published by, 255-6, 261,
    302,

  • action of, consequent
    thereon, 256, 260, 276, 281,
    

    ---

    314

    
    
    
    282-3;

  • Guildhall speech
    of, 263;

  • and the El Azhar
    incident, 266-7;

  • and the
    co-operative movement,
    286;

  • on the Deirut murders,
    184;

  • tributes paid by,
    to the Egyptian Labour
    and Transport Corps, 139

• American Civil War, effect of, on
  Egyptian revenue, 25

• Amos, Sheldon, 220

• Anglo-Egyptian Administration,
  characteristics of, 211, 286

  • Bureaucracy, evolution and
    growth of, 49, 81, 85, 101,
    150, 151-2, 212 sqq., 215,
    259, 281, 296;

    • Commission
      on, desirable, 306;

    • criticisms
      on, 85, 104 sqq.,
      211-12, 215, 216, see also
      Anglo-Egyptian relations

  • Civil Service, 214;

    • during the
      War, 217-18

  • Commission of 1918 on Constitutional
    Reforms, Note based
    on, 145-6

  • Relations, social and official, 74,
    85, 95, 103 sqq., 137, 150,
    153, 175, 209, 211-12,
    215

• Anglo-French Agreement, the (1904),
  44, 46, 57, 63, 82, 98, 102,
  207, 228, 295

  • Relations in Egypt, prior to the
    Agreement of 1904, 52,
    54-7, 82, 207, 295

• Anglo-Persian Agreement, 252, 308

• Annexation, British Government's
  shrinking from, 44, 124-5,
  301

• Anti-Foreign spirit of the mob,
  autumn, 1919, 248

• Arab Conquest of Egypt, 2, 13-14

• Arabi Pasha, 69;

  • mutiny led by,
    38 sqq., 56, 76, 150, 180,

  • as War Minister, relations
    with the Nationalist movement,
    40-1, 94, 96, 159,
    268,

  • surrender of, 65;

  • later
    views of, 42, 309

• Arabia, hegemony of, 6

• Arabic, the common tongue in
  Egypt, 156;

  • classical and
    vernacular, 229;

  • as teaching
    medium, 229;

  • grammar
    of, as taught at El
    Azhar, 236, 238

• Armenians in Egypt, 158;

  • murders
    of, at Cairo, 196

• Arminjon, Professor, on the daily
  life of an El Azhar Student,
  237-8

• Armistice, the, 142, 283

• Army supplies, actual nature of, in
  Egypt, 135

• Artin (Yakub Pasha), 13

• Asia Minor, Ibrahim's Campaign
  in, 9

• Assiut, 184;

  • rebellion at, 185-6;

  • local bar at, and the Milner
    Commission, 264

• Assiut Barrage, the, 72

• Assuan Dam, the, 51, 71, 72, 102;

  • heightening of, 101

• Azhar, El, Mahomedan University,
  influence exercised by, educationally
  and politically,
  4, 131, 156-7, 182, 225,
  233 sqq., 240;

  • Mohamed
    Abdu's influence at, 97,
    239, 240;

  • Abbas Hilmi's
    authority over, 118;

  • attitude
    of, to the Protectorate
    and to the Nationalist
    movement, a centre of
    Anti-British agitation, 150,
    164, 177, 180, 195, 241,
    246, 248, 266-7, 281;

  • poverty of professors and
    students of, 242;

  • attitude
    of, to the Milner Commission,
    246

B

• Baker, Sir Samuel, 24, 49

• Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J., on British
  supremacy in Egypt, 258

• Balkan States (see also Middle East),
  education in, amount allocated
  for, 222;

  • effect in,
    of the British Protectorate
    of Egypt, 124

• Balkan Wars, and the Young Turks,
  153

• Baring, Sir Evelyn, see Cromer, 1st
  Earl of

• Bassal (Hamid el, Pasha), and
  Egyptian Independence,
  148, 149

• Beaconsfield, Earl of, purchase by,
  of Suez Canal Shares, 26-7

---

315





• Beduin interest in Egyptian Independence,
  148,

  • and share
    in the rebellion, 181, 182,
    185, 186, 187

• Beit-ul-Mal funds seized by Ismail, 32

  • "Black Hand" Society and others
    in Cairo, power of, 195-6

• Blignièrs, M. de, 34, 37

• Blind Students at El Azhar, 235-6

• Blunt, Mr. Wilfrid, and Arabi, 41

• Boer Self-government, Egyptian
  argument from, 94

• Bolshevism, 154

• Boycott of the Milner Commission,
  246 sqq.

• British, the, and Mehemet Ali, 4,
  17-18

• British Advisers of Egyptian Ministers,
  47;

  • relations between,
    209 sqq.;

  • changes
    made among, by Allenby,
    220;

  • and staffs, position
    discussed, 305

  • Control, the (see also British Occupation,
    and British Protectorate),
    fictions and
    limitations of, 43 sqq.,
    207-8;

    • relaxation of,
      results of, 108, 169, 170;

    • Egyptian attitude to, disclosed
      by the Passive Rebellion
      of April, 1919,
      204-5;

    • breakdown of, 206
      sqq.;

    • advisory character
      of, 208, 209, 216, 262-3;

    • deterioration of, Nationalist
      case based on, 214 sqq.;

    • two evil results of, 303-4;

    • need for defining limits of,
      304-5

  • Judges and Employés of the
    Mixed Tribunals, 214

  • Ministers, see Ministers, British

  • Occupation, the, foreseen by
    Mehemet Ali, 17, 43;

    • events leading up to, 23,
      24 sqq., 108, 144;

    • why
      undertaken alone, 42;

    • history of, 44 sqq.;

    • benefits
      secured by, 42, 46, 96;

    • first phase, 44, 65 sqq.;

    • transition stage, 81 sqq.;

    • second phase, 44, 100 sqq.,

    • abuses revived and blunders
      made during, 104, 114,
      140-1, 149-50, 189, 301,

    • blight cast on, by Abbas II,
      47, 119;

    • effect on, of the
      Great War, 119, 206;

    • transformation of, into
      Protectorate (q.v.), 44, 123
      sqq.;

    • indicted in the Memorandum
      of the Nationalist
      Party, 144;

    • growth
      since, of Foreign Communities
      in Egypt, 175;

    • difficulties of, leading to
      prolongation, 295-6

  • Officers and Soldiers, attacks on,
    and murders of, during the
    rebellion, 181-2, 184-5,
    189, 196

  • Officials, see Officials, British, see
    also Advisers, Anglo-Egyptian
    Bureaucracy,
    and Civil Service, and
    British Judges.

  • Policy in Egypt, administrative
    and advisory character of,
    82, 208, 209, 216;

    • higher
      aims of, 107 sqq.;

    • various
      forms discussed, 298 sqq.

    • Declaration of, in 1919, 255, 261,
      281, 302;

      • text of, 256

  • Position in Egypt, that of Trustees,
    99, 106, 125, 293,
    295

  • Protectorate over Egypt, proclamation
    of, 44, 121, 123,
    140;

    • alternative to, 124;

    • reaction of, on Allies and
      Neutrals, 124;

    • abolition
      of, demanded by the
      Nationalists at the Armistice,
      143;

    • views on, of the
      Egyptian Cabinet, same
      period, 144;

    • denounced in
      Memorandum of Nationalist
      Party, 144;

    • resented
      in El Azhar, 150;

    • attitude
      to, of the fellaheen, 151,
      152, 153, 180;

    • repudiation
      of, demanded by Committee
      of officials, 200,
      202;

    • recognition of, by
      U.S.A., 203, 244;

    • recognition
      of, by the Treaty
      of Versailles, 244, 296,
      301;

    • Manifesto of El
      Azhar denouncing, 241;

    • meaning of, British silence
      on, 243, 251-2;

    • Nationalist
      arguments on, 251
      sqq.;

    • Arabic word for, ill-chosen,
      254, 259, 308

  ---

  316

  
  
  

  • Re-occupation of Egypt, provision
    for, 53, 54, 299

  • Residency, in Cairo anomalous
    status of, 47, 207-8;

    • relations
      of, with Ruler and
      Ministers, 209 sqq.

