The underground railroad from slavery to freedom,

Abbot, Major J. B., host of John Brown,
164.
Abbot, Bev. J. S. C., on effect of Fugitive
Slave Law of 1850, on family of
" fugitives, 247, 248.
Abduction, Harriet Tubman, a practitioner
in, 6; of slaves from Missouri
by John Brown, 8, 9, 338; Rufus King
on, 29 n.; of abolitionists, rewards for,
52, 53; of slaves from Covington,
Ky., by Fairbank, 61; of slaves by
John Fairfield, the Virginian, 66, 67;
methods of, employed by Dr. A. M.
Ross, 104; Still on abductions through
agency of the U. G. R. R., 118 n.;
sentiment of abolitionists against, 150;
by negroes, 151; by refugees of Canada,
152, 153; by Southern whites,
153, 154; by Northern whites, 154,
155; by Burr, Work and Thompson,
155, 156; by Joseph Sider, 157; by
Calvin Fairbank, 157–160; by Seth
Concklin, 160–162; by John Brown,
162–165; in Brown's plan of liberation,
166, 167; by Charles T. Torrey,
168–170; by Capt. Jonathan Walker,
170, 171; by Laura S. Haviland, 171,
172; by Capt. Daniel Drayton, 172,
173; by Richard Dillingham, 174, 175;
by Wm. L. Chaplin, 175, 176; by
Josiah Henson, 176–178; by Rial
Cheadle, 178, 179; by Dr. A. M. Ross,
179–182; by Elijah Anderson, 183; by
John Mason, 183, 184; by Harriet
Tubman, 185–189; of friends from the
South planned by Canadian exiles,
231, 232; of a free negro from New
York in 1850, 269; of negroes from
southeastern Pennsylvania, 280; of
free negroes from Northern state under
law of 1793, 295; failure of Fugitive
Slave Law of 1850 to recompense
South for losses through, 341; disappearance
of slavery from District
of Columbia attributed to the U. G.
R. R. and, 341, 342.
Abolition, gradual, 17; boats, 148; in
Canada, 190, 191; sentiment of, in
Northern states prevents reclamation
of fugitives, 241–243; immediate, before
Garrison, advocated by Bourne
in 1816, 303, 304; immediate, advocated
by Duncan in 1824, 304–306;
immediate, advocated by Rankin in
1824, 306–308; immediate, germination
of idea of, 307; immediate, formulation
of the principle of, in U. G. R. R.
neighborhoods, 357.
Abolitionists, hidden methods of, 2; recollections
of, main source of history
of Underground Railroad, 11; characterization
of, 12; convictions of, 17;
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 detested
by, 24; in Iowa, 43; testimony of,
regarding activity of the U. G. R. R.
(1830–1840), 44, 308; social disdain
borne by, 48–50; espionage endured
by, 50–54; rewards for abduction of,
52, 53: known as "conductors," 60;
destitution, of fugitives relieved by
expenditures of, 76–78; waterway extensions
of U. G, R. R. established by,
82; temper of, shown in rescue of
fugitives under arrest, 86; political
affiliations of, 99–101; United States
Constitution burned at meeting of,
101; treated with justice in history,
101; penalties paid by, 102, 103; settlements
of, in Maryland, 119; Brown
Thurston of Portland, Me., a veteran,
133; on number of U. G. R. R.
lines in Ohio, 135; devices of, to
secure safety of fugitives, 141; sentiment
of, against abduction, 150; dine
with Fairfield the abductor, 154 n.;
risks taken by an, in abducting a
slave, 155; abductions by, along the
borders of slave territory, 155; appeals

442

of fugitives to, for aid for friends in
bondage, 168; arrest of Charles T.
Torrey for being an, 169; number of
fugitives early aided by, in southern
Ohio, 192; testimony of, on the effects
of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 193;
underground work in Iowa and Illinois
by, 194, 195; Canadian refugees
visited by, 199–201; refuge found by
runaway slaves among, in Northern
states, 212, 213, 275; visitation of
communities of, by slave hunters, 239,
240; prevent reclamation of fugitives,
241, 242; irritated by mode of arrests
under Slave Law of 1793, 259; efforts
to use Northwest Ordinance in defeat
of law of 1793, 262, 263; law of 1850
objectionable to, 267–273; possibility
of abduction of free negroes from the
North under law of 1850, declared
by, 268, 269; on commissioners' fees
under law of 1850, 271, 272; secrecy
observed by, 272; characteristics of
pre-Garrisonian, 307; grateful employment
of, in helping slaves, 310;
societies of, criticised by Webster,
314; information about, among slaves,
316; exultation of, over rescue of
Jerry McHenry, 320; residence of Harriet
Beecher Stowe among, in Cincinnati,
O., 321; various activities
of, 326; increasing number of fugitives
aided by, 327; restiveness of,
under jurisdiction of United States
Courts in fugitive slave cases, 335; of
Lawrence, Kan., abused by Missourians,
347; aid rendered fugitives by,
at Lawrence, Kan., 348; efficiency of
underground work of, compared with
work of American Colonization Society,
350, 351; support of U. G. R. R.
by, alleged, 351; multiplication of,
due to the U. G. R. R., 357.
Adams, Robert, 130.
Agents of the U. G. R. R., significance
of the name, 67; in Baltimore, 68;
employment of regular, 69, 70; number
of, 87; hospitality of, 87–89;
admitted principles of, 89, 90; nationality
of, 90–92; church connections
of, 93–98; churches of Massachusetts
appealed to by, 99; political affiliations
of, 99–101; character of, 101;
penalties suffered by, 102, 103; Defensive
League of Freedom for payment
of fines of, proposed in Boston,
103, 104; notable persons among,
104–112; limited area of operation
of, 113; in Pennsylvania, 121; in
New York, 122–127; in New Jersey,
123, 124; in Massachusetts, 129, 130;
in Vermont, 130, 131; devices of, 137;
work of abduction by Seth Concklin
as one of the, 160; fearless work of,
at Sandusky, O., 276, 277; Harriet B.
Stowe and John Brown as, 290; Rev.
John Rankin, active in ranks of, 307;
J. R. Giddings one of the most enthusiastic
of, 315; appealed to by Canadian
refugees for abduction of friends,
231, 232; among fugitive settlers in
the North, 251–253.
Alabama, purchase of slaves by, 26;
underground line from northern, 119;
Canadian refugees from, 195; attempted
abduction of Peter Still's
family from, 160; operations in,
planned by Brown, 167.
Alcott, A. B., friend of Harriet Tubman,
186; part of, in the Burns case, 331.
Alleghanies, the use to be made of, in
Brown's plan of liberation, 166.
Allen, Abram, special conveyance of,
for fugitives, 59, 60; visit of, to
Canada, 199.
Alum Creek Quaker Settlement, leaf
from diary of station-keeper in, 10;
activity of station in, 76, 77; facsimile
of record kept by Daniel
Osborn of, 344, 345.
American Baptist Free Mission Society,
ministrations to refugees in Toronto,
Canada, 3, 183.
American Colonization Society, objects
and work of, compared with those of
U. G. R. R., 350, 351.
American Historical Review, on Underground
Railroad, 5.
Amherstburg, Canada West as a receiving
depot for fugitives, 194; visit of
Levi Coffin to, 200; supplies for Canadian
refugees in, 214; congregation of
fugitives in 225; negro mechanics in,
226; Dr. Howe on condition of colored
people in, 226 n; Drew on condition of
refugees in, 227; separate schools for
negroes in, 229; first "True Band"
organized in, 230; comparison of
amounts of property owned by whites
and blacks in, and in other places, 232.

443

Anderson, Elijah, abductor, 183.
Anderson, William, extradition of the
fugitive, from Canada refused, 352,
353.
Andrew, Bishop James O., church proceedings
against, 95.
Andrew, John A., 103; appreciation of
Harriet Tubman, 189.
Andrews, Ex-Pres. E. Benjamin, on
route in Massachusetts, 129.
"Anti-Slavery Days, History of," in
Illinois, 6.
Anti-Slavery in the State and Nation,
on refugees forwarded to Brunswick,
219.
Anti-slavery men, Theodore Parker on
the first duty of, 109; meetings of, in
New England, 171. See Abolitionists.
Anti-slavery movement, Chas. T. Torrey
engages in, 168, 169; humane motives
of, 286; U. G. R. R., a causal factor
in development of, 290, 302; character
of pre-Garrisonian, 307; continuity of
development of, 307, 308; failure of
Uncle Tom's Cabin to produce election
gains for, 323.
Anti-slavery sentiment, among people
from the Southern states, 31, 32, 41;
revenge on Mission Institute for, 156;
in Congress, 173; settlement of fugitives
in communities characterized
by, 212, 242; proof of early, in free
states, 300; influence of U. G. R. R.
in spreading, 302; in the North, 309,
310.
Anti-Slavery Society, of Philadelphia,
of New York, Harriet Tubman a well-known
visitor of the, 189; of Massachusetts,
193; of Canada, 204; benefactions
of, for fugitive slaves, 222,
223; persons of respectability in societies,
308; encouragement given by, to
bondmen to flee, 310; reports of Pennsylvania
and Massachusetts societies
on increasing number of fugitives
after 1850, 327; of New England,
meeting of, at time of rendition of
Burns, 332.
Appalachian route of escape for slaves,
118.
Appleby, Capt., master of lake boat
carrying fugitives, 82.
Arkansas, abducting trip of Fairbank
into, 65.
Armstrong, abductor, 153.
Armstrong, J. H. B., operator, 42, 43.
Arnold, Hon. Isaac N., counsel in fugitive
slave case, 284.
Arrest, of abductor Calvin Fairbank,
158, 159; of abductor Charles T. Torrey,
169; of abductor Capt. Walker,
170; of abductors Drayton and Sayres,
173; of abductor Dillingham, 174; of
abductor Chaplin, 176; of fugitive
slaves in the North between 1850–1856,
240, 241; mode of, under law of 1793,
257–259; right of private, under law
of 1850, 267; of fugitive slave, penalties
for hindering, 279; of operators,
283; of negroes in the South during
the War, 287; of free negro in Philadelphia,
317; of Jerry McHenry in
Syracuse, 318; of rescuers in Christiana
case, 319; of Burns in Boston,
331.
Articles of Confederation (1643), clause
for rendition of fugitives quoted, 19;
absence of provision for return of fugitives
in, 293.
Ashburton Treaty, extradition of the
fugitive Anderson from Canada sought
under, 352, 353.
Ashley, Congressman James M., operator,
92, 106.
Association for the Education and Elevation
of the Colored People of Canada,
233.
Atchison, of Kentucky, on loss sustained
by slave-owners of border states, 341.
Baine, Patrick, owner of Harriet Hayden,
158.
Bains, Eliza, operator in Portsmouth,
Va., 118.
Baird, Thomas D., 96.
Baltimore, fugitive shipped in a box
from, 60; agents in, 68, 91, 117, 151;
anti-slavery sentiment in Friends'
Yearly Meeting of, 93; abductions
of Harriet Tubman from, 186; petition
of Quakers of, against kidnapping,
296.
Baptist Church, appeal to societies of,
in Massachusetts, 99.
Barbour, American Minister, on negotiations
with England concerning fugitive
slaves, 300.
Baxter and Grant, owners of Lewis
Hayden, 158.
Bayliss, James, on canal route, 142.

444

Beacon, the, reminiscences of "Early
Settlement and Growth of Western
Iowa," in, 7.
Beard, William, visit of, to Canadian
refugees, 199.
Bearse, Capt. Austin, doorkeeper of Boston
Vigilance Committee, 73; rescues
from vessels by, 81; on stowaways
from the South, 144.
Beck, Dr. Isaac M., brief mention of,
32 n.; reward for abduction of, 53.
Beecher, Henry Ward, counterpart of,
in Uncle Tom's Cabin, 322.
Benedict, Aaron, reminiscences of
U. G. R. R,, 6.
Benedict, Aaron L., runaways entertained
by, 76, 77.
Benezet, Anthony, precepts of, 49.
Benton, Thomas H., 159; on passage of
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 311 n.
Berrien, Col., conductor, 144.
Bibb, Henry, projector of Refugees'
Home, 209; stock of supplies maintained
by, 214; passenger on U. G.
R. R., 340.
Bibb, Mrs. Mary E., school-teacher
among Canadian refugees, 215.
Bigelow, Jacob, operator, 117.
Bigelow, L. H., 130.
Bingey, Anthony, on escape of his
family to Canada, 76; on increase of
fugitives arriving in Canada, 194;
desire for freedom of, 196; on refugee
population of Ontario, 221; on effects
of Slave Law of 1850, 249.
Bingham, Dr. J. A., 89.
Blake, Capt., fugitives carried by boat
of, 83.
Blake, of Ohio, bill of, for repeal of
Fugitive Slave laws, 286.
Boat service for transportation of absconding
slaves, 81–83, 118, 145–148,
219, 252.
Bolding, John, seizure of, under Slave
Law of 1850, 241.
Booth, Sherman M., power of commissioners
questioned in case of, 270;
penalty imposed in case of, 279; case
of, before the courts in Wisconsin, 329;
limits of state authority defined in
case of, 330; protest against Douglas
legislation in case of,
Borden, Nathaniel P., 130.
Boston, conveyance of fugitives by
William I. Bowditch of, 61; Vigilance
Committee of, 71–73; escapes by vessel
to, 81; early rescue in, 83, 84;
rescue of Shadrach in, 86; appeal of
Vigilance Committee of, for aid, 98,
99; attempted rescue of Burns in, 103,
330–332; aid rendered fugitives by
Theodore Parker in, 109, 110; slaves
sent to New Bedford and, from Virginia,
118; James Freeman Clarke on
protection of fugitives in, 132; refugees
sent from New York to, 145; to
England from, 145; estimate of fugitives
in, 235; law of 1850 denounced
by meeting in, 244; consternation
among fugitives in, 246–248; continued
residence of refugees in, after
1850, 250, 251; Lewis Hayden in, 251,
252; early pursuit of fugitives in, 302;
Shadrach, Sims, and Craft cases in,
317.
Boston and Worcester Railroad, 80.
Boston Public Library, scrap-book of
Theodore Parker in, 8.
Bourne, Rev. George, early advocate of
immediate abolition, 303, 304, 306;
political action against slavery proposed
by, 305 n.
Bowditch, William I, 61, 132.
Bowles, Col. J., letter of, on U. G. R. R.
depot at Lawrence, Kan., 347–350.
Brace, Avery, 16.
Bragdon, George C., on stations on the
St. Lawrence, 127 n.
Brainerd, Hon. Lawrence, 107; fugitives
shipped by rail by, 145.
Bramlette, Gov. Thomas E., opposed to
pardon of Fairbank, 159, 160.
Brant, Chief, fugitives received by people
of, 92, 203.
Brennan, Mr., escape of slave from, 65.
Brisbane, W. H., hiding-places provided
by, 64.
British and American Manual Labor Institute,
colored children, 200; origin
of Dawn Settlement, 205; work of,
for Canadian refugees, 214; visited
by Levi Coffin, 220; lumber industry
established at, 223; colored settlers
attracted by, 229, 230.
Brooks, Prof. W. M., on stations in
southwestern Iowa, 33, 98.
Brooks family, of Concord, Mass.,
friends of Harriet Tubman, 186.
Brown, David Paul, counsel for fugitive
slaves, 284, 285.