  • Residents besieged during the
    rebellion, 181, 182, 185

  • Sea-power, understood by Mehemet
    Ali, 17

  • Teaching Staff, Egyptian Criticism
    on, 229

  • Troops, behaviour and use of,
    during the rebellion, 189,
    248, 249

  • Unofficial community, views of,
    laid before the Milner
    Commission, 273

  • Withdrawal from Egypt, two
    views on, 298 sqq.

• Brunyate, Sir William, 145, 146,
  220

• Budget, claims on, of the Chamber
  of Notables, 40

• Bulak Elementary Training College,
  231

• Bulfin, General, and the Rebellion,
  182, 183, 185 sqq.

• Bulwer, Sir Henry, 11;

  • on the
    Vizier Khusrev, 8

• Butros, see Ghali

C

• Cadastral Survey of Mehemet Ali,
  14-15

• Cairo, 4, 5, 9;

  • Mameluke buildings
    in, 3;

  • and Arabi's
    rebellion, 39, 40, 42;

  • drainage
    problem, settlement
    of, 59;

  • reactionary forces
    in, 78, 97;

  • politics at,
    friction caused by, 106-7;

  • during rebellion, disturbances
    at, and temporary
    isolation of, 177 sqq., 181,
    182, 186, 188, 193 sqq.

• Cairo Barrage, the, 16, 71, 72

• Cairo Committee of Independence,
  activities of, 178;

  • Allenby's
    consultation with, 194

• Cairo (or Egyptian) Geographical
  Society, 166, 173

• Cairo Ophthalmic Hospital, 172

• Caisse de la Dette Publique, the,
  102;

  • constituted, 33, 37;

  • obstruction by, 52, 56, 57,
    69, 82, 89-90;

  • control
    relaxed on Anglo-French
    agreement, 102

• Calcutta University, 232

• Canals, construction of, and development
  of, by Mehemet
  Ali and his successors, 16,
  22, 27; see also Irrigation,
  and Suez Canal

  • Damage to, during the rebellion,
    187, 189

• Cape of Good Hope, trade route,
  viâ, 3

• Capitulations, the, nature of, and
  effects of, 57 sqq., 88, 109,
  145, 158, 164, 174, 225-6,
  262, 290, 291, 299, 301

  • Revision of, Cromer's scheme for,
    83;

    • announced for after
      the War, 126;

    • Nationalist
      attitude to, 174-5

• Cassel, Sir Ernest, Travelling Ophthalmic
  Hospitals maintained
  by, 172

• Cecil, Lord Edward, 220

• Censorship in Egypt, 123, 131, 145,
  257, 282, 288

• Centralisation in Egypt, under
  British Control, 217, 218,
  296

• Cereals, displaced for Cotton, in
  Egypt, 283, 284

• Ceylon, Arabi's exile to, 42

• Character-training in Schools, 226

• Cheetham, Sir Milne, 121, 125, 190

• Chelmsford, Lord, Viceroy of India,
  127, 128, 261

• Cherif Pasha, 40

• Children, in Cairo, pitiful conditions
  of, 171

• Christian Communities in Egypt,
  157-8

  • Officials and Ministers, attitude
    to, of Mahomedan peoples,
    37, 113, 150, 257

• Circular issued by Notables appealing
  for return to Peace and
  Order, 193

• Civil Service, Egyptian, creation of,
  106, see also Anglo-Egyptian
  Civil Service.

• Clayton, Sir Reginald, 220

• Clemenceau, M., approached by Saad
  Zaghlul, 143

---

317





• Clot Bey, Dr., Medical Schools
  under, 16

• Codrington, Admiral, 7

• Colonial Office, the, 305

• Colvin, Sir Auckland and Arabi, 39;

  • book by, 68

• Commerce, School of, Students'
  strikes at, 17

• Commission of Inquiry, the (1877),
  33 sqq.

• Commission of the Public Debt, see
  Caisse de la Dette

• Committee of Union and Progress,
  153-4, see also Young Turks

• Communications, improvement of,
  under Kitchener, 102;

  • destruction of, during the
    rebellion, 187-9

  • Ministry of, 261

• Constantinople, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 26, 28,
  95, 112, 114, 120, 157,
  296;

  • Patriarchate at, 158;

  • revolution at, of 1908,
    as influencing Egyptian
    women, 166;

  • rupture with
    (1914), 123

• Constitutional Reforms in Egypt,
  Note on, of the Anglo-Egyptian
  Commission of
  1918 on, 145

• Consular Courts, 60, 61;

  • Mr. Hurst's
    project concerning, 307-8

• Controllers-General (French and
  British), appointed, 37

• Convention of 1887, on Defence and
  Reorganisation of Egypt
  objected to by France and
  Russia, 54

• Co-operative Food associations,
  Egyptian, 285-6

• Coptic Patriarch, the, 193

• Copts, the, Nationalism among,
  157-8

• Corruption, in Egypt, 169, 170

• Corvée, the, 15, 22, 28, 32;

  • abolition
    of, 69-70, 89, 160, 293

• Cotton-growing in Egypt, 25, 71,
  283, 284;

  • prices in 1919,
    289

• Cotton Markets, in Egypt, 102

• Councils, Egyptian, 88 sqq.;

  • reforms
    of, 109; see also
    under Names

• Crete, 7

• Crime in Egypt, in villages, 162-3,
  293;

  • general prevalence
    of, 247;

  • Egyptian indifference
    to, 279

• Cromer, 1st Earl of (Sir Evelyn
  Baring), and his work in
  Egypt, 33 sqq., passim, 150,
  180, 211, 214, 215, 216,
  218, 239, 260;

  • achievements
    of, 54, 166 sqq.,
    208, 289;

  • charge brought
    against it, 78,

  • repudiated
    in his last speech, 79;

  • its
    lastingness, 78, 80;

  • policy
    pursued by, 67, 82, 107;

  • and education, 77,

  • and
    support of to liberal men
    associated with El Azhar,
    240;

  • and the welfare of the
    fellaheen, 292, 293;

  • period
    following retirement of,
    events of, 80 sqq.;

  • and the
    young generation in Egypt,
    97 sqq.;

  • opinion held by,
    of Zaghlul, 77, 98, 112;

  • attitude of, to the "popular"
    party, 112

  • Cited on abuse of the Capitulations,
    62-3;

    • on disregard
      for laws and regulations,
      31;

    • on the Egyptian Native
      Press, 92;

    • on Ismail and
      the Egyptian National
      Debt, 27;

    • on relations
      between Abbas II and
      Gorst, 115;

    • on the selection
      of an Egyptian Prime
      Minister, 209;

    • on attitude
      and manner of British
      Officials, 212;

    • on Englishmen
      employed under Egyptian
      Government, and their
      supervision, 212-13

• Crops, summer and winter, how
  secured, 71

• Curzon of Kedlestone, Viscount, on
  the British Protectorate as
  preferable to annexation,
  124-5, 252, 301;

  • tribute
    of, to Officials and Police,
    effects of, 198 sqq.

• Cyprus, 147

D

• Dakhla Oasis, deportations to, 163

• Debt, Egyptian, piled up by Ismail,
  25 sqq.;

  • and the Cotton
    crop, 289

  • Public, Commission of, see Caisse
    de la Dette Publique

  ---

  318

  
  
  

  • "Decision" of Egyptian Ministers
    (Aug. 6, 1914), 122

• Declaration of British Policy as to
  Protectorate, issued by
  Allenby, Nov., 1919, 255,
  258, 261, 281, 302;

  • text,
    256

• Deirut, murders at, during the
  rebellion, 183-4, 185

• Delta, the, 286;

  • irrigation in, 71,
    101;

  • riots in, 179, 181,
    186, 188

• Democratic Institutions in "unripe"
  countries, Nationalist
  leaders on, 252;

  • introduction
    of, in Egypt and
    India 261-2

• Denshawi incident, the, 93

• Deportation of Notoriously Dangerous
  Persons, Law authorizing,
  163

• Dervishes, the, in the Sudan, 50, 51

• Dirt and Disease in Egypt, 162

• Divorce, Mahomedan, 167

• Domiciliary Visits, regulations on, of
  the Capitulations, 58, 61
  sqq.

• Dominion policy for Egypt, 301-2

• Dufferin and Ava, 1st Marquis of,
  41;

  • Anglo-Egyptian policy
    inspired by, 66;

  • Report of
    (1883), 87

• Dunlop, Mr., Educational Adviser,
  220

E

• Economic Dependence of Egypt on
  Foreigners and Foreign
  lands, 173 sqq.

• Education

  • Egyptian

    • Mahomedan (see also Azhar,
      El), 233 sqq.

    • Scientific, under Ismail, 29-31

    • Western (see also School-children,
      Schools, Students,
      & Teachers); efforts for,
      of Mehemet Ali, 16-17,
      76, 226;

      • resort for, to
        Europe, 17, 86, 118,
        165-226, 230;

      • British
        failure in, and parsimony
        concerning, 77, 171, 212,
        213, 214, 215, 219, 220,
        221 sqq., 231, 242;

      • effects
        of, 87, 90, 91, 150, 296;

      • enlarged powers as to, of
        Provincial Councils, 109,
        222;

      • small numbers
        reached by, 156-7;

      • scant
        support of, by Egyptians,
        171-2;

      • British Adviser
        on, 220, 232-3;

      • primary
        object of, 226-7;

      • handicap
        on, of the language
        question, 228-9;

      • effect
        on, of the War, 229-30;

      • forces antagonistic to,
        233

      • Commercial and Technical,
        225

      • Commission on, Report of,
        and scheme of, 222-3

      • Elementary, 221;

        • allocation
          for, 223;

        • present state
          of, 231

        • Higher, 221;

          • inadequacy
            of, 223

      • Female, 165-6, 167, 221
        230-1

      • Male, 221 sqq.

      • Ministry of, Last Report to,
        of the British Adviser,
        224

• Egypt, merged in the Ottoman
  Empire, 1;

  • never independent
    since the Persian
    Conquest, 2;

  • autonomy of,
    secured by Mehemet Ali,
    limitations of, 12, 20;

  • status of (see autonomy,
    supra), before and during
    the British Occupation,
    53, 63, 92-3;

  • Pashalik of,
    made hereditary in the
    family of Mehemet Ali, 12;

  • strategical importance of,
    43;

  • driven from the Sudan
    by the natives, 48 sqq.;

  • restraints on, causes of,
    and exploitation of, 55 sqq.;

  • improvements brought
    about in, by the Occupation,
    Cromer's summary
    of, 79;

  • general situation in,
    on outbreak of War in
    1914, during its course, and
    after, 121, 122, 123, 296,
    297;

  • definite repudiation
    by, of Ottoman Suzerainty
    

    ---

    319

    
    
    
    (1914), 122;

  • British Protectorate
    (q.v.), proclaimed
    over, 123;

  • and India,
    British action in, during the
    War contrasted, 127 sqq.;

  • as British military base,
    132;

  • needs of, as affecting
    the people, 133 sqq.;

  • educated
    classes in, impatience
    of, at any form of Protectorate,
    141;

  • Constitutional
    Reforms in, Note on,
    of the Anglo-Egyptian
    Commission of 1918, 145;

  • and Turkey, tie between,
    of religion, 154;

  • predominant
    religion in, 156-7;

  • common speech in, 156;

  • population of (see also
    Egyptians), ethnic elements
    of, 156 sqq.;

  • administration
    of, Granville's dictum
    on, 208, 209, 216;

  • rapid development and
    growing wealth of, 214

• Egyptian Anarchy, as cause of
  British Occupation, 43-5

  • Army tampered with by Ismail,
    34, 37;

    • in the days of
      Mehemet Ali and Ismail, 5,
      37

    • New, creation of, and exploits
      of, 50, 51, 74, 110;

      • alleged
        offer of co-operation of, in
        the War, 130;

      • and Police,
        Curzon's tribute to, effect
        of, 198 sqq.

  • Attitude, to the Occupation, past
    and present, 47, 267;

    • to
      resident foreigners, 175;

    • to
      the Sultan, 277;

    • to crime,
      162-3, 247, 279, 293

  • Casualties in the rebellion, 179,
    180, 182

  • Characteristics, 5, 10, 51, 75, 84,
    90, 91, 106, 138, 176, 213,
    230, 249, 251;

    • shown up
      by the rebellion, 189

  • Classes imbued with Nationalism,
    150-1

  • Delegation (see also Nationalist
    Delegation), recognition
    demanded for, by Committee
    of Officials, 200

  • Grievances, after Cromer's day,
    212,

    • Nationalist statement
      on, 214-17

  • Independence, Complete, claim
    for, put forward at the
    Armistice, 143 sqq.;

    • agitation
      in support, 147 sqq.;

    • flaw in claims for, 173 sqq.;

  • Legislature, and the Nationalist
    Movement, 150

  • Ministers, see Ministers, Egyptian,
    and Prime Ministers

  • Nationalism, see Independence,
    Party of, Nationalism,
    Nationalist Party, the, &c.

  • People, new spirit among, Cromer's
    view on, 83

  • Self-government, see Self-government

  • Society, structure of, 156 sqq.

• Egyptian Geographical Society,
  Cairo, 166, 173

• "Egyptian Independence," first
  anniversary of, 250, 255

• Egyptian Institute, the, 173

• Egyptian University, the, 224-5

• Egyptians, the, confidence of, how
  gained, lost, and to be regained,
  74, 293, 294, 303-4;

  • employment of, under their
    Government, 212,

  • Cromer
    on, 213;

  • loyal, neglect of,
    282;

  • younger generation
    of, problem of, 87

• El Azhar, see Azhar, El

• England and Egypt, Mehemet Ali's
  opinion on, 17-18

• England in Egypt, by Lord Milner, 68

• English attitude to Education, 231

• English Bank, founded in Egypt,
  under Saïd Pasha, 23

• Entrance Examinations, Egyptians
  rush for, 227

• Europe, attitude of, to Mehemet
  Ali, 7, 9-10

• Examination fetish, the, 227-8, 232

• Experts, non-Egyptian, in Egypt,
  Egyptian attitude to, 212,
  264

• Extremist Campaign, food difficulties
  utilized in, 285;

  • women's attitude to, 169

F

• Fashoda affair, the, 52

• Fehmi (Abdul Aziz, Bey), 116, 117

• Fehmi (Mustapha Pasha), Prime
  Minister, 85, 112, 113

---

320





• Feisal, Emir, at the Peace Conference,
  147

• Fellaheen, the, 10, 14, 162-3;

  • land
    and irrigation rights of,
    15, 23, 73-4, 287, 293-4,
    see also Five Feddan Law;

  • condition of, under Ismail
    Pasha, 28 sqq.;

  • British
    rule as benefiting, 42, 96,
    160-1, 295;

  • incidence on,
    of the corvée (q.v.), 69-70;

  • Kitchener's attitude to,
    102-3, 110, 111;

  • effect on,
    of the burdens of the
    War, 134 sqq.,

  • estrangement
    consequent on, 141,
    151 sqq.;

  • disease and dirt
    among, 162;

  • share of, in
    the rebellion, 163, 168, 179,
    and punishment of, 247, 281;

  • women-folk of, 166

• Female Education, see under
  Education

• Feminism in Egypt, 166, 167-8

• Ferid, Mohammed, leader of the
  "patriotic" party, 112

• Finance, Cromer's work in, 68-9

• Financial Control during British
  Occupation, 56-7, 299, see
  also Caisse

  • Powers conferred on Provincial
    Councils, 109

• Five Feddan Law, the, 103, 111-12,
  293, 296

• Food-stuffs, enhanced cost of, in
  Egypt, effects of, 269, 283
  sqq.