445

Brown, Eli F., hiding-place provided by,
64.
Brown, Henry Box, shipment of, in a
box, 60.
Brown, John, notes of, relating to his
raid, 8; father of, a friend of fugitives,
37; League of Gileadites organized
by, 73, 74; transportation of party
of, through Iowa, 79; entertained by
J. B. Grinnell, 108; strategy of, 118;
North Elba home of, a terminus of
the U. G. R. R., 127; route followed
by, with his abducted slaves, 136, 164,
165; Missouri raid of, 162, 163; effect
of his raid, 165; plan of liberation of,
166–168, 357; Dr. A. M. Ross, a friend
of, 183 n.; on Harriet Tubman, 185;
concern of, for fugitive settlers in
Canada, 199; influence of U. G. R. R.
upon, 290, 301, 338, 339; Col. J.
Bowles on, 349, 350.
Brown, Mary, owner of James Hamlet,
269.
Brown, Owen, father of John Brown,
early operations of, 37, 301.
Brown, Wells, befriends the fugitive
William Wells Brown, 77.
Brown, William Wells, befriended, 77;
conveyance of fugitives to Canada by,
83, 252; qualities of leadership in, 340.
Buchanan, James, amendments to Constitution
in regard to fugitive slaves
recommended by, 286; Booth pardoned
by, 331; appealed to in Addison
White case, 334; on enforcement of
Fugitive Slave law during his administration,
353.
Bucknel and Taylor, slave-owners, 196.
Buffalo, boat service to, 83; release of
alleged fugitives in, 317.
Burns, Anthony, Theodore Parker's
memoranda on rendition of, 8; Vigilance
Committee fails to rescue, 73;
attempt to rescue, 103; case of, 251,
271, 283; rendition of, 331–333.
Burr, James E., one of abducting party
of, Work and Thompson, 155, 156.
Burronghes, George L., agent of Underground
Road, 70.
Bushnell, Simeon, case of, 270; penalty
paid by, 279.
Buswell, N. C., on abduction by Canadian
refugee, 152.
Butler, of South Carolina, on loss sustained
by slave-owners, 341.
Buxton Settlement in Canada. See Elgin
Association.
Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 207.
Cabot, Samuel, Jr., 103.
Calhoun, on Drayton's expedition with
the Pearl, 173, 174; on an enactment
making it unlawful to aid fugitives,
309; on the need of a new fugitive
slave law, 313; championship of the
Slave Law of 1850, 314.
California, sanction of, to Slave Law of
1850, 246.
Calvinists. See Presbyterian Church.
Campbell, C. B., 58.
Campbell, Dr. Alexander, reward for
abduction of, 53.
Canada, escapes from the American
colonies to, 20, 292; Clay's negotiations
for extradition of fugitive slaves
from, 22, 299, 300; knowledge of,
among slaves, 27–30, 180, 182, 197,
198; underground routes through New
York to, 35; early arrival of fugitives
in, 43, 44; entered from Detroit, 66;
number of fugitives forwarded to, by
one abolitionist neighborhood before
1817, 87; number sent to, by Chas. T.
Torrey before 1844, 88; fugitives
received by people of Chief Brant in,
92; terminals in, 127, 133, 134; route
to, via Portland, Me., 133; Ontario,
the goal of the great majority of runaways,
140, 148; extent of the region
in, settled by refugees, 148, 149;
hospitality of, 149; abductions by
refugees of, 152; excursions of the
abductor Fairfield to, 153, 154; reception
given Fairfield and his protégés
on their arrival in, 154; enthusiasm
in, over John Brown's Missouri raid,
165; part to be taken by refugees of,
in Brown's plan of liberation, 167;
Dawn Institute in, 168; delight of
fugitives on reaching, 178, 196, 197;
ministrations of American Baptist
Free Mission Society among refugees
at Toronto, 183; number assisted to,
by abductor John Mason, 184; trips
of abductor Harriet Tubman to, 187,
189; position of Canada on slavery
question, 190, 191; early arrival of
fugitive slaves in, 192; increased influx
of fugitives, 193, 194; refugees in,
a representative body of the slave

446

class, 195, 196; severity of conditions
ia, 198; treatment of refugee settlers
in, 199, 200; attitude of government
of, toward refugees, 201–203; conditions
favorable to settlement of
fugitives in, 203–205; fugitive aid
societies in, 204, 205; Dawn Settlement,
205–207; Elgin Settlement, 207–
209; Refugees' Home Settlement, 209,
210; objects of the colonies, 210, 211;
Dr. Howe's criticism of the colonies,
211, 212: defence of the colonies, 212,
213; services of the colonization societies,
213–215; conclusions concerning
the colonies, 216, 217; fugitive
settlers in towns of, 217, 218; movement
of fugitives to the interior of,
218, 219; refugees in the eastern
provinces of, 219; refugee population
in, 220–224, 313; occupations of refugees
in, 223; congregation of refugees
in towns of, 225, 226; prosperity of
refugees in, 226, 227; their domestic
life in, 227, 228; their school opportunities
in, 228, 229; their societies for
self-improvement in, 230, 231; their
efforts for the rescue of friends from
slavery, 231, 232; their taxable property
in, 232; their political privileges
in, 232; their value as citizens, 233,
234; return of many from, 235; increased
influx of fugitives into, after
passage of law of 1850, 246–250,
316; escape of Shadrach and Jerry
McHenry to, 317, 318; Glover forwarded
to, 328; escape of Addison
White to, 334; extradition of Anderson
refused by, 352, 353.
Canadian Anti-Slavery Society, on employment
for Canadian refugees, 204;
on refugee population in Canada West,
221; on congregation of Canadian
refugees in towns, 225.
Canadian Magazine of Politics, Science,
Art, and Literature, on Underground
Railroad, 5.
Canal routes, 142.
Cape Breton Island, sea routes to, 219.
Capron, Effingham L., operator, 131,
132.
Capture, of fugitive slaves thwarted,
83–86; under Slave Law of 1850,
240–242; of fugitive settlers in the
North, 316; of Sims in Boston, 317;
of boy John near Oberlin, 335, 336.
Carpenter, Philo, operator, 88, 147.
Carpenter, slave-hunter, 53, 54.
Cass, Gen., Secretary of State, appealed
to in the Addison White case, 334.
Caton, Judge, 283.
Cavins, E. C. H., on route through
Indiana, 142.
Censor, the, containing "Sketches in
the History of the Underground Railroad,"
4.
Census reports of Canada, on refugee
population, 220.
Census reports of United States, on
fugitive slaves, 26, 44, 342, 343.
Chace, Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum, 49; on
New Bedford route, 130.
Chamberlain, Hon. Mellen, 36.
Channing, Dr. Walter, 170.
Channing, Prof. Edward, on prosecutions
of anti-slavery men, 317n.
Chaplin, William L., abductor, 168, 175,
176.
Chapman, Capt., on delight of slaves
reaching Canada, 196, 197.
Charles, John, 53.
Chase, Salmon P., on the Ordinance of
1787, 262; on the fugitive slave clause
in the Constitution, 263, 264; in the
Van Zaudt case, 282; counsel for
fugitive slaves, 308, 309; in the Addison
White case, 334, 335.
Cheadle, Rial, abductor, 178, 179.
Cheney, Rev. O. B., 37, 134.
Chicago, a place of deportation, 83, 88,
147; terminus for line through Livingston
and La Salle counties, Ill.,
139; multiple routes of, 141; hostility
of, to law of 1850, 333.
Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 79,
144, 165.
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad,
79, 144.
Child, E., receiver of goods for Canadian
refugees at Toronto, 202.
Chittenden, subscription of, for release
of W. L. Chaplin, 176.
Christiana case, 280, 281, 317; Thaddeus
Stevens in, 282; effort of the government
to enforce the law of 1850 in, 319.
Church connection of U. G. R. R. helpers
or agents, 93–99; of Canadian refugees,
216.
Church of fugitives, in Boston, 246;
in Buffalo, Rochester, Detroit, and
Boston, 250.

447

Cincinnati Enquirer, the, on contention
over Addison White case, 335 n.
Cincinnati, supplies for fugitives provided
by Woman's Anti-Slavery Sewing
Society of, 77; Dr. N. S. Townshend
conductor in, 104; home of
Harriet Beecher Stowe a station in,
105; work of Levi Coffin in, 110–112;
multiple routes in, 135, 141; appeal of
colored people in, to Mr. Dillingham,
174; seizure of McQuerry in, 241;
counsel for fugitive slave cases in,
282; effect of the Margaret Garner
case in, 302, 303; observations used
in Uncle Tom's Cabin made in, 321.
Civil War. See War of Rebellion.
Claiborne, on loss sustained by slave-owners
from 1810–1850, 341.
Clark, George W., coöperation of, with
Capt. Walker in anti-slavery work,
171; on the abductor Wm. L. Chaplin,
176.
Clark, Lewis, 171.
Clark, Milton, 171.
Clark, Wm. Penn, friend of John Brown,
164.
Clark, Woodson, informed against
slaves, 278.
Clarke, Rev. James Freeman, on northern
opposition to rendition, 25, 103;
on extent of U. G. R. R. system, 113,
114; on protection of fugitives in
Boston, 132 n.
Clay, Henry, negotiations of, with England
for extradition of fugitives, 22,
44, 299; flight of slave of, 27; on the
execution of the law of 1850 in Indiana,
48; on the escape of slaves to
Canada, 192; on the Canadian refugees,
201; on the difficulty of recapturing
fugitives, 242; championship
of new Fugitive Slave Law
by, 312, 314; compromise of, 315;
proposition of, that the President be
invested with power to enforce the
law of 1850, 319.
Cleveland, boat service for fugitives
from, 83, 252; deportation station,
146; eminent attorneys of, in Oberlin-Wellington
case, 282; trial of Oberlin-Wellington
rescuers at, 336; celebration
in, over victory of abolitionists
in Oberlin-Wellington case, 337.
Cleveland and Canton Railroad, 79.
Cleveland and Western Railroad, 79, 143.
Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
Railroad, 79, 183.
Cleveland Plain Dealer, on results in
Oberlin-Wellington case, 337.
Clingman, of North Carolina, on value
of fugitive settlers in Northern states,
341.
Coffin, Addison, early operator in North
Carolina, 40, 117.
Coffin, Levi, author of The Reminiscences
of, 2, 4; early service in
North Carolina and Indiana, 40, 117;
methods of, 61, 64; reputed president
of the U. G. R. R., 69; largest
company of fugitives entertained by,
76; devotee of underground work, 78,
110–112; on John Fairfield the abductor,
153; visit of, to Canadian
refugees, 199–201, 218–220; on acquisition
of land by Canadian refugees,
201, 202; on the number of Canadian
refugees, 221; association of, with R.
B. Hayes, 282.
Coffin, Vestal, organizer of U. G. R. R.
near Guilford College, N.C., 1819,
117.
Coleman, family of refugees near Detroit,
236.
Collins, James H., counsel in defence of
Owen Lovejoy, 283.
Colonies, fugitive slave clause in treaties
between Indian tribes and, 91, 92; of
fugitive slaves in Canada, 205; Dawn
Settlement, 205–207; Elgin Settlement,
207–209; Refugees' Home Settlement,
209, 210; Dr. S. G. Howe on refugee,
211, 212; his criticism of, answered,
213, 214, 217; services of, 215, 216; conclusions
concerning, 217; question of
extradition between American, 290.
Commissioners, duties of, under the second
Fugitive Slave Law, 265; creation
of, due to decision in Prigg's case, 266;
surrender of James Hamlet by one of,
269; power of, questioned, 269–271;
observations of, regarding their own
authority, 271; remuneration of, 271.
Committees of Vigilance. See Vigilance
Committees.
Communication, methods of, 56; facsimile
and other illustrations of messages,
10, 57, 58, 59, 79 n.; use of
signals across Delaware River, 125;
ease of, contributes to swell number
of fugitives 316.

448

Compromise of 1850, relation of second
Fugitive Slave Law to, 265, 311; repetition
of, with modifications, proposed
in 1860, 285, 286; not a finality, 320;
how regarded by Northern people,
324; failure of, 357
Coneklin, Seth, abductor, 157, 160–162.
Conductors, methods of, 60, 61, 64; significance
of the title, 67; regularly
employed, 69, 70; number of, 87;
their hospitality, 88, 89; their principles,
89, 90; their nationality, 90,
91; their church connections, 93–98;
political affiliations of, 99–101; character
of, 101; penalties suffered by,
102; proposed Defensive League of
Freedom in behalf of, 103, 104; notable
persons among, 105–112.
Confederation, New England (1643),
provision in, for delivery of fugitives,
19; Articles of, quoted, 19.
Congregational Church, operators
among members of, 96–98, 168; abductor
Charles T. Torrey, clergyman
of, 168.
Congress, speech of J. R. Giddings in
lower House on fugitive slaves, 105;
speech of Owen Lovejoy in lower
House on fugitive slaves, 107; the
expedition of the Pearl subject of
debate in, 173, 174; resolution of 1838
in, providing for punishment of persons
aiding fugitives, 193; petitions
presented by Kentuckians in upper
House declaring danger of slave-hunting
in Ohio, 242; Fugitive Slave Law
of 1793 in, 254; power of, to legislate
on subject of fugitive slaves, 255, 263,
264, 268; cases growing out of differences
between slave laws of the state
and of, 260, 261; counsel for fugitives
elected to, 282; excitement in, caused
by last case under law of 1850, 285;
agitation in, for new slave law in 1860,
memorials to, praying for repeal of law
of 1850, attacks on slavery in, 286;
repeal of fugitive slave legislation by,
288, 289, 358; Continental, incorporation
of fugitive slave clause in Northwest
Ordinance by, 293; attempts at
amendment of law of 1793 in lower
House, 295, in both Houses, 296; agitation
for new slave law (1817), 296,
297, 301, 309–311; Kentucky resolutions
against admission of fugitives
to Canada, presented to, 299; Slave
Law of 1850 adopted by, 311, 312, 314,
315; message of President Fillmore to,
December, 1850, 318; Senate supports
the President in enforcing Fugitive
Slave Law, 319; Gerrit Smith, member
of, 320; Sumner in Senate, on execution
of, 325; Racine mass-meeting
declares null and void the law of,
327, 328; charged with improper assumption
of powers by convention
in Cleveland, 336; complaints of
Southern members of, on account
of loss of slaves, 340–342; Southern,
members of, on existence of Underground
Railroads, 351, 352; argument
in, to prevent secession of border
states, 355; caution of, in dealing
with fugitive slave question in crisis
of the War, 355; inexpediency of return
of fugitives by the army, recognized
by, 356; acts of, leading up to
repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, 356; agitation
in and out of, for rigorous
Fugitive Slave Law, 357.
Congressmen, operators among, 92, 105–
108; anti-slavery champions among,
173; pro-slavery champions among,
173.
Conlisk, James, 92.
Connecticut, colony of, 19; underground
work of Samuel J. May in, 36, 109;
anti-slavery men from, organize Scioto
Company, 38; reward offered Indians
by, for apprehending fugitives, 92;
personal liberty law of, 245, 246, 309;
law of colony of, against aiding fugitives,
292; emancipation by, 293.
Conservative party, affiliation of negro
voters in Canada with, 233.
Constitution of United States, fugitive
slave clause in, quoted, 20; effect of
incorporation of fugitive slave clause
in, 30; burned at meeting of abolitionists,
101; Giddings on relation of
the law of 1850 to, 105; quoted in
support of immediatism, 206; ineffectiveness
of the fugitive slave clause
in, 255; trial by jury provided for in
amendments of, 257; amendment of,
quoted against Fugitive Slave Law,
258; slaves not parties to, 259; slave-owner's
rights under, 259, 261; paramount
to Ordinance of 1787, 263;
legislative warrant of Congress under,

449

264; effect on execution of, due
to Prigg decision, 265; Prigg decision
on language of, 267; amendments to,
proposed by Buchanan in 1860, 286,
353, 354; adoption of Thirteenth
Amendment to, 289, 356; fugitive
slave clause embodied in, 293; disavowal
of fugitive recovery clause
of, by Liberty party, 310; Webster
on disregard of the slave clause in,
314; limitations of state courts under,
330; Ohio urges repeal of laws injuring
efficiency of, 354.
Contemporaneous documents, rarity of,
7; Still's collection of, 7, 8; Parker's
memoranda, 8; notes left by John
Brown, 8, 9, 165; records of Jirch
Platt, 9; leaf from diary of Daniel
Osborn, 9, 10; extant letters, 10; letter
of William Steel, 51, 52; memorandum
of David Putnam, Jr., 55;
facsimile of message of John Stone,
other messages, 57, 58; letter of
Thomas Lee, 58, 59; letters of E. F.
Pennypacker, 79 n., 143 n.; letter of
Francis Jackson, 99; item from Theodore
Parker's Journal, 109; letter
of Parker, 110; letter of Rev. N.
R. Johnston, 161; letter of McKiernon,
161, 162; letters relating to Harriet
Tubman, 185, 186, 188, 189;
certificate of clerk of court in Sloane's
case, 277 n.; advertisement of runaway
slave, 287; facsimile of Osborn's
record, 344, 345; letter of Col. J.
Bowles, 347–350.
Continental Congress, incorporation of
slave clause in Northwest Ordinance
by, 293.
Contributing members, significance of
name, 67.
Conveyance of fugitive slaves, schedule
of "trains," 55; variety of methods
of, 59; by vehicle, 60, 61; as freight, 60,
155; by rail, 78–80, 142–145; by water,
81–84, 144, 145; methods employed by
abductor Fairbank, 158, 160; in
Brown's raid, 164, 165; in Drayton's
expeditions, 172, 173.
Conway, Judge, 347.
Cook, Hon. B. C., counsel in fugitive
slave cases, 283, 284.
Cornell, Cornelius, 124.
Corwin, R. C., 39.
Cotton-gin, effect of invention of, 26.
Counsel for fugitive slaves, 281–285,
308, 309, 353.
Court, decisions terminate slavery in
Canada, 191–193; provision in state
Fugitive Slave laws for action by, 237,
238; Wright vs. Deacon in, 256, 257;
Peter alias Lewis Martin in, 257;
Commonwealth vs. Griffith in, 258;
Prigg vs. Pennsylvania in, 259–261, 264;
State vs. Hoppess in, 262; Vaughan
vs. Williams in, 262; Jones vs. Van
Zandt in, 262; various courts on irreconcilability
between law of 1793 and
Ordinance of 1787, 262, 264; authority
of United States commissioners, 265,
271; case of Sims in, 269, 270; Scott's
case in, 269, 270; Miller vs. McQuerry,
269, 270; Booth's case in, 270, 279,
329, 330; case of ex parte Robinson
in, 270; case of ex parte Simeon Bushnell
in, 270; speech of Justice Nelson
to grand jury in, 272; action for penalty
under law of 1798 in, 273; prosecution
in, 274; prosecution of John
Van Zandt in, 274; Norris vs. Newton
in, 276; Oliver vs. Weakley in, 276;
case of Sloane in, 276, 277; case of F.
D. Parish in, 277; Oberlin-Wellington
rescue case in, 279, 336; arguments of
Chase and Seward in, 282; hearing of
fugitive Jim Gray in, 283, 284; provision
for appeal to United States Circuit
in proposed Fugitive Slave Law
of 1860, 286; provision in House fugitive
slave bill of 1817 in regard to
proof of title before, 296, 297; constitutionality
of law of 1850 contested in,
327; constitutional limitation of state,
330; clash between federal and state,
334, 335; effect of jurisdiction of
United States, on abolitionists, 335;
trial of the fugitive Anderson before
the Canadian, 353.
Covenanters, friends of fugitives, 13–15,
32, 90, 115, 235. See Presbyterian
Church.
Cowgill, Dr. Thomas, 38.
Craft, Ellen and William, 82, 252; rescue
of, 317.
Crittenden, Gov. John J., pardons abductor
Fairbank, 159.
Crocker, Mrs. Mary E., operator, 132.
Cross, Rev. John, prosecution of, 50, 51.
Crosswhite family, seizure of, 102.
Crothers, Rev. Samuel, 32.

450

Cruse, David, victim of Brown's raid,
163.
Cummings, Jacob, 154.
Curtis, George T., on the power of a
commissioner, 271.
Cushing, Deacon, arrest of, 283.
Dalby, Mr., fugitive slave of, 33.
Dana, Richard H., visit of, to Brown's
farm at North Elba, 127; counsel for
runaways, 283; counsel for Burns,
331.
Dane, Nathan, on rendition of slaves in
Northwest Territory, 293.
Daniels, Jim, appeal of, to John Brown,
162.
Danvers Historical Society, report of,
on route of U. G. R. R., 133.
Davis, Charles G., counsel for fugitives,
283.
Davis, Jefferson, on escape of slaves
from Mississippi, 82, 312, 313; on prospects
of non-execution of law of 1850,
315.
Davis, Joel P., map by, 140.
Dawes, Gen. R. R., on communication
in underground service, 56 n.
Day, Dr., capture and incarceration of,
349.
Deacon, case of Wright vs., 256, 257.
Dean, John, counsel for fugitive slave,
285.
De Baptiste, George, agent, 70.
Declaration of Independence, quoted by
abolitionists, 24; principles of, 30; as
an "abolition tract," 31; preamble of,
89; quoted in support of immediatism,
306.
Defensive League of Freedom, proposed,
103, 104.
Delaware, reminiscences relating to, 11;
anti-slavery Quakers in, 31; Joseph
G. Walker of Wilmington, 67; Thomas
Garrett, of Wilmington, 110, 111, 117,
322; route in, 117, 118; refugee from,
195; loss of slaves by, 312.
Democratic party, legislative action
against Oberlin College proposed by,
97; character of, 100; congressional
vote of, on Slave Law of 1850, 315;
Compromise of 1850 regarded as a
finality by, 320; governors belonging
to, on personal liberty laws,
354.
Dennett, Mrs. Oliver, operator, 133.
Deportation, places of, for fugitive
slaves, 36, 66, 82, 83, 145–148.
Destitution, among fugitives, 76–78, 109,
222, 223.
Detroit, crossing-place for runaways,
66, 147; agents in, 70; J. M. Howard,
operator at, 106; secret paths leading
to, 135, 138; arrival of John Brown and
his abducted slaves in, 165; supplies
for Canadian refugees shipped to, 203;
fugitive settlers near, 236; loss of colored
members from church of, 250.
Detroit River, escape of thousands
across, 147.
Devices for secrecy, 14; need of, 47;
midnight service one of the, 54–56;
guarded communications one of the,
56–59; hidden methods of conveyance
one of the, 59–61; zigzag routes one
of the, 61, 62, 302; concealment of
fugitives one of the, 62–64; use of disguises
one of the, 64–67; multiple
routes and switch connections one
of the, 70, 137, 141; employed by abductor
Rial Cheadle, 179; employed
by Dr. A. M. Ross, 181, 182, 187; employed
by Harriet Tubman, 187, 188;
often neglected during period 1840–
1860, 337.
Dewey, Rev. Dr., loyalty to Slave Law
of, 238.
Dickey, Rev. William, 32.
Dickey family, 87.
Dillingham, Richard, charged with belonging
to organized band of abductors,
30; attempted abduction by, 174, 175.
Disguises, used in helping fugitives,
64–67; employed by Fairbank, 160;
kept by Joseph Sider for use in abductions,
157.
Dismal Swamp, place of refuge, 25.
District of Columbia, abduction from,
155; disappearance of slavery from,
attributed to U. G. R. R., 341, 342.
Dixon, Richard, 38.
Dobbins, Rev. Robert B., 32.
Dodge, Hon. Simeon, on U.G. R.R. from
1840 to 1860, 36, 37; on route in New
Hampshire, 132; an operator, 133.
Dodge, of Indiana, vote on Fugitive
Slave Law of 1850, 314.
Doherty, Fisher, 65, 66.
Dolarson, George, agent, 70.
Donnell and Hamilton, Ray vs. case of,
278.

451

Dorsey, Basil, rescue of, 84, 85.
Douglas Bill, U. G. R. R. work before
and after, 194.
Doaglass, Frederick, aided in New York
City, 3; collections made for fugitives
by TTS; refugees shipped over Sew
York Central by, 80; as agent in the
South before his "escape, 91, on
excitement involved in his sec ret work,
104; ou Albany route, 125, 126; on
Brown's plan of liberation, 166; on
Harriet Tubman, 185; many runa
ways assisted by, 251, 253; a noted
passenger of the U. G. R. R., 340.
Doyle, Dr., host of John Brown, 164.
Drayton, Capt. Daniel, abduction of
slave family by, 172; expedition of,
with steamer Pearl, 172–174.
Drayton, Hon. William, fugitive slave
of, 33.
Dred Scott decision, denounced in eastern
Ohio, 336.
Drew, Benjamin, on employments of
Canadian refugees, 204; on Dresden
and Dawn Colonies in Canada, 207;
on effect of Slave Bill of 1850 on fugitive
settlers in Northern states, 213;
on morality in Dawn Settlement, 216;
on early arrival of refugees in Canada,
218; list of refugee communities mentioned
by, 219; on thrift of colored
settlers in Canada, 227; on schools for
refugees, 229.
Duncan, Rev. James, on immediate
abolition, 304–306; political action
against slavery early advocated by,
305 n.
Durkee, Chauncey, 278.
Dutch, agreement of New Haven with
the, for surrender of fugitive slaves,
19.
Dutton, A. P., runaways sent by boat to
Canada by, 82, 83.
Dyer, Dr. C. V., conductor, 144.
"Early Settlement and Growth of
Western Iowa." chapters of, valuable
for history of U. G. R. R., 7.
Eastern states, hidden routes leading to,
120.
Edgerton. Hon. Sidney, operator. 106.
Edwards, William, cause of flight of,
27.
Eells, Dr. Richard, case of, 278, 282.
Elgin Association, formation and purpose
of, 202, 207; growth of, 208; improvement
of, 209; Dr. Howe on, 212;
regulations of, 215–217; new settlers',
of, 218; special schools for negroes of,
229.
Elgin, Lord, participation of, in securing
lands for Canadian refugees, 202,
207; on extradition of fugitive Anderson,
353.
Eliza, escape of, in Uncle Tom's Cabin,
322.
Emancipation, celebration of West Indian,
by Canadian refugees, 226, 227;
gradual, criticised by Rev. James
Duncan, 305.
Emancipation Proclamation, Philadelphia
Vigilance Committee terminated
by, 75; restricted operation of, 287,
356.
Emerson, R. W., friend of Harriet Tubman,
186.
England, Rev. W. M. Mitchell in, his
book entitled Underground Railroad
published in, 3; fugitive slaves shipped
to, 82, 133, 145; Cowper's stanza on
hospitality of, to slaves, quoted, 149;
act abolishing slavery in colonies of,
190; refuses extradition, 192; Clay
on England's admission of fugitives
to Canada, 201; money collected in,
for benefit of refugees, 206; escape of
fugitives to, after passage of law of
1850, 249; negotiations with, regarding
extradition, 299, 300, 302; escape
of William and Ellen Craft to, 317.
English Colonial Church and School
Society, schools for refugees maintained
by, 215.
English settlers, underground work of,
92.
Episcopal Church, appeal to societies of,
99.
Estimate of fugitives escaping into
Ohio, same for Philadelphia, 346.
Eustace, Hon. J. V., counsel in fugitive
slave case, 284.
Evans, John, 197.
Evans, Philip, 70.
Everett, John, conductor, 124.
Experiment, the, on number of lines of
escape in Ohio, 135.
Fairbank, Calvin, abductor, 28, 61,
150, 157–159, 251; devices of, 65, 160;
on refugee settlers near Detroit, 236.