• Foreign Bond-holders, the, 32, 33

  • Communities in Egypt, privileges
    of, under the Capitulations,
    57, 58 sqq.;

    • numbers of,
      174-5;

    • enterprises of,
      174;

    • contact with, of the
      Milner Commission, 265

  • Domination, effect of in Egypt
    and India, contrasted, 174

  • Financiers and the fall of Ismail,
    32

  • Investments of Egypt, value of,
    289

  • Settlements in Egypt, beginnings
    of, 17

  • Trade, Expansion of, under Ismail,
    27

• Foreign Office, the, and Egyptian
  affairs, 121, 287-8, 305

• Foundling Hospital, Egyptian,
  started, 75

• France (see also Anglo-French
  Agreement, and Anglo-French
  relations, Fashoda,
  &c.), and the Arab crisis,
  42, 55;

  • acquiescence of,
    in the British Protectorate,
    124

• Franco-Egyptian Press, the, 91

• French Invasion of Egypt, the,
  1, 3-4

  • Irrigation Engineers in Egypt,
    70, 71

  • Revolution, the land system
    evolved out of, 15

  • Schools in Egypt, superiority of,
    226;

    • Egyptian preference
      for, 230

• Freycinet, M. de, 40

• Fuad (Ahmed) Sultan of Egypt,
  133, 249, 256, 257;

  • defiance
    of, by El Azhar,
    241, 267;

  • Egyptian attitude
    to, 159, 276-7, 297

G

• Gallipoli Expedition, the, 135

• Gambetta, 40

• Garstin, Sir William, 71

• General Assembly, the, 88, 89

• German menace, effect of, on
  British Occupation of
  Egypt, 46

• Ghali (Butros Pasha), Coptic Prime
  Minister, 113, 206;

  • murder
    of, 113, 257

• Gharbieh Province, disorders in, 181

• Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., and
  Egypt, 41, 44

• Golanza, Conde V. de, 225

• Gordon, General, and Ismail, 24, 49;

  • and the fall of Khartum, 50

• Gorst, Sir Eldon, 163;

  • work of, 100-1,
    104, 107, 109, 110;

  • and
    Abbas II, 113, 114-15;

  • Nationalist activity during
    office of, 150;

  • on Liberal
    policy in Egypt, 110

• Government, Egyptian, framework
  of, 261

  • Employment, Egyptian Education
    as avenue to, 227

  • Servants, Egyptian, grievances
    of, and attitude of, to
    Nationalism, 150

---

321





• Government of India Bill (Act),
  1919, 125, 128, 261

• Grain depôts, 102

• Grand Mufti, the, 193

• Granville, Earl, 56;

  • principle laid
    down by, on British Administration
    in Egypt, 208,
    209, 216

• Greek Contractors during the late
  War, 135

H

• Hanbali School of Islam, 5

• Harvey, Sir Paul, 102, 220

• Hasb-el-oumm, or "popular" party,
  112

• Hasb-el-watan, or "patriotic" party,
  112

• Haynes, Mr., Adviser in Ministry
  of Interior, 220

• Hedjaz, new King of, 6, 252;

  • represented
    at the Peace Comference,
    147

• Hicks Pasha, 49

• High Commissioner, the, the first
  under the Protectorate,
  121;

  • powers of, need for
    definition of, 305

• Hilmi, Abbas, see Abbas II

• Himayat, Arabic word for Protectorate,
  254, 259, 308

• Holy Places of Arabia, see Mecca,
  and Medina

• Hospitals, Egyptian, development
  of, 75;

  • travelling, 172

• "House of the Nation," the, in
  Cairo, 178, 196

• Housing crisis, Egyptian, and Martial
  Law, 274

• Huddleston, Brig.-Gen., and the
  relief of Assiut, 186, 187

• Hurst, C. J. B., member of the
  Milner Commission, 260,
  264;

  • project of, for merging
    Consular Court jurisdiction
    with that of the
    Mixed Tribunals, 307-8

• Hussein, Sultan of Egypt, 123, 146,
  160, 275;

  • personality of,
    132-3, 135, 277;

  • death of,
    133;

  • on Representative
    institutions, Self -government,
    and the definition
    of the British position
    in Egypt, 129

  • THE EGYPTIAN PROBLEM

I

• Ibrahim, and the Wahabi rebellion,
  6;

  • Greek campaign of, 7,
    8;

  • Syrian campaign of,
    9-11;

  • death of, 12, 21

• Illiteracy, Egyptian, 72, 89, 167, 215,
  221, 230

• Independence, Party of (see also
  Nationalist Party), Saad
  Zaghlul (q.v.), as leader of,
  114, 117, 275;

  • rebellion
    furthered by, 177 sqq.;

  • warnings addressed to, by
    Generals Watson, and Bulfin,
    182-3,

  • and the reply, 183;

  • effect on, of Allenby's Proclamation
    and of American
    recognition of the British
    Protectorate, 203;

  • clear
    issue between, and the
    maintenance of British
    Control, 205;

  • conversations
    of, with members of
    Milner Commission, 270-1;

  • cross-currents in, and diverse
    views held, 270;

  • attitude of, to crime, 279;

  • policy, aims, and methods
    of, 279-81, 300;

  • question
    of justification in views,
    &c., 298-9

• "Independent Liberal" Party, the,
  278

• India, England, and Egypt, interrelations
  of, 18;

  • the Morley-Minto
    reforms in, 111;

  • Princes and People of, during
    the War, 127;

  • Representation
    of, in the Councils
    of the Empire, and
    at the Peace Conference,
    127;

  • British employed
    in, fewer than in Egypt,
    214

• Infant Mortality, Egyptian, 162

• Inspection of Egyptian Provincial
  Administration, 211

• Interior, Egyptian Ministry of,
  British failure at, in 1919,
  218;

  • change of adviser, 220

• International Inquiry, the, 33

  • Pitfalls besetting the British
    Occupation, 52 sqq.

  • Treaties, restrictions placed by,
    on Egypt, 57

• Internationalism, drawbacks of, 56,
  57 sqq., 71, 75

---

322





• Irrigation (see also Assuan Dam,
  Barrages, Canals, Nile
  Storage, &c.), Mehemet
  Ali's attention to, 16, 70,
  71;

  • promotion of, by
    Saïd, 22-3;

  • Ismail's
    methods with, 32, 70;

  • during the first and second
    phases of the Occupation,
    70 sqq., 101;

  • Cromer's
    prescience on, 72;

  • perennial,
    71,

  • works for, 72,

  • benefits of, to the fellaheen,
    73-4, 287

• Irrigation Department, the, Egyptian
  change of attitude to,
  215

• Ismail, Khedive, 123, 165;

  • extravagance
    of, and its consequences,
    23 sqq., 33, 56,
    67, 68, 108, 116, 153, 292;

  • deposition of, 36, 53, 276;

  • reforms accepted by, and
    propaganda of, among
    army officers, 34;

  • parliamentary
    orientation of,
    35-6;

  • irrigation methods
    of, 32, 70;

  • claimed as
    founder of Nationalism,
    94;

  • admiration for, of
    Abbas Hilmi, 115;

  • boast
    of, on Egyptian progress,
    144;

  • exploitation by, of
    the fellaheen, 32, 160;

  • and
    the Chamber of Notables,
    173;

  • and El Azhar, 240

• Italy, co-operation declined by, in
  1882, 42

J

• Japan, use by, of foreigners, 253

• Joseph, and the land-tenure of
  Egypt, 13

• Judges, Foreign (see also British),
  appointment of, 76

• Judicial Methods, modern, in
  Egypt, inefficacy of, 162-3

• Judicial System, Egyptian, bases of,
  and difficulties of reforming,
  75 sqq.

• Justice, administration of, 192

K

• Kadis, School of, 239

• Kamel, Mustapha, editor, 92;

  • and
    the "patriotic" party, 112

• Kasr-el-Aini Hospital, the, 224, 283;

  • Sandwith on, 29-31

• Kasr-el-Aini, School of Medicine at,
  223, 224

• Kassala, reoccupation of, 51

• Katia, British reverse at, 136

• Kemal-el-Din, son of Sultan Hussein,
  159-60

• Kennedy, Colonel, and the Nile
  Water Storage scheme, 287

• Khalif, influence of the Sultan as,
  55;

  • and the Protectorate,
    views on, at El Azhar, 150

• Khalifate, title to, 5;

  • British
    attitude to, defined in
    Note of 1914, 126

• Khartum, foundation of, 16;

  • fall
    of, 49-50

• Khedive, title of, secured by Ismail
  Pasha, 26

• Khedivial group, in Nationalist
  Party, 114

  • Lands, the, 292

• Kitchener, Field-Marshal Earl, 172,
  180;

  • and the battle
    of Omdurman, 50, 51;

  • and the Fashoda affair, 52;

  • and the Egyptian forces,
    74;

  • relations of, with
    Abbas II, 86, 115, 116,
    118-19, 120, 209;

  • work of,
    in Egypt, 100-1 sqq., 107,
    274, see also Five Feddan
    Law;

  • constitutional reforms
    initiated by, 111;

  • Nationalist activities during
    period of office of, 150

• Koran, the, good deeds enjoined
  by, 171;

  • in Mahomedan
    education, 220, 235 sqq.

• Kordofan, 49

• Kurbash, the, 15, 20, 160

• Kutahia, Convention of, 10

• Kuttabs, 221

L

• Labour Conditions in Egypt, 164,
  see also Fellaheen

• Labour, Egyptian, during the War,
  133

• Labour Corps, Egyptian, recruitment
  of, grievances connected
  with, 135 sqq.,
  152-3, 168, 218, 293

---

323





• Labour Party, the (British), 260

• Landowners, and food-supplies,
  283-4;

  • and the Nationalist
    Party, 269;

  • relations of,
    with the fellaheen, 14, 134,
    163, 292

• Land problems, 292-3

  • System of Egypt changed by
    Mehemet Ali, 13-15

  • Tax, settlement of, 59, 73-4, 89;

    • and suggested supertax,
      292-3

• Language question, as affecting
  Education, 228-9

• Law, School of, 223;

  • and the
    rebellion, 177

• Lawyers, Egyptian, strikes of, 178,
  180, 191-2, 198, 204;

  • and the Milner Commission,
    246, 264;

  • ultraNationalism
    of, 281

• League of Nations, the, 245;

  • mandates of, 308

• Legislation under Ismail Pasha,
  force of, 31-2

• Legislative Council (later, Legislative
  Assembly), the, 88,
  89, 90, 261;

  • and reforms,
    109, 111;

  • New, first
    session of, disappointment
    of, 116 sqq.;

  • closing of,
    during the War, 219;

  • Members of, and the Milner
    Commission, 246;

  • position
    of, under Martial Law,
    274;

  • need for defining
    limits of powers of,
    307

• Legislature, proposals on, of the
  Note on Constitutional
  Reforms, 145-6

• Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 18, 23

• Liberal Government, and modifications
  of British Control
  (see also Gorst), 99,
  108 sqq.

• Liquidation, International Commission
  of, 37

  • Law of, 56

• Loans raised by Ismail Pasha,
  26-7

• Local Commissions, 90-1

• London, 245

  • Conference of the Powers at
    (1884), 56

  • Convention of 1826, 7

• Lower Egypt, disorders in, 181

• Loyd, T., Secretary to the Milner
  Commission, 260

M

• MacIlwraith, Sir Malcolm, reforms
  of, 76

• MacMahon, Sir Henry, 121

• Mahdi-ism, 49 sqq.

• Mahmoud (Mohamed Pasha), deportation
  of, 149

• Mahmudiyeh Canal, the, 16

• Mahomedan fanaticism, tinging
  Nationalism in Egypt, outcome
  of, 266 sqq.

  • Modernists, 96-7

  • Pious Foundations, funds of, and
    Abbas Hilmi, 116, see also
    Wakf

  • Population of Cairo, influence on,
    of El Azhar, 131

  • Susceptibilities, affronted by the
    deposition of Ismail, 37

• Mahomedanism the dominant faith
  in Egypt, 156

• Making, The, of Modern Egypt, by
  Sir A. Colvin, 68

• Maktabs, 231

• Malta, deportation to, of Saad
  Zaghlul and other Members
  of the Nationalist Delegation,
  149, 245

• Mameluke rule in Egypt, 2, 14;

  • end
    of, 34;

  • influence on, of El
    Azhar, 240

• Mamours, 15

• Manifesto of

  • El Azhar, 241, 266-7

  • Princes of the reigning House,
    267-8

• Manner and Manners, importance of,
  in Oriental lands, 211;

  • alleged British defect in,
    85, 105-6

• Mansourah, 90, 286;

  • riots at, 179,
    180, 182,

• Marchand Expedition, the, 52

• Mariut Railway affair, the, 115

• Maronites, the, 158

• Marriage, age usual for, in Egypt, 234

• Martial Law in Egypt, proclaimed,
  Nov. 1914, 123;

  • effects of,
    217, 245, 274 sqq.

• Maxwell, Sir John, 133;

  • member of
    the Milner Commission, 260

• Medicine, Egyptian School of, defects
  of, 223-4

• Mehemet Ali, 157;

  • creator of
    Modern Egypt, 1 sqq., 13,
    144-5;

  • and the Mamelukes,
    4-5;

  • Wahabi rebellion
    crushed by, 5-6;

  ---

  324

  
  
  

  • relations of, with the Sultan,
    6 sqq., 54, 130;

  • outlawry
    of, 9,

  • revoked, 10;

  • financial methods of, 10;

  • Pashalik of Egypt made
    hereditary in the family of,
    12,

  • British recognition of
    this, 125;

  • settlement by,
    of Land Tenure, 13-15;

  • relations of, with European
    Culture and Countries, 16
    sqq.;

  • conquest by, of the
    Sudan, 15-16, 17, 49;

  • educational activities of,
    16-17, 76, 226;

  • public
    works executed by, 16,
    70, 71;

  • French preferences
    of, 17, 76;

  • love of, for
    Egypt, 19;

  • opinion of, on
    England in relation to
    Egypt, 17-18

• Mehkemeh Sheraieh, the, 76

• Mesopotamia, Egyptian Labour
  Corps units sent to, 139

• Middle Class, Egyptian, social
  characteristics of, 164-5;

  • lack of business enterprise
    of, 174;

  • desire of, for
    education, 223

• Middle East, the, Egyptian problems
  in relation to, 298, 300, 305

• Milner Commission, the, 257, 258,
  275, 281, 302;

  • women's
    and other demonstrations
    against, 168, 264-5;

  • functions
    assigned to, 243-4,
    256, 261;

  • boycott of, by
    the Nationalists, 246, 263,
    268 sqq., 297, 300;

  • members
    of, 260;

  • work of,
    263 sqq., 272-3;

  • communiqué
    issued by, 265, 308;

  • Nationalist fulminations
    against, in the Press, 282

• Milner, Viscount, 68, 243, 297

• Ministers, British, attitude of, to
  the Occupation, 41, 42, 43,
  44 sqq.;

  • gradual change
    in, 82;

  • present day lack of
    definite policy on Egyptian
    affairs, 190;

  • slow comprehension
    of the strength of
    Egyptian Nationalism, 205;

  • speeches of, on British
    policy in Egypt, 258-9,
    281 (see also British policy,
    Declaration of);

  • handling
    by, of Egyptian unrest,
    243 sqq.

  • Egyptian, relations of, with
    British Representatives,
    209 (see also Anglo-Egyptian
    relations);

    • visit
      of, to England negatived,
      results of, 147;

    • weakness of, 210, 278 sqq.,
      303

• Mixed Municipal Commissions, 90,
  91

• Mixed Tribunals, the, 56, 58, 60, 61,
  214, 307, 308

• Moderate Party, Kitchener's effort
  to create, 112

• Modern Egypt, by Lord Cromer, 68

• Money-lending by fellaheen women,
  166

• Mosul, Patriarchate at, 158

• Mukabalah Law, the, 26

• Municipalities, Egyptian, creation
  of, local interest in, 90

N

• Napoleon Bonaparte, and Egypt, 1,
  2, 3, 17, 240

• Napoleonic Wars, shifting alliances
  during, 4

• National Police, Egyptian, 197

  • Assembly as envisaged in the Note
    of 1918, 146

  • Schools, Egyptian, funds of,
    seized by Ismail Pasha, 32

• Nationalism, Egyptian, 37, 52, 165;

  • germ of, planted by Mehemet
    Ali, 19-20,

  • growth of,
    92 sqq., 296;

  • as voiced by
    the Press, 92;

  • origin and
    forces behind, 150 sqq.;

  • and
    the revival of El Azhar,
    240; see also Arabi

  • Turkish, vigour of, 153-4

• Nationalist Party in Egypt, 76, 94,
  96,

  • Cromer's hopes from,
    97-8;

  • attitude of, on the
    Sudan, 48-9, 52;

  • manipulation
    of, by Abbas II,
    108-9, 112, 118;

  • factions
    in, 112, 113, 114;