452

Fairehild, James H., pamphlet on The
Underground Railroad by, 5; on
Oberlin as an anti-slavery centre,
89, 97.
Fairfield, John, the abductor, devices
of, 65–67, 153, 178.
Falley, Lewis, map of underground
routes in Indiana by, 137–139.
Federal Convention, a concession of, to
slavery, 20; fugitive slave clause embodied
in United States Constitution
by, 293; work of, ratified by state conventions,
294.
Fessenden, Gen. Samuel, operator, 106,
133; address of, at funeral of Charles
T. Torrey, 170.
Fifteenth Amendment, adoption of, celebrated
in Cincinnati, 111.
Fillmore, Millard, pardon of Capt. Drayton
by, 173; signed Fugitive Slave
Law of 1850, 314; on the Fugitive
Slave Law, 318; attempt of, to enforce
the law, 319; connection of, with the
Shadrach rescue and Christiana
tragedy, 319.
Firelands Pioneer, on Underground
Railroad, 5.
Fisher, Hon. M. M., on New Bedford
route, 130.
Florida, a refuge for runaways, 25; escape
of slave from Jacksonville, 81,
145; Capt. Walker's attempted abduction
of slaves from, 170.
Foote, Mr., 173.
Forsyth, J. M., reminiscence of, 13.
Fort Malden, C.W. See Amherstburg.
Foster, Stephen and Abby Kelley,
operators, 132.
Fountain, Capt., abduction by, from
Virginia, 81.
Fountain City, Ind., work of Levi Coffin
in, 111; multiple routes of, 141.
Fox, George, anti-slavery principles of,
93.
Frances, Dr., 109, 110.
Frazee, John H., operator, 88.
Frazier, Wim. A., reward for abduction
of, 53.
Free Presbyterian Church, formation
of, 96.
Freedman's Bureau, establishment of,
111.
Freedom, slaves' love of, 14, 25, 178,
195–197.
Free Soil party, 100, 306; principles of,
321; abolitionists' share in organization
of, 326; state convention of, at
time of attempted rescue of Burns, 332.
From Dixie to Canada, by H. U. Johnson,
4.
Fry, Gen. Speed S., 159, 160.
Fugitive slaves, memoranda of, in transit,
9, 10; hiding-places of, 13, 63, 64;
routes of, in southern Illinois, 14, 15,
135, 139, 141; in eastern Indiana, 16,
137, 138, 141, 142; rendition of, in the
colonies, 19, 20; refuges of, in the
Southern states and adjoining regions,
25; United States census reports on, 26,
342, 343; by whom encouraged along
the way, 32; rescue of, 38, 39, 83–86,
240, 273, 275, 276, 284, 336; earliest
arrivals of, in Canada, 43; pursuit of,
51, 52; methods of conveying, 59–62;
transportation of, over steam railroads,
59, 78–81, 122–124, 128, 130, 132,
133, 142–145, 164, 165; disguises furnished,
64–67; destitution among, 76–
78, 109; transportation of, by boat,
82, 83, 146–148; escapes of, to England,
82, 133, 145, 249, 317; friends of, in
Iowa, 95, 98, 194, 195; Oberlin, a well-known
refuge for, 97; prosecutions for
aiding, 102, 103, 254, 273–281, 283–285,
317; notable friends of, 104–112;
main routes of, 118, 119, 134; routes of,
through Pennsylvania, 120–123, through
New Jersey and New York, 123–128,
through Massachusetts, 128–133,
through Vermont, 130, 131; James
Freeman Clarke on protection given, in
Boston, 132 n.; routes of, through New
Hampshire and Maine, 133, 134, Ohio,
134–137, 140, Western states, 134–141;
Ontario the goal of the great majority
of, 140, 147; escapes of, by sea, 144, 145;
journey of John Brown and party of,
through Iowa, 164; use of, in Brown's
plan of liberation, 167; delight of, on
reaching Canada, 178, 196, 197; escape
of, from Canada to United States, 190;
rumors of Canada among, 192; numbers
of, early forwarded to Canada,
192; resolution in Congress regarding
friends of, 193; number of, arriving
daily in Canada, 194; character of Canadian
refugees, states whence they came,
195; general condition of, in Canada,
198; treatment of, in Canada, 199–201;
attitude of Canadian government toward,

453

201–203; befriended by Indians
in Canada, 203; colonies of, in Canada,
205; Dawn Settlement of, 205–207;
Elgin Settlement of, 207, 209; occupation
of, in the colonies, 207, 223, 224,
226; progress of, in Canada, 208, 209,
224–228; Refugees' Home Settlement
of, 209, 210; purpose of the colonies,
210, 211; Howe's criticism of the colonies,
211, 212; defence of the colonies,
212–217; fugitive settlers in the towns
of Canada, 217, 218, 225, 226; spread
of, in Ontario, 218, 219; in the Eastern
provinces, 219; number of abiding
places for, in Canada, 219, 220; population
of, in Canada, 220–222; destitute
condition of, on arrival, 222, 223;
domestic relations of, 227, 228; schools
for, in Canada, 228–230; associations
for self-improvement among, 230, 231;
taxable property of, 232; political
rights of, in Canada, 233; their value
as citizens, 233, 234; numbers of, and
risks of, settling in Northern states,
236–238; pursuit of, 240, 241, 317;
seizure of, under law of 1850, 241, 242;
increased difficulty of reclamation of,
in Northern states, 242, 243; mass-meetings
in favor of, 244; enactment
of personal liberty laws in defence of,
245, 246; consternation among, in the
North, due to law of 1850, 246–248,
316; Boston a favorite resort for, 246;
exodus of, from the States, 249, 250;
continued residence of, in the States
after passage of law of 1850, 250, 251;
underground men among, 251–253;
question of state's power to legislate
concerning, 260, 261; first congressional
enactment concerning, questioned,
263, 264; effect of Prigg decision
in Northern states, 265; penalties
under law of 1850 for aiding, 271;
fervor in aiding, after 1850, 273, 357;
penalties for aiding, 273–281; counsel
for, 281–285, 308, 309; arrest of friends
of, 283–285; army officers forbidden
to restore, 287; colonial laws against,
290–293; question of extradition of, in
1787, 293; Kentucky's protest against
admission of, to Canada, 299; significance
of diplomatic negotiations regarding,
300; effect of appeal of, 301;
from the border and cotton states,
312; non-delivery of, as a Southern
grievance, 314; as missionaries in the
cause of freedom, 323, 348, 357; Garrison
on, as public speakers, 325 n.;
Sumner on the import of the appeal
of, to Northern communities, 325; increasing
number after 1850, 338; computation
of number aided in Ohio and
Philadelphia, 346; letter regarding aid
given to, at Lawrence, Kan., 347–350;
significance of controversy in regard
to, 356.
Fugitive slave cases, 102, 103, 254, 273–
281, 283–285, 317; during period 1840–
1860, 337.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, substance
of, 21, 22; inefficiency of, 22, 31, 47;
support of state laws given to, 22, 237,
238; origin of demand for, 254; analysis
and characterization of, 254, 255;
appeal to Ordinance of 1787 for overthrow
of, 262; court decisions on irreconcilability
between Ordinance of
1787 and, 263; constitutionality of,
264, 265; prosecutions and penalties
under, 272–281; Josiah Quincy counsel
in one of the earliest cases under,
283; early resistance to, 294, 295;
attempts at amendment of, 295–298;
effect of Prigg decision on effective
ness of, 309.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, reason for
enactment of, 2; destruction of records
of fugitives aided, due to, 7, 10,
11; Parker's memoranda of resistance
to, in Boston, 8; causes which led to
enactment of, 22, 44, 173, 174, 265,
290, 309–311, 357; substance of, 23;
effect of, 24, 25, 40, 44, 48, 71–76, 187,
193, 194, 213, 214, 240, 241, 249, 250,
316, 317, 321, 323, 337, 338; insistance
of lower Southern states on
enactment of, 30; penalties provided
by, 48, 102; vigilance committees a
product of, 71–76; denunciation of,
by Theodore Parker, 90; appeal to
churches evoked by, 98, 99; Defensive
League of Freedom for persons violating,
103, 104; Congressman J. R.
Giddings defies, 105; members of
Congress violating, 106–108; other
notable persons among violators of,
109–112; abductions following the passage
of, 153–155, 159–166, 175, 181–183,
187–189; the U. G. R. R. and the, 193,
290; Dr. Howe on effect of, 194 n.;

454

effect of, on the arrival of slaves in
Canada, 194, 213, 214; Benj. Drew on
effect of, 213; Josiah Henson on effect
of, 214; homage paid to, 238, 239;
resistance to, condemned by newspapers,
239; slave-hunting after enactment
of, 240, 241; active resistance to,
in the North, 243–246; object of, 243;
consternation among fugitives in the
North over, 246–248, exodus of fugitives
from, and continued residence
in Northern states after passage of,
249–251; grounds of attack upon legality
of, 255; Prof. Eugene Wambaugh
on the dilemma involved in, 256 n.;
question of trial by jury under, 256,
257; Prigg decision leads to, 265; supplementary
to law of 1793, 265; objec
tionable features of, 266–273; old and
new arguments brought against, 268;
remuneration of commissioners under,
271; prosecutions and penalties under,
272–281; public denunciation of, 272,
318, 327–329, 333, 336; failure of penalties
under, to deter resistance to,
272, 273; arguments against, by Chase
and Seward, 282; last case under,
285; amendment proposed in 1860
recognizing validity of, 286; after
1861, 287; repeal of, 288; efforts which
led up to, 297, 298, 301; Webster's,
Clay's, and Calhoun's support of, 314;
enactment of, 314; by whom passed,
315; enforcement of, 316–318; open
resistance to, 318–320; the law of
1850 and Uncle Tom's Cabin, 321;
Sumner's efforts in Senate to secure
repeal of, 324–326; open defiance of,
during decade 1850–1860, 326 et seq.;
penetrating criticism of, by able counsel,
327; pronounced unconstitutional
by Wisconsin convention, 329; hostility
to, in Illinois, 333; open violation
of, in Oberlin-Wellington rescue case,
335; repeal of, demanded by Republican
party, 337; Claiborne on the failure
of, to make compensation to the
South for abducted slaves, 341; violation
of, charged against the North by
Southern congressmen during sessions
of 1860–1861, 351, 352; Buchanan on
enforcement of, during his administration,
353; purpose of Lincoln to
execute, 355; question of obligation
to restore fugitives, 356.
Fuller, James C., 206.
Fullerton, Rev. Hugh S., 32.
Furber, James, operator, 133.
Fyffe, W. B., reminiscences of, entitled
"History of Anti-Slavery Days," 6;
map of route in Illinois, by, 139.
Galesburg, Ill., old First Church of,
as U. G. R. R. station, 64; anti-slavery
Presbyterians in, 96; importance of,
as a centre, 97.
Gallatin, on negotiations with England
regarding extradition of fugitives,
299, 300.
Gannett, Dr. E. S., loyalty of, to Slave
Law, 238.
Gardner, Ozem, 89.
Garland, B. W., claimant of Joshua
Glover, 327.
Garner, Margaret, case of, 302; effect
upon public opinion of case of, 302,
303.
Garretson, Joseph, 57.
Garrett, Thomas, reward for abduction
of, 53; disguises provided by, 64;
ships fugitives by boat, 82; a devotee
of U. G. R. R., 110, 111; on Harriet
Tubman, 188; aid given to Harriet
Tubman by, 189; Mrs. H. B. Stowe
on, 322.
Garrison, William Lloyd, abstinence
from voting of, 100, 101; predecessors
of, in advocacy of immediate abolition,
303–308; acquaintance of, with
Rankin's Letters on Slavery, 308; address
to Southern bondmen by, 310;
on fugitives as public speakers, 325 n.;
preparation of the way for, 357.
Garrisonian abolitionists, principles of,
100, 101.
Gay, Sydney Howard, an efficient agent,
108.
Geneva College, influence of, 115.
Geography of U. G. R. R., feasibility of
representing the, 113; extent of, 113,
114; number and distribution of stations,
114, 115; Southern routes, 116–
118; main channels of flight of slaves,
118, 119; lines of Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and New York, 119, 120;
routes of eastern Pennsylvania, 120–
122; routes of western Pennsylvania,
122, 123; outlets through New Jersey,
123–125; routes of New York, 125–128;
routes of New England states, 128,

455

129; lines of Massachusetts, 129, 130,
132; routes of Vermont, 130, 131;
branches of Rhode Island and Connecticut,
131; routes of New Hampshire,
132, 133; routes of Maine, 133, 134;
secret paths in the Western states,
134; lines in Ohio, 135; routes of
Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa, 135, 136;
examination of map of Morgan
County, O., 136, 137; study of Falley's
map of Indiana and Michigan
routes, 137–139; map of simple route
in Illinois, noteworthy features of
general map, 139; trend of lines, 139–
141; multiple and intricate trails, 141;
broken lines and isolated place names,
141, 142; river routes, 142; routes by
rail, 142–144; routes by sea, 144, 145;
terminal stations, 145–147; lines of
lake travel, 147, 148; Canadian ports,
148, 149.
Georgia, route from northern, 119; in
Brown's plan of liberation, 167: Canadian
refugees from, 195; William
and Ellen Craft from, 317; convention
on execution of Fugitive Slave Law
of 1850, 318, 319; charges of bad faith
preferred against the North by Jones
of, 351.
Germans, attitude of, toward fugitive
slaves, 92, 93, 355, 356.
Gibbons, Daniel, number of fugitives
aided by, 10, 87, 88.
Gibbs, Mr., agent, 126.
Gibbs, Jacob, assistant of Rev. Charles
T. Torrey, 169.
Giddings, Joshua R., friend of bondmen,
7; source of abolition ideas of, 31;
hiding-place in house of, 63; on attitude
of North toward enforcement of
law of 1850, 105, 106, 315, 316; champion
of anti-slavery party in Congress,
173.
Gilliland, Rev. James, 32, 41, 95.
Giltner vs. Gorham, case of, 275.
Glover, Joshua, arrest of, as fugitive,
327; rescue of, 328, 329.
Glover, J. O., counsel for runaways, 284.
Goens, Reuben, visit to Canada by, 199.
Goodnow, Lyman, 92.
Gorham, Giltner vs., case of, 275.
Gorsuch, in Christiana case, 280, 319.
Grand Trunk Railroad, 80, 81, 133.
Grant, of firm of Baxter and, owners of
Lewis Hayden, 158.
" Grape-vine telegraph," used by aboli
tionists, 56.
Gray, Jim, fugitive from Missouri, 283.
Gray, Jonathan H., 88.
Gray, O. C., counsel for runaways, 284.
Gray, Thomas L., reminiscences of, 6;
number of slaves aided by, 89; on abductor
Rial Cheadle, 178, 179.
Grier, Justice, charge of, to jury in the
Mitchell case, 279; charge of, to jury
in the Christiana case, 281.
Griffith, Commonwealth vs., case of,
258.
Grimes, Rev. Leonard B., organizer of
Church of the Fugitive Slaves, 246,
250, 251.
Grinnell, Hon. J. B., receiver of fugitives,
58; "liberty room" in house
of, 108; host of John Brown, 164.
Guilford College, N.C., organization of
U. G. R. R. near, 40, 117.
Gunn, Erastus F., on route in Massachusetts.
Hale, John P., a champion of antislavery
party in Congress, 173.
Halliday, Simeon, counterpart of, in real
life known by Mrs. Stowe, 322.
Hamilton, Ray vs. Donnell and, case
of, 278.
Hamlet, James, case of, first under
Slave Law of 1850, 269.
Hanway, Castner, part of, in Christiana
case, 280, 281.
Harper, Jean, one of party abducted by
John Brown, 163.
Harper's Ferry, prelude to, 162; plan
of attack upon, reported by Hinton,
167; effect of attack upon, on value
of slave property, 339.
Harrod, Leonard, on slave's desire for
freedom, 195.
Harvard University, scholarship in,
founded by escaped slave, Harriet
Hayden, 158; action of overseers of,
against Loring, 333.
Harwood, Edward, 64.
Haviland, Mrs. Laura S., on labors of
abductor Fairfield, 153, 154; attempted
abduction by, 171, 172; work of, in
Refugees' Home, 210; Sunday-school
of, for fugitives, 230; intercession of,
for the runaway Anderson, 353.
Hayden, Harriet, bequest of, to Harvard
University, 158.

456

Hayden, Lewis, abduction of, 158; operator,
251, 252.
Hayes family, 15.
Hayes, Rutherford B., counsel in fugitive
slave cases, 282; on effect of
Margaret Garner case, 303.
Haywood, William, on underground
route in Indiana, 16.
Henson, Josiah, knowledge of Canada
carried among slaves by, 28; as abductor,
176–178; on condition of Canadian
refugees, 198; founder of school
in Canada, 205; on work of British
and American Institute, 214; on morality
of Dawn Settlement, 216; on
refugee population, 220, 221; lumber
industry established by, 223; lectures
on farming by, 224; list of towns
where refugees settled according to,
225; on number of fugitive settlers in
Northern states, 237; on effects of
Slave Law of 1850, 249; a notable passenger
of U. G. R. R., 340.
Hiding-places, for fugitive slaves, 12,
13, 14, 25, 40, 62–65, 131, 248, 251, 252,
276, 280, 302.
Higginson, Col. T. W., indictment of,
103; connection with U. G. R. R.,
105, 132; on continued residence of
fugitives in Massachusetts after passage
of law of 1850, 250; part of,
in attempted rescue of Burns, 331,
332.
Hill vs. Low, case of, 273.
Hill, Leverett B., 88.
Hill, Milton, 88.
Hinton, Richard J., on escapes through
Kansas, 114; on John Brown's plan
of liberation, 166, 167; on Dr. A. M.
Ross, 183 n.; on refugee population in
Canada West, 221, 222.
History of Anti-Slavevry Days, reminiscences
by W. B. Fyffe entitled, 6.
History of Springfield, Mass., account of
Connecticut River route in, 127.
Hodge, D. B., on abduction by Canadian
refugee, 152.
Holmes, of Massachusetts, objections
of, to bill of 1817 as basis of new
Slave Law, 297.
Holt, Horace, special conveyance of,
for fugitives, 60.
Hood family, 15.
Hood, John, 14.
Hooper, John H., agent, 253.
Hope, A. R., author of Heroes in Homespun,
2, 5.
Hopkins family, 87.
Hopkins, Capt. Amos, stowaway on
brig of, 81.
Hopper, Isaac T., methods of secret
emancipation early practised by, 34,
35, 346, 347; fugitives sent by sea by,
145.
Hoppess, State vs., case of, 256, 257,
259, 262, 263.
Hossack, John, indicted for helping
fugitives, 284.
Howard, Col. D. W. H., 37.
Howard, Edward, early operator, 37.
Howard, Senator Jacob M., 106.
Howe, Senator, of Wisconsin, bill for
repeal of Fugitive Slave Law introduced
by, 286.
Howe, Dr. S. G., on escape of slaves, 43,
44; on abductions by Canadian refugees,
152; on origin of U. G. R. R.,
192; on effect of Slave Law of 1850,
194; on reception of fugitives in Canada,
201; on Elgin Settlement, 208,
209; criticism of refugee colonies by,
212–214; on organizations for relief of
fugitives, 217; on number of colonies
in Canada, 219; on refugee population
of Canada, 220–222; on condition
of farmers among Canadian refugees,
224, 225; on their thrift, 226 n., 227;
on their morality, 228; on their ability
to read and write, 230; on their
taxable property, 232; on their value
as citizens, 234.
Hubbard, of Connecticut, on enlistment
of colored soldiers, 288.
Hubbard and Company, fugitives shipped
from warehouse of, 148.
Hudson, David, early operator, 37.
Hughes, Thomas, 49.
Hunn, Ezekiel, operator in Delaware,
117.
Hunn, John, operator in Delaware, 117.
Hunt, N. A., on abducting methods of
Mission Institute, 155, 156.
Hurlburt, Chauncey, 16.
Hyde, Udney, agent of U. G. R. R., 69;
defender of fugitive Addison White,
334.
Illinois, U. G. R. R. in southern, 14, 15;
prospect of organization of, as a slaveholding
state, 18; anti-slavery sentiment

457

in, 31; anti-slavery Southerners
in, 32, 41, 91; rise of U. G. R. R. in,
41, 42; secret operations at Dwight,
61; reputed president of U. G. R. R.
in, 69; underground helpers in, 70,
88, 92; transportation for fugitives by
rail in, 79; emancipated slaves in, 93;
Owen Lovejoy of, declares in Congress
his right to aid slaves, 107; Rev. Asa
Turner on hidden thoroughfares in,
114; population of various parts of,
115; favorable situation of, 134; distribution
of lines in, 135; chart of
route in, 139; trend of lines in, broken
lines and isolated place-names in, 141;
deportation of fugitives from Chicago,
147; abductors at southern extremity
of, 151; abducting enterprises at
Quincy, 155; vigorous work by abolitionists
of, 194, 195; failure of, to pass
full personal liberty law, 246; arrest
of Owen Lovejoy and others, for aiding
fugitives, 283; spirit of nullification
in, 333.
Illinois Central Railroad, 79, 144.
Illinois River, a thoroughfare for fugitives,
82.
Immediate abolition, early advocates of,
303–306; Garrisonian movement, 307;
early formulation of principle of, in
underground neighborhoods, 357.
Independent, the, on escape of slaves
from Missouri after 1850, 194; on
"Ohio Underground Line," 195.
Indiana, Levi Coffin in, 4, 40, 41; newspaper
contributions on routes of
southern, 7; Grant County route in,
15, 16; prospect of organization of, as
a slaveholding state, 18; anti-slavery
Quakers in, 31; beginnings of the
U. G. R. R. in, 40, 41, 117; Clay on
enforcement of law of 1850 in, 48;
slave-hunters in, 53, 54, 65; aid rendered
by Female Anti-Slavery Association
in, 77; transportation by rail
in, 79, 144; emancipated slaves in,
important underground centres in, 93;
secret work of Quakers in eastern, 94.;
favorable situation of, 134; distribution
of routes in, 135; Falley's map of
lines in, 137–139; direction of routes
in, 140; Fountain City route in, broken
lines and isolated place-names in, 141;
abductors along southern boundary
of, 151; capture of abductor Concklin
in, 161, 162; personal liberty law of,
245, 246; rescue in, 275, 276; principles
of Rev. James Duncan, of southeastern,
304–306; vote of United States
senators from, on law of 1850, 314.
Indians, effect of removal from Gulf
states, 26, 308; aid given fugitives by,
37, 38, 91, 92; hospitality of, in Canada,
203; Dawn Institute attended by, 207.
Indian Territory, fugitives from, 284.
Insurrection of slaves, Brown's plan to
arouse, 166–168; danger of, lessened
by theU.G.R. R., 340.
Intelligencer, the, on "evil" of running
off slaves, 194.
Iowa, reminiscences of the "Early Settlement
and Growth of Western," 7;
John Brown's journey through, 8, 9,
164; organized as free state, 18; antislavery
Quakers in, 31, 33; rise of
U. G. R. R. in, 42, 43; escape of
Nuckolls' slaves through, 52; transportation
by rail in, 79; Methodist
operators in, 95; underground lines
in, 98, 114, 135, 136; direction of routes
in, broken lines and isolated place-names
in, 141; abductors along frontier
of, 151; underground activity of
abolitionists of, 194, 195; failure of, to
pass full personal liberty law, 246;
capture of operators in, 284.
Irdell, on fugitive slave clause in Constitution,
294.
Irish settlers, underground work among,
92.
Jack vs. Martin, case of, 256, 257, 260.
Jackson, Andrew, supported by Illinois
on nullification question, 333.
Jackson, Francis, letter of, regarding
church contributions for fugitives, 99.
Jackson, William, 132; on settlement
of Queen's Bush, Canada, 204, 205.
Jacksonville, escape from, 81, 145.
Jacob, Gov. Richard T., pardons abductor
Fairbank, 159, 160.
Jefferson, Thomas, "abolition tract"
by, 31.
Jerry rescue. See Rescue of Jerry
McHenry.
Johnson, attorney-general of Pennsylvania,
on unconstitutionality of Fugitive
Slave Law, 264.
Johnson family, fugitive settlers near
Detroit, 236.

458

Johnson, Gabe N., operator, 64.
Johnson, H. U., author of From Dixie
to Canada, 2; characterization of his
book, 4.
Johnson vs. Tompkins, case of, 273, 274.
Johnson, William, incident given by,
showing misinformation about Canada
among slaves, 197.
Johnston, Rev. N. R., letter of, on capture
of abductor Concklin, 161.
Johnston, William, cause of flight of,
27.
Johnston, William A., on beginnings of
U. G. R. R. in Ohio, 39.
Jolliffe, Amos A., on routes in western
Pennsylvania, 123.
Jolliffe, John, counsel for fugitives, 282.
Jones, John W., colored agent, 128, 143,
252, 253.
Jones, of Georgia, brings charges against
the North on account of U. G. R. R., 351.
Jones, of Indiana, vote of, on the Fugitive
Slave Law, 314.
Jones, Thomas, on dissatisfaction in
Refugees' Home Settlement, 216.
Jones vs. Van Zandt, case of, 262, 274,
275.
Jones, William Box P., transportation
of, as freight, 60.
Jury trial, denial of, to fugitives, 256,
257.
Kagi and Stephens, responsible for
shooting of David Cruse on Brown's
raid, 163; arranges for eastern trip
of Brown, 164, 165; Brown's plan of
liberation related by, 166, 167.
Kanawha River, a thoroughfare for fugitives,
82.
Kansas, Brown's journey through, 8, 9,
136, 162–164; R. J. Hinton on escape
of slaves through, 114, 119; personal
liberty law of, 246; Bowles' letter on
work of underground station of Lawrence,
347–350.
Kansas-Nebraska Act, appeal to the
churches evoked by, 99; mass-meetings
in opposition to, 328; relation of
Glover and Burns cases to, 331.
Kauffman, Daniel, prosecution of, 102.
Kelly, Abby, disowned by Uxbridge
monthly meeting, 49.
Kelsey, Capt., master of an "abolitionist"
boat, 82.
Kenderdine, John, 274.
Kentucky, news of Canada early brought
into, 27; abducting trip of Dr. A. M.
Ross into, 28; knowledge of Canada
among slaves in, 28, 29, 37; negotiations
of, with adjoining free states for
extradition of fugitives, 47; slave-hunters
from, 53, 54; abduction of
slaves from Covington, 61; fugitives
from, 85, 109; Rev. John Rankin in,
109, 306; underground routes from,
119; incident of rescue from plantation
of, 153; abduction of the Hayden
family from Lexington, 158; visit of
Mrs. Haviland to, for purpose of abducting
slaves, 171, 172; Henson's abduction
of slaves from, 177, 178; Elijah
Anderson, abductor, imprisoned in,
183; abductions from, by John Mason,
184; Canadian refugees from, 195;
effect of slave-breeding in, 228; John
Van Zandt, anti-slavery man from,
274, 275; rescue of fugitives escaped
from, 275, 276; Mallory of, on repeal
of law of 1850, 288; resolution of,
against admission of slaves to Canada,
desirous of extradition of fugitives
from, 299; Margaret Garner, a fugitive
from, 302; petitions Congress for
protection for slave-holder, 311; complaint
of, against the free states, 312;
residence of Harriet Beecher Stowe on
borders of, 321; Senator Atchison of,
on loss sustained by slave-owners of
border states, 341; fugitives from, recorded
by Osborn, 344, 345; Senator
Polk on losses of, through underground
channels, 352: reasons of, for
remaining in the Union, 354, 356; insistence
of, on retention of Fugitive
Slave Law by the government, 356.
Kidnapping, of free persons in the
North between 1850 and 1856, 240;
along southern border of free states,
295; petition of Baltimore Quakers
for protection of free negroes against,
296, 318; case of, 318.
Kightlinger, Jacob, informer, 50, 51.
Kilbourne, Col. James, aids in rescue of
a fugitive, 38, 84.
King, on the proposition to prohibit
slavery in the Northwest Territory,
293.
King, Rev. William, 207–209, 212; projector
of Elgin Settlement, 202, 207;
testimony of, concerning the settlement,

459

208, 209; on morality of Elgin
Settlement, 216; on the civil offices
held by Canadian refugee settlers,
233.
Kinjeino, Chief, friend of fugitives, 37,
38, 92.
Kirkpatrick family, operators, 87.
Kirtland, Dr. Jared P., station-keeper
104.
Knox College. See Galesburg, Ill.
Knox, Hon. Joseph, counsel in fugitive
slave case, 284.
Knoxville, Ill., multiple routes of, 141.
Lake Shore Home Magazine, chapters
of "Romances and Realities of the
Underground Railroad" in, 4.
Lane Seminary, secession of students
from, 97.
Langdon, Jervis, agent, 128, 252; forwards
fugitives by rail, 143.
Langston, fined for aiding fugitives, 279.
Larnard, Hon. E. C., counsel in fugitive
slave case, 284.
Latimer case, 337.
Lawrence, James, 162.
Lee, Judge Thomas, letter of, concerning
family of fugitives, 58, 59.
Leeper, H. B., on beginnings of U. G.
R. R. in Illinois, 41, 42; on number of
negroes aided, 88.
Leeper, John, early operator, 41.
Leland, Judge E. S., counsel in fugitive
slave cases, 283, 284.
Leonard, Mr., slave aided by, 154.
Letters of underground men, 10, 11.
See Correspondence.
Letters on Slavery, by Rev. John Rankin,
308.
Lewis, Elijah, part in Christiana case,
280, 281.
Liberator, the, hiding-place over office
of, 63; on flight of slaves after enactment
of law of 1850, 249, 250.
Liberty party, in national politics, 100;
Gen. Samuel Fessenden, nominee of,
for governorship of Maine and for
Congress, 106; part of Gerrit Smith
in organization of, in New York, 107;
motives of abolitionists for joining,
306; disavowal of fugitive recovery
clause in Constitution by, 310; convention
of, in Syracuse during Jerry rescue,
318, 320; abolitionists' share in
organization of, 326.
Lightfoot, James, befriended by Josiah
Henson, 177, 178.
Lincoln, Abraham, intervention of, in
behalf of the abductor C. Fairbank,
159, 160; Proclamation of Emancipation
by, 287; signs bill repealing Fugitive
Slave Law, 288; mentioned, 330;
election of, signal for secession, 352;
efforts of, to preserve the Union, 355.
Linton, Seth, on an abduction by Canadian
refugee, 152.
Livingston and La Salle counties, Ill.,
chart of simple line through, 139.
Lockhart, Rev. Jesse, 32.
Loguen, Rev. J. W., agent, 126, 251; first
experience in Canada, 198; passenger
on U. G. R. R., 340.
Loring, Edward G., on the power of a
commissioner, 271; Burns remanded
to slavery by, 332; removed from the
office of judge of probate, 333.
Loring, Ellis Gray, 133; counsel for
fugitive slaves, 283.
Louis, escape of, from court-room in
Cincinnati, 85.
Louisiana, effect of purchase of, 26;
abducting trip of A. M. Ross into, 28;
fugitives from, 109; escape, of abductor
John Mason from New Orleans,
185; Canadian refugees from, 195;
Elgin Settlement projected by Wm.
King, former slaveholder of, 202, 207.
Louisville, Ky., agent in, 151.
Louisville, New Albany and Chicago
Railroad, 79, 144.
Lovejoy, Elijah P., 107, 171.
Lovejoy, Hon. Owen, defies Fugitive
Slave Law in Congress, 107; arrested
for aiding fugitives, 283.
Low, case of Hill vs., 273.
Lowell, poem of, read at the funeral of
Charles T. Torrey, 170.
Lower Canada, underground route via
Portland, Me., to, 133.
Lucas, Geo. W. S., colored agent of
U. G. R. R., 70.
Lundy, Benjamin, 308.
McClurkin, Jas. B. and Thomas, 14, 15.
MeCoy, William, reward for abduction
of, 53.
McCrory, Robert, 38.
McHenry, Jerry, rescue of, 72, 86, 239,
318, 320, 320; place of embarkation of,
for Canada, 127.