  • influenced
    by the Young Turks,
    114, 131;

  • change of orientation
    of, at the Armistice,
    142,

  • claim to Complete
    Independence put forth,

    ---

    325

    
    
    
    142 sqq.;

  • Memorandum
    sent by, to the Plenipotentiaries
    at the Peace
    Conference, 143-4;

  • Delegates
    of, in Paris, 98 (see
    also Zaghlul);

  • Delegation
    of, impeded from attending
    the Peace Conference, protest
    on, 144;

  • results, 147
    sqq.;

  • attitude of, to the
    Brunyate Note, 146;

  • attitude of, to present
    head of the State,
    159,

  • and to the ex-Khedive
    and his son,
    160;

  • critical rather than
    constructive, 171 sqq.; 270,
    272, 302-3;

  • literature of,
    173, 197;

  • Leaders of,
    attitude of, to Reform of
    Capitulations, 174-6 (see
    also Independence, Party
    of),

  • case of, as stated by
    themselves, 251 sqq.,

  • internment
    of, &c., 256;

  • case, of, basis of, 214 sqq.;

  • attitude of, to the Milner
    Commission, 246, 263, 268
    sqq., 297, 300;

  • immaturity
    of, demonstrations of,
    249-50;

  • background of
    earnestness in, 251

• Nationalist Riots, women's participation
  in, 167-9, 180,
  202, 250, see also Strikes,
  Rioting, &c.

• Nazli, Princess, salon of, 166

• Nelson, Admiral Lord, and the
  Battle of the Nile,
  1-2

• Nepotism, Egyptian, increase in,
  169

• Newspapers, Egyptian (see also
  Press, Egyptian), tendencies
  of, 91-2;

  • vernacular,
    229;

  • suspension
    of, reasons for, 257, 282

• Nile, the, 261;

  • control of, for
    irrigation, 71, 72;

  • upper
    waters of, control of,
    essential to Egypt, 49,
    101;

  • views on, of the
    Party of Independence,
    275;

  • Committee of Enquiry
    on, Egyptians unrepresented
    on, irritation
    due to, 286, 287

• Nile Barrages, at Assiut, 72;

  • Cairo, 16, 71, 72;

  • Zifta,
    72, see also Assuan Dam

• Nile Expeditions, British, 1884-5,
  50

• Nile Works, and the corvée, 69

• Notables, Chamber of, and Ismail
  Pasha, 35, 39, 173,

  • demands
    of (1882), 40;

  • in
    the General Assembly, 88;

  • Circular issued by, in appeal
    for Peace and Order,
    193;

  • consultations with,
    of Bulfin, 183,

  • and of
    Allenby, 193;

  • and the
    Milner Commission, 246

• Note addressed to Sultan Hussein
  on the establishment of
  the Protectorate, 125-6

  • on Constitutional Reforms in
    Egypt, of the Anglo-Egyptian
    Commission of
    1918, 145

• Notice issued under Martial Law,
  concerning Intimidation of
  Government Servants, &c.,
  201

• Nubar Pasha, 34, 35, 60, 76, 216;

  • and Cromer, relations of,
    84-5, 209

O

• Officials, British (see also Anglo
  Egyptian Bureaucracy, and
  Anglo-Egyptian Civil Service,
  &c.), attacks on, and
  murders of, during the
  rebellion, 181, 182, 184,
  185;

  • alleged deterioration
    in quality of, 215,

  • effect of,
    on Egyptian officials, 216

  • Egyptian, poor pay of, 104;

    • grievances of, 106;

    • strikes
      of, 178, 192-3, 198 sqq.,
      243,

    • effect on political
      stability, 204,

    • quelled by
      Allenby, 201 sqq.;

    • training
      of, failure in, 212 sqq., 223;

    • increase of pay granted to,
      283

    • Special Committee of, action of,
      and demands of, 198-200;

      • dissolution of, 201

    • Village, and recruitment of
      Labour Corps, 138;

      • tyranny of, 138, 161, 293

---

326





• Omdehs, 15;

  • and fellaheen, relations
    between, 89, 138, 161, 293;

  • and the anti-Milner Commission
    agitation, 247

• Omdurman, 110

  • Battle of, 50, 51

• Ophthalmia, prevalence of in Egypt,
  75, 172, 235

  • Hospitals for, 75;

    • travelling, 172

• Organic Law (Statute) of
  1883, 108, 109, 111, 275
  1913, 111, 116, 274

• Ottoman Empire, zenith of, 1;

  • disintegration, progressive,
    of, 2, 3, 43,

  • European
    attitude to (1831 circ.), 9

  • State of War with, Proclamation
    on, 130

  • Suzerainty over Egypt, 6, 12,
    26, 36, 40, 46, 53, 54, 55,
    63, 207, 295-6;

    • definite
      repudiation of, by Egypt
      (1914), 122;

    • finally ended,
      123

• Overland Route, the, support given
  to, by Mehemet Ali, 18

P

• Palace Influences, Egyptian comment
  on, 216

• Palestine Campaign, effect of, on
  Egypt, 133 sqq.

• Palmerston, Viscount, and Mehemet
  Ali, 10, 11, 19

• Pan-Islamic and Nationalist parties,
  131, 154

  • Propaganda of Abdul Hamid, 95

• Pan-Islamism, nature of, 95-6, 296

• Paris, Centre at, of Egyptian political
  activities after rebellion
  of 1919, 205, 244-5, 251

• Paterson, Mr., Adviser to Ministry
  of Education, 220, 232-3

• Patriarchates, the, rights and disabilities
  of, 158

• Peace Conference at Paris, 190;

  • India represented at, 127;

  • Egyptian Nationalist Memorandum
    sent to, 143-4;

  • hearing at, sought by Saad
    Zaghlul, 244

• Persia, British relations with, 252,
  308

• Pharmacy, Egyptian School of, 223

• Philanthropy, dearth of, in Egypt,
  170-1

• Pinching, Sir Horace, 75

• Police, Egyptian, during the rebellion,
  181, 182, 185, 187,
  198, 259, see also National
  Police

• Powers, the, attitude of, to the
  British Occupation, 45-6

• Press, Egyptian (see also Newspapers),
  low status of,
  91, 172-3;

  • capture of,
    by the Extremists, 92,
    107, 148, 150, 280;

  • Hussein
    Rushdi Pasha's appeal
    in, for return to normal
    conditions, 199;

  • and
    the Nationalist Delegation,
    245;

  • and the Milner Commission,
    246, 247;

  • garbled
    news of, on the autumn
    riots of 1919, 248;

  • publication
    in, of the Declaration
    on British Policy as to
    the Protectorate, 255;

  • control
    over, established, 123,
    131, 145, 257;

  • publication
    in, of the El Azhar Manifesto,
    267;

  • and Cromer's
    creation of Zaghlul, 271

  • Censorship of, 123, 131, 145, 257,
    282, 288

• Press Law, Egyptian, 257, 282

• Prime Ministers, Egyptian, and Reform,
  84-5;

  • resignations
    of, causes of, 209

• Princes of the reigning House,
  Manifesto of, 267-8

• Proclamations (see also Declaration)
  on

  • Dispensing with the presence of
    advocates in the Law
    Courts, 198

  • Not calling on the Egyptian
    Mahomedans for aid in the
    War, 130;

    • the promise
      not carried out, 130, 133,
      140-1

  • the Strike of Officials, and its
    effect, 202-3

• Prosperity under British rule, prewar,
  217,

  • and misery,
    post-war, 285

• Propriété Foncière en Egypte, by
  Yakub Artin Pasha, 13

• Protectorate, the, see British Protectorate

• Provincial Administration and
  Officials, set up by Mehemet
  Ali, 14-15

  ---

  327

  
  
  

  • Assembly, reform of, 111

  • Councils, 88, 89, 261;

    • reform of,
      109, 111;

    • powers of, on
      Education, 109, 222, 231;

    • members of, and the
      Milner Commission, 246

• Provincial Councils Bill, 111

• Public Health in Egypt, 162, 171,
  see also Sanitation

  • Opinion, Egyptian, on representation
    at the Peace
    Conference, 147;

    • and political
      movements, relation
      of, 153;

    • disregard of, 218-19

    • Indian and Egyptian, during
      the War, difference in
      outlets of expression for,
      127, 131

  • Spirit, dearth of, in Egyptians,
    170, 171-2

• Public Works Department and
  irrigation, 70-1;

  • strike
    of Officials of, 192

• Publications, unauthorised, agitation
  fostered by, 197

• Punjab Land Alienation Act, 103

R

• Railway and Telegraph lines, damage
  to, during the rebellion,
  179, 180-2, 183

• Railways, in Egypt, the first, and
  later extensions of, 22, 27

  • Light, development of, 102

• Ras-el-Teen Palace, 38

• Rebellion in Egypt, 1919

  • Causes, 149

  • Events of, 177 sqq.