460

McIntire, Gen., a Virginian operator, 88.
McKierunu, on fate of abductor Miller,
161, 162.
McKim, J. Miller, on organization of
Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, 75.
McLean, Judge, on the power of a commissioner,
270–272.
McQuerry, case of Miller vs., 269, 271.
McQuerry, George Washington, seizure
of, 241.
Madison, on the fugitive slave clause in
the Constitution, 294.
Mad River Railroad, 78, 143.
Magazine of Western History, on U. G.
R. R., 5.
Magill, Dr. Edward H., on lines of
travel in eastern Pennsylvania, 122.
Mahan, Rev. John B., reward for abduction
of, 53; on abduction of slaves
from the South, 150.
Maine, rise of U. G. R. R, in, 37; steam
railroad transportation for fugitives
in, 80, 81; stowaways on vessels from
Southern ports arrive in, 81; Gen.
Samuel Fessenden, an operator in,
106; routes of, 133, 134; personal liberty
law of, 246.
Mallory, of Kentucky, on repeal of
Fugitive Slave Law, 288.
Mann, Mrs. Horace, friend of Harriet
Tubman, 186.
Maps of U. G. R. R., method of preparation
of, 113; general map, facing
113; map of lines of Chester and neighboring
counties of Pennsylvania, facing
113; lines in Morgan County, O.,
136; map of lines of Indiana and
Michigan in 1818, 138; map of simple
route through Livingston and La Salle
counties, 111., 139; map of network of
routes through Greene, Warren and
Clinton counties, O., 140.
Marsh, Gravner and Hannah, subjected
to espionage, 50; conveyance of fugitives
iu market wagon by the latter,
60, 61.
Martin, case of Jack vs., 256, 257, 260.
Martin, Lewis, case of, 256, 257, 259,
260, 263.
Maryland, abducting trip of A. M. Ross
into, 28; knowledge of Canada among
slaves in, 28, 29; fugitive shipped in
a box from Baltimore, 60; number of
slaves abducted from, by Charles T.
Torrey, 88; reward offered to Indians
for apprehending fugitives by,
91, 92; underground routes in, 117;
steady loss from counties of, 119;
movement of fugitives to Wilmington,
121; agents of U. G. R. R. in Baltimore,
151; escape of, and abductions
by Harriet Tubman from, 186–189;
Canadian refugees from, 195; fugitives
from, in western Pennsylvania,
276; law against hospitality to fugitive
slaves in, 291; resolution of legislature
of, against harboring fugitives,
298; Rev. Geo. Bourne, a resident of,
303; Pratt of, on loss sustained by
slave-owners of his state, 341.
Mason, John, abductor, 178, 183–185.
Mason, Lewis, counsel in fugitive slave
case, 284.
Mason, of Massachusetts, on trial by
jury for fugitives, 297.
Mason, of Virginia, on difficulty of
recapturing fugitives, 243; on the
Fugitive Slave Law, 311, 312; on loss
sustained by slave-owners of his state,
341.
Massachusetts, extinction of slavery in,
17; anti-slavery Quakers in, 31; rise
of U. G. R. R. in, 36, 37; steam railroad
transportation for fugitives in,
80; refusal of German companies
from, to aid in restoration of runaways,
92; underground centres in,
94; Constitution burned at Framingham,
101; Defensive League of Freedom
proposed in, 103, 104; Theodore
Parker, spiritual counsellor for fugitives
in, 110; routes through, 128–130,
132; escape of slaves from Virginia
to, 144; estimates of fugitive settlers
in Boston and New Bedford, 235; indignation
meetings in, against Slave
Law of 1850, 244; personal liberty law
of, 245, 246, 309; consternation among
fugitive settlers in Boston caused by
law of 1850, 246–248; continued residence
of fugitives in, after enactment
of law of 1850, 250; removal of fugitives
from Pennsylvania to, after
passage of law of 1850, 250; underground
men among fugitives in, 251,
252; case of Commonwealth vs. Griffith
tried in, 258, 259; emancipation
by, 293; Holmes of, on House Fugitive
Slave Bill of 1817, 297; Mason of,
on House bill, 297; early pursuit in

461

Boston and New Bedford, 302; antislavery
societies of, 327; spirit of
resistance to law of 1850 in, 327; public
opinion in, after rendition of
Burns, 333; amendment of personal
liberty law of, 354.
Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society,
report of, on evasion of slaves, 193.
Massachusetts Bay, law of, against aiding
fugitives, 292.
Matchett, Dr., 16.
May, Rev. S. J., connection with U. G.
R. R., 105, 109, 131, 132; on Southern
helpers of U. G. R. R., 116; friend of
Harriet Tubman, 186; visits of, to Canadian
refugees, 199; on number of
fugitive settlers in Northern states,
237; on instances of regard paid to
Fugitive Slave Law, 238; on Rev. J.
W. Loguen, 251; one of leaders in the
Jerry rescue case, 326.
Mechanicsburg, O., importance of stations
at, 69, 70; attempted seizure of
Addison White in, 241.
Merritt, Wm. H., colored operator, 92.
Messages, underground, 56–58.
Methodist Church, schism in, 40, 49;
action against slavery taken by, 94;
secession of the Church South, 95.
Methodists, Wesleyan, friends of fugitives,
32, 235; separation of, from
M. E. Church, 50.
Methods, employed by some abductors,
151, 171, 179, 181, 182, 187.
Mexico, a refuge for fugitive slaves, 25;
fugitive clause in treaty with United
States of, 299.
Michigan, station in, 16; organized as
free state, 18; anti-slavery Quakers
in, 31; steam railroad transportation
in, 79; number of fugitives forwarded
through Schoolcraft, 88; Senator J.
M. Howard an operator at Detroit,
106; stations in, 116; number of
routes in, 135; Falley's map of lines
in Indiana and, 137, 138, 139; direction
of routes in, 141; steam railway
branches of U. G. R. R. in, 144; supplies
for fugitives sent to Detroit,
203; settlement of fugitives at Detroit,
236; personal liberty law of,
246; flight of slaves from Detroit,
after enactment of law of 1850, 250.
Michigan Central Railroad, 79, 144.
Midland Monthly, the, on U. G. R. R., 5.
Miller, 318.
Miller, a depot agent for "fugitive
goods," near Detroit, 203.
Miller, alias Seth Concklin, 161.
Miller, Col. Jonathan P., operator,
107.
Miller, Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, on use of
a station on the St. Lawrence, 127 n.
Milligan, Rev. J. S. T., letter of, 13, 14.
Milligans, the, in southern Illinois, 15.
Miller vs. McQuerry, case of, 269.
Minnesota, failure to pass full liberty
law in, 246.
Minnis, Wm., 65.
Mission for refugees in Canada, 194.
Mission Institute at Quincy, Ill., 155;
anti-slavery spirit of, 155, 156.
Mississippi, abducting trip of A. M.
Ross into, 29, 30; escape of slaves by
boat from, 82; involved in Brown's
scheme of liberation, 167; Jefferson
Davis of, on escape of fugitives from
cotton states, 312, 313; fugitive from
Vicksburg, recorded by Osborn, 344.
Mississippi River, a thoroughfare for
fugitives, 82, 312, 313; routes traced
from, 134; terminals along, 136.
Missouri, Brown's raid into, 8, 108, 162–
166; knowledge of Canada among
slaves in, 29; Galesburg, Ill., a refuge
for runaways from, 97; Grinnell, Ia.,
a refuge for runaways from, 98;
egress of slaves from, 136; Chicago,
the deportation point for fugitives
from, 147; abductions from, 152; abduction
from, by Burr, Work and
Thompson, 156; effects of John
Brown's raid in, 165; number of
slaves escaping from, 194; escape of
Wm. Wells Brown from, 252; grievance
of, on account of loss of slaves,
312; Lawrence, Kan., as known in,
347; Senator Polk of, on the U. G. R.
R., 351, 352.
Missouri Compromise (1820), 100; fugitive
slave clause in, 298; set aside by
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 331; together
with law of 1850 produces crop of personal
liberty bills, 245, 246, 338.
Mitchell, fined for aiding fugitives, 279.
Mitchell, Daniel, operator, 131.
Mitchell, Gethro and Anne, operators,
131.
Mitchell, Hon. Thomas, message sent
by, 58.

462

Mitchell, Rev. W. M., author of The
Underground Railroad, 2, 3; account
of naming of the U. G. R. R. given by,
45, 46; on abductor John Mason, 183,
184; on number of Canadian refugees,
222; opinion of Canadian government
on fugitives as settlers reported by,
233; on slave-hunting in Northern
states, 239.
Monroe, Prof. James, on effect on public sentiment of Margaret Garner
case, 303.
Montreal, objective point of fugitives,
140.
Moore, Dr. J. Wilson, on progress made
by refugee settlers in Canada, 226,
227; on civil offices held by refugees,
233.
Moore, Eliakim H., on early assistance
of fugitives, 38.
Moore, of Virginia, on loss sustained by
slave-owners of his district, 341.
Moores, the, station-keepers, 15.
Morgan County, lines through portion
of, 136, 137.
"Moses,"name given to Harriet Tubman, 186.
Mott, Richard, M.C., operator, 92, 106.
Mullin, Job, on early operations, 38.
Multiple and intricate trails, 61, 62, 70,
121, 130, 141–146.
Myers, Stephen, colored agent of U. G.
R. R., 70, 126.
Nalle, Charles, forcible rescue of,
85.
Nashville Daily Gazette, on trial of
Richard Dillingham, 174, 175.
Nationality of underground helpers, 91,
92.
Neall, Daniel, 68.
Nebraska, escape of Nuckolls' slaves
from, 52; egress of slaves from, 136.
Negroes, proposition to enslave free, 26;
settlements of, resorted to by fugitives,
32; settlements of, in southern
Ohio, 115; in New Jersey, 125; relative
progress of colored people of
Canada and free, of United States,
227; affiliations of voters among Canadian,
233: rights of, violated by
Fugitive Slave Law, 261; participation
of, in rescue of fugitives, 276,
332; petition against kidnapping of,
296; increase in number of fleeing,
after passage of law of 1850, 316; arrest
of free, 317, 318.
Nelson, Dr. David, 96; abducting enterprises
of, 155.
Nelson, Judge, in decision in case of
Jack vs. Martin, 257; on the Fugitive
Slave Law, 272.
New Bedford, Mass., estimate of fugitive
settlers in, 235, 236; Frederick
Douglass in, 251.
Newberne, N.C., agent in, 68, 81, 117;
escape of slaves from, 144.
New Brunswick, Canada, routes to, 133,
219.
New England, information secured concerning
underground lines in, 11;
slavery extinguished in, 17; antislavery
settlement in, 31, 93, 171; rise
of U.G. R. R. in, 36, 37; fugitives
from the South landed on coast of, 81,
144; extent of underground system
in, 113; settlers in Ohio from, 115;
fugitives sent to, 121, 125; routes of,
128–134, 219; direction of routes in,
140, 195, 219; terminal stations in,
145; career of Lewis Hayden in, 158;
stipulation for return of fugitives in
agreement of Confederation of 1643,
292; memorial asking repeal of Fugitive
Slave Law, from Quakers in, 324;
sentiment in, adverse to the South's
treatment of the compromises, 331.
New England Anti-Slavery Society,
annual meeting of, at time of attempted
rescue of Burns, 382.
New England Magazine, on Underground
Railroad, 5, 6.
New Garden, Ind. See Fountain City,
Ind.
New Hampshire, rise of Underground
Railroad in, 36, 37; routes of, 132, 133;
failure to pass full personal liberty
law in, 246; early opposition to Fugitive
Slave Law of 1793, 295.
New Haven, agreement of colony of,
with New Netherlands for surrender
of fugitives, 19.
New Jersey, slavery extinguished in,
17; anti-slavery Quakers in, 31; rise
of Underground Railroad in, 34;
routes of, 120, 121, 123–125; abductors
along southern boundaries of, 151;
settlement of fugitive slaves among
Quakers at Greenwich, 236; sanction
to Fugitive Slave Law, 246; slave-owner

463

from, prosecuted, 274; penalties
in, for transporting fugitives, 291, 292.
New Netherlands, agreement of colony
of, with New Haven for surrender of
fugitives, 19; aid prohibited to fugitives
in, 290, 291.
New Orleans, escape of abductor John
Mason from, to Canada, 185.
Newspapers, accounts of Underground
Railroad in, 6, 7; anti-slavery, 168.
Newton, case of Norris vs., 275, 276.
New York, E. M. Pettit, conductor in
southwestern, 4; slavery extinguished
in, 31; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 34, 35;
special agent in Albany, 70; effect of
rescue of Jerry McHenry in central,
72; supplies for fugitives provided by
Women's Anti-Slavery Society of Ellington,
77; steam railroad transportation
in, 80; anti-slavery sentiment
among Friends in, 93; favorable conditions
for U. G. R. R. in western,
115; character of population in, 115;
routes of, 120–128; direction of lines
in, 140; broken lines and isolated
place-names in, 141; terminal stations
in, 145, 146: in the Patriot War, 193;
settlement of fugitives in, 236; condemnation
of Jerry rescue by many
newspapers, 239; seizure of alleged
fugitive in Poughkeepsie, 241; indignation
meetings at Syracuse against
law of 1850, 244, 320; personal liberty
law of, 245, 246; flight of slaves from,
250; agents in, 251–253; abduction of
free negroes from, 269; colonial law
of, to prevent escape of fugitives to
Canada, 292; address to slaves by
Liberty party convention in, 310;
address of Seward of, in behalf of
fugitives, 313; Jerry rescue in Syracuse,
318; convention at Syracuse,
sends congratulatory message to Wisconsin,
328, 329.
New York City, U. G. R. R. in, 35;
Vigilance Committee of, 71; indignation
meeting at Syracuse against Fugitive
Slave Law. 244.
Now York Central Railroad. 80.
New York Tribune, letter from John
Brown to, 8, 9, 165, l66.
Niagara River, important crossing-places
to Canada along, 146.
Nicholson, Valentine, method of disguise
of fugitive employed by, 64, 65.
Nomenclature of stations in New
Jersey, 124.
Norfolk, Va., escape by boat from, 81,
144, 145; natural route for escape of
slave from, 118.
Norris vs. Newton, case of, 275, 276.
North American Review, on reclamation
of fugitives in the North, 243.
North Carolina, Levi Coffin in, 4, 111;
reminiscences relating to, 11; organization
of U. G. R. R. in, (1819,) by
Vestal and Levi Coffin, 40; escape of
slaves from, 81, 144, 145; anti-slavery
sentiment among Quakers in, 93; involved
in Brown's plan of liberation,
167; Canadian refugees from, 195;
law against aiding fugitives in colonial
times, 292; Iredell on slave clause in
Constitution before state convention
of, 294; Clingman of, on value of fugitive
settlers in Northern states, 341.
Northern Central Railroad, 80, 122, 128,
143, 252, 253.
Northern states, lack of formal organization
in underground centres of, 69;
steam railroad transportation for fugitive
slaves in, 78–81; denunciation of
law of 1850 in, 90, 243, 244, 318; list
of, through which the underground
system extended, 113, 114; most used
underground routes in, 119; congested
district in, 120, 121; favorable situation
of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois for
underground work, 134; sea routes
to, 144; reception of abductor Capt.
Walker in, 170, 171; effect of recital
of Capt. Walker's experience upon,
171; appeal of fugitives to anti-slavery
people in, 191; formation of lines of
Underground Road in, during decade
1828–1838, 193; Canadian refugees
visited by abolitionists from, 199–201;
effect of apprenticeship of colored
refugees in, 204, 212, 213; settlement
of fugitives in, 235; number of and
risks of fugitive settlers in, 237–240;
slave-hunting in, 240, 241; effect of
Fugitive Slave Law on fugitive slaves
in, 241, 242, 246–248; increased difficulty
of reclamation in, 242, 243; personal
liberty laws enacted by, 245,
246; exodus of fugitives from, 249,
250; continued residence of fugitive
slaves in, after law of 1850, 250, 251;
underground men among fugitives in,

464

251–253; first Fugitive Slave Law
stirs popular sense of justice in, 255;
antagonism between state and federal
Fugitive Slave laws, 259–260; non-interference
of law of 1793 with laws of,
263; laws of, dealing with subject of
fugitive slaves, 264; disinclination
of, to restore fugitives after Prigg
decision, 265; possibility of abduction
of free negroes from, under law of
1850, 268, 269; counsel for fugitives
in, 281–285; attitude of people toward
proposed Fugitive Slave Bill of 1860,
286; object lessons in horrors of slavery
in, 290; abduction of free negroes
from, under law of 1793, 295; vote of
members of Congress of, on proposed
amendment to slave law of 1793, 296;
proof of early anti-slavery sentiment
in, 300; effect of fugitive slaves' appeal
in, 300–303; effect of Garrisonian
movement on resistance to Fugitive
Slave Law in, 308, 309; attitude of
population toward fugitives, 313; significance
of vote on law of 1850, 314;
era of slave-bunting in, 316; Webster's
advocacy of obedience to law of 1850
throughout, 320; brought face to face
with slavery by law of 1850, 321; effect
of Uncle Tom's Cabin on people of, 323,
324; Mrs. H. B. Stowe, champion of
victims of slavery in, 323; acceptance
of Compromise of 1850 as a substantial
political settlement in, 324; Sumner
on import of the appeal of fugitive
slaves to communities in, 325; open
defiance to Fugitive Slave Law in,
(1850–1860,) 326 et seq.; confederacy
among cities of, proposed to defend
fugitives from rendition, 328, 329;
effect of Kansas-Nebraska Act on
public feeling in, 331; double effect
of law of 1850 in, 337, 338; charge of
bad faith on part of, unsustained by
statistics on fugitive slaves, 342, 343;
underground operations the basis of
important charges against, in crisis
of 1850, 351, 352; efforts of Congress
to appease spirit of secession, 354;
protest against employment of troops
from, as slave catchers, 355; effect of
Underground Road in creating antislavery
sentiment in, 357.
Northwest Ordinance, slavery excluded
by, 17, 18; organization of states
under, 18; fugitive slave clause in,
quoted, 20, 293; alleged repugnancy
of law of 1793 to, 255, 262, 263; alleged
hostility between law of 1850 and, 268;
protection afforded slave-owners by,
298.
Northwest Territory, slavery excluded
from, 17; study of map of underground
lines in, 120; multitude of lines within,
134, 135; appeal to Ordinance of, in
effort to overthrow law of 1793, 262,
263; obligations of a state carved
from, 263.
Norton, Mr., 258.
Notable persons among underground
helpers, 104–112, 163–189.
Nova Scotia, disappearance of slavery
from, 191; sea routes to, 219; fugitives
sent from Boston to Halifax
in, 248.
Nuckolls, escape of slaves of, 52.
Nullification, spirit of, in the North,
326–338.
Number, of underground helpers discovered,
87; of fugitives befriended
by various operators, 87–89, 111; of
fugitives using the valley of the Alleghanies,
118 n.; of fugitives sent over
lines of southeastern Pennsylvania,
121; of fugitives aided by E. F. Pennypacker
in two months, 143 n.; of
terminal stations along northeastern
boundary of Northern states, 145;
impossibility of estimating, of fugitives
emigrating from any one port,
146; of fugitives crossing Detroit
River, 147; of fugitives helped by
one man to Canada-bound vessels,
147; of deportation places along
southwestern shore of Lake Michigan,
147; of resorts for refugees in
Canada, 148, 149; of refugee abductors
visiting the South annually, 152;
abducted by Fairfield on one trip, 154;
of slaves abducted by Fairbank, 160;
of slaves abducted by Charles T. Torrey,
169; abducted by Drayton on the
Pearl expedition, 172; of a party rescued
by Josiah Henson, 177; total,
abducted by Josiah Henson, 178; freed
by Elijah Anderson, 183; freed by
John Mason, 184; freed by Harriet
Tubman, 186; forwarded by abolitionists
in southern Ohio before the
year 1817, 192; of slaves arriving

465

daily at Amherstburg, Ontario, both
before and after enactment of Fugitive
Slave Law of 1850, 194; flocking
into Canada, 200; of negro communities
in Canada, 219, 220; of refugee
population in Canada, 220–222, 313;
estimated, of refugee settlers in Boston
and New Bedford, 235, 236; of
fugitive settlers in Northern states,
235–237; of arrests of fugitives between
1850 and 1856 recorded, 240,
241; of fugitives taking flight from
Northern states after law of 1850, 249,
250; in companies transported by boat
across Lake Erie by W. W. Brown,
252; increase in, of fugitives after
passage of the law of 1850, 316; of
slaves lost by the South through flight
and abduction estimated, 341, 342; of
fugitives given in census reports for
1850 and 1860, 342; aided by Osborn,
as seen in record kept during five
months, 344–346; of fugitives aided
in Lawrence, Kan., during 1855–1859,
348; of negroes transported by American
Colonization Society, 350; of underground
operators in Ohio and other
states, 351.
Oberlin, a station, 89, 97, 98, 150; multiple
routes of, 141; sentiment against
abductions in, 150.
Oberlin College, 5; anti-slavery influence
of, 33, 115; denomination and
work of, 97, 98; C. Fairbank, abductor,
student of, 157; interest of, in
Oberlin-Wellington rescue, 336, 337;
celebration at, over victory of abolitionists
in Oberlin-Wellington case,
337.
Oberlin-Wellington rescue case, before
United States District Court, 279; penalties
levied in, 279; eminent attorneys
in, 282; account of, 335–337.
Officers of the U. G. R. R., 67; title of
"President" borne by Peter Stewart,
69; title of "President" bestowed upon
Levi Coffin, 111, 112; Jacob Bigelow
called "general manager" of a route,
117; a "general superintendent" mentioned,
125; Elijah Anderson designated
"general superintendent" of
U. G. R. R. in northwestern Ohio, 183.
Ohio, computation of number of slaves
escaping into, 10, 346; special agents
or conductors in, 13, 69, 70, 88, 89;
organized as free state, 18; Fugitive
Slave Law of, 22, 47, 48, 237, 238;
underground stations on Western
Reserve in, 1815, 28; anti-slavery sentiment
in, 31, 32, 95, 96; rise of the
U. G. R. R. in, 37–40; Clay declares
law of 1850 is enforced in, 48; night
service at stations in, 55, 56; steam
railroad transportation in, 78, 79; underground
operations in southern, 87,
184, 301; underground helpers of
Scotch and Scotch-Irish descent in,
92; underground centres in, 93; denominational
relations of operators
in, 93, 95–98; Van Zandt case in, 102;
prosecution of Rush R. Sloane of Sandusky,
102; notable operators in, 104–
112; U. G. R. R. routes through, 113,
119; distribution of stations in, 114,
115; favorable situation of, 134; number
of underground paths in, 135;
lines through Morgan County, 136, 137;
direction of routes in, 140, 141; terminal
stations in, 146, 252; Detroit a
receiving station for western routes
of, 147; abductors along the southern
boundaries of, 151; Independent, the,
on increase in number of passengers
of, 195; seizure of McQuerry in, 241;
danger of slave-hunting in, 242; Slave
Law denounced by meeting of Ashtabula
County, 244; personal liberty law
of, 246; dismissal of fugitives from custody
at Sandusky, 276; Blake of, introduces
bill praying for repeal of law
of 1850, 286; Seward's address in,
advising hospitality to fugitives, 313;
Giddings on impossibility of enforcement
of law of 1850 in, 315; contests
between state and federal authorities
in, 334; illustrated in Ad. White rescue
case, 334, 335, and in Oberlin-Wellington
case, 335–337; Oberlin-Wellington
rescue commended by
mass-meetings in eastern, 336; number
of underground operators in, 351;
states urged to repeal personal liberty
laws by, 354.
Ohio River, a thoroughfare for fugitives,
82; routes traced northward from, 134;
crossing-place on, 137; initial stations
along the, 139; escape of Eliza across,
at Ripley, 322.
Oliver, Eev. Thos. Clement, on routes of

466

New Jersey, 123–125; on fugitive settlers
in New Jersey, 236.
Oliver vs. Weakley, case of, 276.
Ontario, surviving fugitives in, 11; testimony
of fugitives in, 27, 29, 76;
fugitives conveyed by boat to Collingwood,
83; fugitives received by people
of Chief Brant in, 92; goal of the great
majority of runaways, 140; Clay on
the admission of the refugee class by,
201; unsettled condition of, at time of
beginning of immigration of fugitives
into, 203; separate schools for negroes
in, 229; action of Parliament of, in
encouragement of fugitives, 233.
Ordinance of 1787. See Northwest
Ordinance.
Organization, of the U. G. R. R., 67–70;
U. G. R. R. work by an alleged regular,
279; league for self-protection
among negroes in southeastern Pennsylvania,
280; formal organization of
U. G. R. R. in Philadelphia, 309.
Orton, Prof. Edward, 35.
Osborn, Daniel, record kept by, as
operator at Alum Creek Settlement,
O., 345, 346.
Ottawa, Ill., multiple routes of, 141.
Paine, Byron, political reward of, for
defence of Booth, 330.
Parish, F. D., fined for assisting runaways,
277, 278.
Parker, Asbury, fugitive, 76.
Parker, Chief Justice, on searching a
citizen's house without warrant for a
slave, 258.
Parker, Prof. L. F., on underground
work in Iowa, 33, 42, 43, 98.
Parker, Theodore, scrap-book of, relating
to renditions of Burns and Sims, 8;
explanation of origin of vigilance committees
given by, 71; public denunciation
of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 by,
90; indictment of, for attempted rescue
of Burns, 103; journal and letter
of, quoted, 109, 110; supporter of Dr.
A. M. Ross, 180; on number of fugitives
in Boston, 235; aid given by, to
William and Ellen Craft, 317; part in
the Burns rendition case, Boston, 331,
332.
Parker, William, leader in Christiana
rescue case, 10; leader in league among
fugitives for self-protection, 280.
Parliament, action by Ontario, in encouragement
of fugitives, 233.
Patriot, the, Charles T. Torrey, editor
of, 169.
Patriot War, part taken by fugitive
slaves in, 193.
Patterson, Isaac, operator, 13.
Payne, George J., operator, 89.
Pearl, the schooner, capture of, 172, 173.
Peirce, I. Newton, message sent by, 57;
connection with the U. G. R.. R., 105,
143.
Penalties, levied for breaking the Fugitive
Slave laws, 102, 103, 110; suffered
by Burr, Work and Thompson, 156;
paid by Calvin Fairbank and Miss
Delia Webster for abducting Hayden.
family, 158, 159; suffered by Charles
T. Torrey for abducting slaves, 169;
suffered by Capt. Jonathan Walker
for abduction of slaves, 170; fine and
imprisonment of Capt. Drayton, 173;
suffered by Richard Dillingham, 174,
175; imposed upon W. L. Chaplin for
abduction of slaves, 176; suffered by
Elijah Anderson, 183; created by
Slave Law of 1850, 265, 266; failure of,
under law of 1850 to deter resistance
to the law, 272, 273; double penalty
under law of 1793, 274, 275; for hindering
arrest of fugitive slaves, 279;
imposed on Booth for aiding in the
Glover rescue, 329, 330.
Pennsylvania, slavery extinguished in,
17; anti-slavery sentiment in, 31, 33;
rise of U. G. R. R. in, 37; steam railroad
transportation in, 79, 80; operations
in Lancaster County, 87; in
Chester County, 88; protest of German
Friends in, against slave-dealing, 93;
numerous underground centres among
Quakers of southeastern, 94; Presbytery
of Mahoning, helps form a new
church, 96; Presbyterian operators in
western, 97; Unitarian centre at Meadville,
98; prosecution of Daniel Kauffman
of Cumberland County, 102;
Thomas Garrett, native of, 110; extent
of U. G. R. R. system through, 113;
favorable condition for U. G. R. R.
in western, 115; study of map of
U. G. R. R. lines in New Jersey, New
York and, 120; routes of eastern, 121,
122; routes of western, 123; direction
of lines in, 140; multiple and intricate