  • Phases of

    • Active, 149, 177 sqq.

    • Passive, 190 sqq.

  • Repression of, damage due to,
    and cost of, 186-9

• Reconstruction, Cromer's work in,
  and views on, 66, 67

• Red Cross, the, collections for, in
  Egypt, 134

• Reforms, in Egypt, past, good results
  of, 293

• Rents, Egyptian, rise in, 163

• Representative Institutions, Egyptian,
  87 sqq.;

  • influence on,
    of Nationalism, 108;

  • perversion
    of, by Abbas
    Hilmi, 118-19;

  • defects of,
    172-3

• Republican views among Egyptian
  Nationalists, 159

• Restraints, due to the Capitulations,
  58 sqq., see also Capitulations

• Revenue, Egyptian, in Saïd's day,
  22;

  • in Ismail's day, 25,
    27;

  • sources of, unaffected
    by the Capitulations, 59;

  • percentage of, devoted to
    Education, 222;

  • present-day,
    289

• Riaz Pasha, Prime Minister, 34, 37,
  38, 76, 216;

  • and Reform,
    85;

  • resignation of, 209

• Richards, Dr. Owen, and his Staff,
  224

• Rifki (Osman Pasha), and Arabi's
  Colonels, 38

• Rights, Individual and National,
  conception of, acquired by
  Egyptians, 169

• Ringleaders in the rebellion, how
  dealt with, 247-8, 281-2

• Rioting during the rebellion, 179
  sqq.,

  • and in the autumn,
    248-9

• Roads, damage to, during the
  rebellion, 187

• Rodd, Sir Rennell, member of the
  Milner Commission, 260

• Rogers, Sir John, 75

• Rosetta, riots at, 182

• Royal College of Physicians and
  Surgeons, on Hospital needs
  in Egypt, 224

• Ruling classes, Egyptian, difficulties
  due to, 78, 84

• Rural population, Egyptian, see
  Fellaheen

• Rushdi (Hussein Pasha), Prime
  Minister, 118;

  • as Regent,
    120;

  • decision published
    by, on Aug. 6, portée of,
    122;

  • attitude of, and of
    his Cabinet to the Protectorate,
    129, 254, 270;

  • visit of, to England negatived,
    and resignation of,
    146-7, 196, 209;

  • office
    resumed by, 194, 199;

  • interviews of, with the
    Special Committee of
    Officials, 200;

  • second resignation
    of, 201, 202,
    causes of, 205, 280

• Russia, acquiescence of, in the
  British Protectorate, 124

S

• Sadik (Ismail, Mufettish), fate of,
  24-5

• Sadler, Sir Thomas, Commission of, on
  Indian Education, 232-3

• Said (Mohamed, Pasha), Minister
  of the Interior, and Abbas
  II, 113, 117;

  • fall of, 118,
    120;

  • as Prime Minister,
    185, 205, 206, 244;

  • resignation
    of, over the
    Milner Commission, 247,
    257, 280

• Said, Pasha of Egypt, administration
  of, 22-3

• Salisbury, 1st Marquis of, and the
  Arabi mutiny, 40;

  • and
    the British Occupation,
    43;

  • efforts of, to get out
    of Egypt, 52 sqq.;

  • trust
    of, in Cromer, 67

• Sami (Mahmoud Pasha), 38, 40

• Sandwith, Dr., cited on the Kasr-el-Aini
  Hospital, Cairo, 29-31

• Sanitation in Egypt, 75, 157, 161,
  162, 215

  • in Hospitals, 29-30, 224

• Saoud (Abdullah Ibn), Wahabi, conquered
  by Ibrahim, 6

• Saoud (Ibn), Wahabi Leader, and
  the King of the Hedjaz, 6

• School-children, Egyptian, boys and
  girls, rioting by, and strikes
  of, 168-9, 179, 197-8, 204,
  221, 246-7, 250-1

• Schools, Egyptian, see also Education

  • French, 226, 230

  • Government, 171

    • Elementary, attendance at,
      222;

      • results from, 227-8;

      • training in, 226

    • Female, 230

    • Secondary, Results of Examinations
      of, Report on, 227-8 ;

  • Private, character of, 171, 225-6,
    227;

    • results from, 228

    • Boys, 225-6, 227-8

    • Girls, 230

• Scott, Sir John, Reforms effected
  by, 76

• Scott-Moncrieff, Sir Colin, 71, 72

• Secret Diplomacy, method of, used
  by Egyptian politicians in
  reference to the Milner
  Commission, 271

  • Societies of the East, modern
    methods of, 153

• Self-Determination, principle of, use
  of, by Egyptian Nationalists,
  142 sqq.

• Self-Governing Institutions, future
  of, in Egypt, 90-1

• Self-Government for Egypt, view
  on, of Cromer, and action
  taken under Liberal
  Government, 90, 108 sqq.;

  • the Protectorate intended
    to further, 125, 256, 258;

  • British failure to train
    Egyptians for, 212, 215,
    223;

  • and British recognition
    of the Sultan's heir,
    277-8;

  • fitness for, how to
    be gauged, 272;

  • sphere of,
    304-5;

  • need for proof of
    Egyptian capacity for, 306

• Serwat Pasha in Rushdi's cabinet,
  120, 270

• Shafik (Mohamed, Pasha), 287

• Shárawi (Ali Pasha), President of
  Nationalist Committee, 178

• Shea, Maj.-Gen. Sir John, punitive
  column under, 186, 187, 188

• Sheria, the, basis of studies at El
  Azhar, 235-6

• Sherif Pasha, 209

• Sidki (Ismail Pasha), 120;

  • deportation
    of, 149

• Sinai Peninsula, Turkish encroachments
  in, 54, 95

• Sinn Fein spirit in Egypt, &c.,
  danger of, 301

• Sirri (Ismail Pasha), Minister of
  Public Works, 113, 120;

  • resignation of, 286;

  • and
    the Nile storage scheme,
    287

• Small Proprietorship in Egypt, 163

• Social Duty, sense of, Egyptian
  lack of, 170-1

  • Relations, Anglo-Egyptian, see
    Anglo-Egyptian relations

  • Unrest, as manifested in Egypt,
    151 sqq., see also Strikes

• Special Courts, abolition of, 248

• Special High Commissioner (Allenby,
  q.v.) wording of instructions
  to, 190

• Spender, J. A., member of the Milner
  Commission, 260, 264

• Sporting Club, the, 105

• Strikes in Egypt, by Lawyers,
  Officials, School-children,
  Students, &c., epidemic of,
  168, 177, 178, 180, 191-3,
  

  ---

  329

  
  
  
  197 sqq., 204, 221, 243,
  247-8;

  • pretexts for, 199;

  • quelled by Allenby, 193 sqq.

• Students, champions of Complete
  Independence, turbulence
  of, 150,

  • strikes by and
    rioting of, 177 sqq., 204,
    221, 246-7

• Succession to Rule in Egypt,
  Firmans on, 12, 26, 28

• Sudan, the, conquest of, by Mehemet
  Ali, 15-16, 17, 49;

  • expansion in, attempted by
    Ismail, 24, 27;

  • danger
    from, to British Occupation,
    48 sqq.;

  • evacuation
    of, 48, 50, 209;

  • reconquest
    of, 51-2, 279;

  • campaigns
    in, cost of, British
    financial help with, 52;

  • prosperity of, present day,
    52;

  • control from, of the
    Nile Waters (q.v.), 101,
    286-7;

  • Egyptian garrison
    of, 130;

  • sovereignty over,
    claimed by the Nationalist
    Party, 144, 275, 299;

  • conditions in, contrasted
    with those in Egypt by
    Curzon, 259;

  • attitude to,
    of Foreign Powers, present
    day, 299;

  • financial reimbursement
    of Egypt in
    connection with, suggested,
    299

• Sudanese attitude to Egyptians,
  49, 52

• Suez, 138

  • Harbour works, 27

• Suez Canal, the, early scheme for,
  18;

  • Concession granted for,
    by Saïd, 23;

  • opening of,
    26, 43;

  • Turkish attack on,
    foiled, 131

• Suez Canal Shares, British purchase
  of, 26-7

• Suez Canal Territory, British retention
  of, 299

• Sugar-growing in Egypt, 71

• Sultan, title of, implications of, 132

• "Superior Order," 31-2

• Syria, promise of, to France, 124

• Syrian Expedition, Record of, cited
  on the Egyptian Labour
  Corps, and its work, 138,
  139-40

• Syrians in Egypt, 158

T

• Tanta, bloodshed at, in the rebellion,
  179;

  • rioting at,
    autumn of, 1919, 264-5;

  • a seat of Mahomedan
    learning, 233

• Taxation in Egypt, under Mehemet
  Ali, 15,

  • and under Ismail
    Pasha, 31-2;

  • restrictions
    on, of the Capitulations,
    58-9, 109, 290;

  • extent
    of control over, of the
    General Assembly, 88;

  • voluntary, Egyptian attitude
    to, 90

• Teachers, Egyptian, and the riots,
  184, 204;

  • dearth of, 222,
    225;

  • defects in, 228, 229,
    231;

  • training of, inadequacy
    of, 224

• Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, 39, 42,
  65

• Tewfik, Prince, later Khedive, 35,

  • accession and reign of, 36,
    37 sqq., 54;

  • and Arabi's
    mutiny, 38 sqq.;

  • attitude of,
    to the British Occupation,
    47, 115;

  • Cromer's relations
    with, and tribute to,
    86

• Thomas, General Sir Owen, member
  of the Milner Commission,
  260

• Titles and Decorations, Abbas II's
  traffic in, 115

• Trade Unions in Egypt, 164

• Traders, urban, Egyptian, social
  conditions among, 163-4

• Trains (see also Railways), attacks
  on, during the rebellion,
  180-2

• Transport Animals, requisition of,
  during the War, 135

• Trials, civil and criminal, of foreigners
  in Egypt, 58,
  59-61

• Triple Alliance, the, and Anglo-French
  friction, 55

• Turkey (see also Ottoman Empire),
  William II's (q.v.) designs
  concerning, 11, 95, 122;

  • Indian Troops employed
    against, during the War,
    127;

  • assurances from, of
    Independence for Egypt,
    132

---

330





• Turkish and Circassian families in
  Egypt, status of, 158-9;

  • attitude of, to Nationalism,
    159

  • Intervention and the Arabi affair,
    401, 41

  • Nationalism, as reacting on Egypt,
    153

• Turks, the, Arabi's rebellion primarily
  directed against, 38,
  40, 41, 94

• Tussoon, Omar, 159

U

• Universities, see Azhar, El, and
  Egyptian University

• Upper Egypt, 286;

  • menace to, of
    the Sudan, 49, 50;

  • rebellion
    in, 181, 182, 183

• Urban Classes, Egyptian, social
  conditions among, 151,
  163-5

• Usury, protection from, of the
  fellaheen, see Five Feddan
  Law

V

• Versailles, Treaty of, 1918, Indian
  signatories of, 127;

  • recognition
    by, of the British
    Protectorate in Egypt,
    244, 296, 301

• Victoria College, Alexandria, 226

• Vienna, education at, of Abbas
  Hilmi, 86, 118

• Village life, Egyptian, faction and
  crime in, 162-3, 293

  • Soviets set up during the rebellion,
    183

• Vincent, Sir Edgar, 68

• Vitriol-throwing, outbreak of, 197

W

• Wadi Halfa, 50

• Wad Nejumi, 50

• Wages of Egyptian Agricultural
  Labourers, 151, 269, 283

  • Increases of, granted by Government,
    283

• Waghorn, Lieut., and the Overland
  Route, 18

• Wahabi Rebellion, the, 5-6, 17

• Wahabism, 5

• Wahba (Yusuf Pasha), 120;

  • Prime
    Minister, 257, 278, 280

• Wakf, the, 239;

  • moneys of, seized
    by Ismail, 32;

  • corruption
    associated with, 116, 170,
    172;

  • subvention of, to El
    Azhar, 242

  • Medical service of, 172

• War, Gladstone's fiction on, 44

• War, the Great (1914-18), effects
  of, in Egypt, 44, 119, 120
  sqq., 161, 206, 217 sqq.,
  229-30, 285, 288

  • Egyptian attitude during, 121,
    129 sqq., 151

  • Services rendered during, by
    Egypt, 130 sqq., 144

  • Turkish plunge into, how brought
    about, 153

• Washington, the Egyptian Delegates
  at, 245

• Watson, General, and the deportation
  of Saad Zaghlul, &c.,
  149;

  • warning of, to the
    Party of Independence,
    182-3

• Wellington, 1st Duke of, 18

• Western Civilisation, Egyptian attitude
  to, 94, 170-1

  • Education, see under Education

• Westminster Gazette, The, 260

• Willcocks, Sir William, 71, 73;

  • on
    money-lending by fellaheen
    women, 166-7;

  • and
    the Nile water storage
    scheme, 287

• William II, ex-Kaiser, 50;

  • designs
    of, on Turkey, 11, 95,
    122

• Wilson, Dr., on underfeeding in
  Egypt, 283

• Wilson, President, 142;

  • Fourteen
    Points of, 251;

  • approached
    by Zaghlul, 143;

  • recognition
    by, of the British
    Protectorate in Egypt, 203,
    244;

  • on the rights of the
    weakest, 151

• Wilson, Sir Rivers, 34

• Wingate, Sir Reginald, 51;

  • as High
    Commissioner, 121, 148,
    190;

  • and the refusal to
    allow Zaghlul to go to
    England, 143, 250

• Wolff, Sir Henry Drummond, Mission
  of, in 1885, 53-5, 67

---

331





• Women, Egyptian, in regard to
  Anglo-Egyptian social relations,
  104

  • Education of, 165-6, 167, see
    also Education, Female

    • Illiteracy of, 167, 221, 230

  • Fellaheen, 166, 168

  • Feminist ferment among, 166

  • Influence exercised by, 165

  • Share of, in the rebellion, 167-9,
    180, 202, 250

  • Social conditions of, 165 sqq.

• Wood, Field-Marshal Sir Evelyn,
  V.C., 74

Y

• Yildiz Kiosk, reactionary policy at,
  97

• Young Turk party, and the Egyptian
  Nationalists, 114, 131, 300

• Yusuf (Ameen Effendi), Co-operative
  Association set up by,
  285

Z

• Zaghlul (Saad Pasha), 153, 156, 192,
  196, 276, 309;

  • choice of,
    by Cromer for Ministry of
    Education, 77, 98, 112,
    271;

  • interest of, in the
    Egyptian University, 224;

  • speech by, on Egyptian
    Independence, 147;

  • the
    more extreme party joined
    by, 77, 98, 114, 275;

  • as
    Minister of Justice, collision
    with the Khedive
    and resignation, 113;

  • in
    the first session of the new
    Legislative Assembly, 114,
    116, 117, 275;

  • in Rushdi's
    Cabinet, 120;

  • party
    formed by, 120, 153, see
    also Independence, Party
    of;

  • demand formulated
    by, for Complete Independence,
    subsequent action
    and events, 142-3 sqq.,
    250;

  • permission requested
    by, to go to England,
    but refused, 143, 250;

  • speech by, on Independence,
    147-8,

  • warning
    of, by Watson, protest
    issued by, arrest and deportation
    of, and the results,
    149, 177 sqq.;

  • release
    of, effect of, 194-5, 199;

  • control of Egyptian politics
    exercised by, from
    Paris, 205, 244 sqq., 251;

  • attitude of, to the manifestoes
    of El Azhar, and
    the Princes, 268;

  • and the
    Milner Commission, 270-1;

  • policy and aims of, 279-80,
    297

• Zifta Barrage, the, 72

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