467

routes in southeastern, 141; broken
lines and isolated place-names in, 141;
terminal stations in, 144, 145; abductors
along southern boundaries of, 151;
fugitive settlers in northwestern, 236;
Fugitive Slave Law of, 237, 238, 260;
seizure of family of negroes at Uniontown
in, 241; liberty law of, 246,
309; exodus of fugitives from, after
enactment of law of 1850, 250; Prigg
case in, 260, 261; law of, against aiding
fugitives in colonial times, 292;
emancipation by, 293; petition of Abolition
Society of, for milder slave law,
296; Sergeant of, on House Fugitive
Slave Bill of 1817, 297; complaints
against people of, for harboring fugitives,
298; early pursuit in eastern,
302; Christiana case in, 317–319; kidnapping
of free negro in, 318.
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society,
Wm. Still, clerk of, 3, 75; Harriet
Tubman, a visitor at office of, 187.
Pennsylvania Railroad, 30.
Pennypacker, Elijah F., letter of, relating
to fugitives, 79 n., 143 n.; station-keeper,
121.
Personal liberty laws, object of, 245, 357;
Buchanan's recommendations regarding,
286, 353, 354; of Massachusetts
and other states, 309; enacted by Wisconsin,
330; slave-catchers indicted
under, 336; characteristic of period
1840–1860, 337; induced by Missouri
Compromise and law of 1850, 338;
referred to as a grievance by Jones
of Georgia, 351.
Peterboro, N.Y., station of Gerrit Smith
in, 127, 128; visited by abductor A. M.
Ross, 180: address to slaves issued
from, 310.
Petersburg, Va., agent in, 118.
Pettijohn, Amos, reward for abduction
of, 53.
Pettit, Eber M., author of Sketches in
the History of the Underground Railroad,
2; characterization of his book,
4; on number of main routes in New
York, 125.
Philadelphia, Vigilance Committee of,
3, 71, 75, 76, 80–82, 121, 145, 232; fugitives
aided in, 10; continuous record
of, as an underground centre, 34; antislavery
sentiment among Friends in,
93; outlet from, 122; receives absconding
chattels from Newberne,
144, from Baltimore, 151; trial of
Christiana case in, 281, 319; counsel
for fugitives in, 317; computation, of
fugitives aided in, 346, 347.
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 79,
143.
Phillips, Wendell, indictment of, 103;
address in Faneuil Hall on the occasion
of the Burns case, 332.
Piatt, slaves lost by family of, 283.
Pickard, S. T., on U. G. R.R. work in
Portland, Me., 133.
Pickrell, Mahlon, on period of opera
tions in Ohio, 39.
Pierce, Franklin, meaning of election
of, 321.
Pierce, William S., counsel for fugitive
slaves, 284.
Pinckuey, on fugitive slave clause in
the Constitution, 21, 294.
Pindall, of Virginia, on a bill for increased
security of slave property, 296.
Pinkerton, Alien, friend of John Brown,
165.
Place, Maurice, 15, 16.
Platt, Jirch, diary of, 9; hiding-place
on farm of, 63.
Poindexter, James, 253.
Poindexter, a colored abductor of Jackson,
O., 151.
Poland, Hon. Joseph, operator, 107, 130.
Politics, of underground workers, 99–
101; Canadian refugees in, 232, 233.
Polk, of Missouri, accusations against
the North on account of U. G. R. R.,
351, 352.
Porter, Rev. J., hiding-place in church
of, 63.
Portsmouth, Va., escape of slaves from,
81, 144; agent in, 118.
Pratt, of Maryland, on Seward's speech
advising hospitality to fugitives, 313;
on loss sustained by slave-owners of
his state, 341.
Prentiss, Henry J., 103.
Presbyterian Church, anti-slavery sentiment
in, 31, 32, 95–97; J. J. Rice,
missionary among Canadian refugees,
minister of, 200; Rev. William King,
minister of, 207; support of Elgin
Settlement in Canada by, 208; Rev.
John Rankin, pastor of a, 306.
Prigg vs. Pennsylvania, case of, 259,
260, 264–267, 289, 297, 309; new class

468

of personal liberty laws following,
245, 246; effect of decision of, 309.
Prosecutions, for aiding fugitives, 102,
103, 254; cases of, under laws of 1793
and 1850, 273–281; for aiding fugitive
slaves, 283–285; effect of prosecutions,
317; Prof. Edward Channing on importance
of, 317 n.; of Booth for aiding
in Glover rescue, 329, 330.
Pro-slavery sentiment in Congress, 173.
Providence and Worcester Railroad, 80,
130, 143.
Pursuit of fugitive slaves, 51, 52, 59, 65,
164, 302; increase in frequency of,
308; effect of Prigg decision on, 309;
after passage of law of 1850, 316; instances
of, 317.
Purvis, Robert, record of number of
fugitives helped by, 10, 346; president
of organized society of the U. G. R.
R., 68, 309; account of the organization
by, 68; chairman of the General
Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia,
75; in rescue of Basil Dorsey, 85;
New Jersey route described by, 125;
on abduction by son of a planter,
153.
Putnam, David, underground letters of,
10; record of night service at station
of, 55, 56; secret signal used by, 56;
facsimile of message received by, 57.
Putnam, George W., on route in New
Hampshire, 133.
Quakers, Levi Coffin one of the, 4;
underground centres in communities
of, 6, 90, 115–120, 125; Alum Creek
Settlement of, 10; agents and operators
among the, 31, 38, 39, 53, 92, 94,
98, 124, 131; pro-slavery sentiment
among, 49; costume of, used as a
disguise, 67; Washington's comment
on a society of Philadelphia, 68; as
conservators of abolition ideas, 93;
result of appeal to societies of, in
Massachusetts, 99; political affiliations
of, 100; devotees of U. G. R, R.
work among, 110–112; John Brown's
party entertained by, in Iowa, 164;
words of the Quaker poet, Whittier,
quoted, 171; Quaker abductor Richard
Dillingharn, 174; at Richmond, Ind.,
befriend Josiah Hetison, 177; at Fountain
City, Ind., 199; visits of several,
to Canadian refugees, 199; safety
sought by fugitive settlers among,
235, 236; protection afforded fugitives
by Quakers of New Bedford, Mass.,
258; defendants in case of rescue, 274;
in Christiana case, 280, 281; petition
of Baltimore, against kidnapping, 296;
memorial of, for repeal of Fugitive
Slave Law, 324; record of fugitives in
Alum Creek Settlement of, 344–346.
Quebec, early emigration of fugitive
slaves to, 218.
Queen's Bush, early settlement of, by
refugees, 204, 218.
Quincy, Ill., multiple routes of, 141.
Quincy, Josiah, his account of first
known rescue of fugitive under arrest
quoted, 83, 84; opponent of fugitive
slave legislation, 283.
Quitman, Gen. John A., 341.
Quixot, Stephen, fugitive from Virginia,
51.
Racine, Wis., Glover rescue in, 327.
Railroads, steam, use of, for transportation
of fugitives, 35, 59, 78–81, 122–
124, 128, 130, 132, 133, 142–145, 164,
165, 183; terminology of U. G. R. R.
borrowed from vocabulary of, 67.
Railroad, Underground. See Underground
Railroad.
Ramsey, Rev. R. G., on route in southern
Illinois, 14.
Randolph, the slave, in case of Commonwealth
vs. Griffith, 258.
Rankin, Rev. John, reward for abduction
of, 53; secret cellar in barn of,
63; anti-slavery preaching and practice
of, 96; station of, at Ripley, O.,
109; on immediate abolition, 306, 307;
Letters on Slavery by, 308.
Rantoul, Robert, Jr., counsel for fugitive
slaves, 283
Rathbun, Levi, station-keeper, 69, 70.
Ratliff, Hon. John, 15, 16.
Ray, Rev. Chas. B., on New York
routes, 126.
Ray vs. Donnell and Hamilton, case of,
278.
Reading Railroad, 122.
Rebellion, Lincoln's proclamation regarding
states continuing in, 287.
Recollections of an Abolitionist, by Dr.
A. M. Ross, 179–183.
Redpath, James, on effects of John
Brown's raid, 165.

469

Reed, Fitch, on arrival of abductor
Fairfield and company of slaves in
Canada, 154 n.
Reed, Gen., fugitives carried by boats
of, 82.
Reed, John, on misinformation about
Canada among slaves, 198.
Reform party, political affiliations of
negro voters in Canada with, 233.
Refugees' Home Settlement, of Canadian
refugees, 205, 209, 210; regulations
of, 215–217; dissatisfaction in,
216, 217.
Reminiscences, collection of, 11; value
of, 12–16.
Rendition of escaped slaves, early Northern
sentiment on, Southern sentiment
regarding, 21; question of, in crisis of
1851, 285; of Sims in Boston, 317; of
Burns, 331–333.
Republican Leader, the, articles on the
U. G. R. R. in, 6.
Republican party, effect of Uncle Tom's
Cabin on young voters in, 324; forerunner
of, in Wisconsin, 329; chief
reliance of freedom declared to be in,
repeal of Fugitive Slave Law demanded
by, 337; organized U. G. R. R.
said to be maintained by, 351; four
governors belonging to, advise repeal
of personal liberty bills, 354.
Rescue, of fugitives, 38, 39, 83–86, 240,
275, 276, 284, 336; attempts at, after
1850, 240, 273; provisions of law of
1850 to prevent, 266; of slaves, an expensive
undertaking, 277; increase in
frequency of, 308; during era of slave-hunting
in the North, 316; of Shadrach,
317, 319; of Jerry McHenry,
318, 320; of Glover, 327–330; of Burns,
attempted, 331–333.
Reynolds, Hon. John, on spirit of nullification
in Illinois, 333, 334.
Rhode Island, anti-slavery Quakers in,
31; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 36; steam
railroad transportation for fugitives
in, 80; underground centres in, 94;
routes of, 131; station at Valley Falls,
144; reception to Capt. Walker at
Providence, 171; personal liberty law
of, 245, 246, 309; colonial law against
aiding fugitives in, 292; emancipation
by, 293; repeal of personal liberty law
by, 354.
Rhodes, James Ford, on the U. G. R. R.,
1; on remote political effect of Uncle
Tom's Cabi, 324; on spirit of the
personal liberty laws, 338 n.
Rice, Rev. Isaac J., mission in Canada
kept by, 194, 200; supplies kept for
refugees by, 214.
Richardson, Lewis, cause of flight of, 27.
Richmond, Va., fugitive shipped from,
in a box, 60; fugitives escape by boat
from, 145.
Riddle, Albert G., counsel in Oberlin"Wellington
case, 282.
Ripley, O., John Rankin in, 109, 306;
abductor at, 153; escape of Eliza
across Ohio River at, 322.
River routes of U. G. R. R,, 81, 82, 118,
123, 129, 134, 138, 142; crossings on
Detroit River, 147; Jefferson Davis
on escape of slaves by Mississippi
River, 312, 313.
Robin case, slavery terminated in Lower
Canada by decision in, 191.
Robinson, case of ex parte, 270, 282.
Robinson, Rowland E., on routes in
Vermont, 130.
Ross, Dr. A. M., abductor, 28–30, 178–
182; as a naturalist, 183.
Ruggles, David, agent in New York
City, 35, 126; Frederick Douglass befriended by, 71 n.
Russell, Hon. A. J., operator, 107.
Rycraft, colleague of Booth in the
Glover rescue case, 329.
Sabin, Hon. Alvah, operator, 107.
Salsburg family, 87.
Sanborn, F. B., on Harriet Tubman,
386; on number of fugitive settlers
in Northern states, 237; letter to, on
the U. G. R. R. depot at Lawrence,
Kan., 347–350.
San Domingo, servile insurrection in,
340.
Sandusky, Dayton and Cincinnati Railroad,
78.
Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad,
78.
Sandusky, O., first fugitive at, (1820,)
39; arrival of company of fugitives
at, 76; boat service from, 83; prosecution
of Rush R. Sloane of, 210, 276;
as a terminal, 183, 185; trial of F. D.
Parish of, 277.
Saxton, Gen. Ruf us, on work of Harriet
Tubman, 189.

470

Sayres indictment of, for attempted
abduction, 173.
Schooley, W. D., operator, 88.
Schools, for refugees in Canada, 199,
200, 205–208, 210, 214, 215, 228, 229;
Sunday-schools, 330.
Scioto Company, organized by antislavery
men, 38.
Scotch-Irish, the, in underground service,
92.
Scotch, the, in underground service, 92.
Scott, Gen. Winfield, presidential candidate
of Whigs, 321.
Scott, James, tried for aiding in rescue
of Shadrach, 269, 270.
Scripture, quoted by the abolitionists,
150, 306, 307.
Saa routes of the U. G. R. R., 81, 82,
118, 129, 133, 144, 145, 148, 219.
Seceders, friends of runaways, 13.
Secession, begun, 352, 353; efforts of
the legislatures of the Northern states
to appease the spirit of, 354; North's
refusal to surrender fugitives one of
the chief reasons for, 357.
Sentinel, the, articles in, on the Underground
Railroad, 6.
Sentinel, the, chapters of "A History of
Anti-Slavery Days" in, 6.
Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, on new Fugitive
Slave Bill, 297.
Seward, F. W., on places of deportation
of fugitive slaves, 145 n.
Seward, Win. H., gives bail for Gen.
Chaplin, 176; on Harriet Tubman
185; aid given to Harriet Tubman by,
189; in the Van Zandt case, 282;
speech advising hospitality to fugitive
slaves, 313; signs the bond of rescuers
of Jerry McHenry, 320.
Sewell, Samuel E., counsel for fugitive
slaves, 283.
Shadrach, route taken by, after his rescue
in Boston, 132; counsel in case of,
283; seizure of, 247; rescue of, 317,
319.
Shaw, Chief Justice, on Slave Law of
1793, 270.
Sheldon, Edward, indicted for helping
fugitives, 284.
Shotwell, A. L., claimant of slave
Tamar, 159.
Sider, Joseph, abductor, 60, 157.
Sidney, Alien, on misinformation about
Canada among slaves, 197.
Signals, employed in the U. G. R. R
service, 125, 156.
Sims, Theodore Parker's memoranda on
rendition of, 8; case of, in court, 269–
271, 283; returned to slavery, 317.
Sketches in the History of the Underground
Railroad, by E. M. Pettit,
2, 4.
Skillgess, Joseph, on fugitives passing
through Ross Comity, O., 39.
Slave-hunters, authors of Levi Coffin's
title "President of the U. G. R. R.,"
111; at Detroit, 147; difficulties met
by, 242, 243; imprisonment of, 273.,
274; number of, increased after passage
of the Fugitive Slave Law, 316;
in the Oberlin-Wellington case, 335,
336; protest against the employment
of Northern troops as, 355.
Slave-hunting, engagement of shiftless
class in, 239; by Southern planters
and their aids, 240; uncertainty of, in
anti-slavery communities, 242, 243;
Mr. Mason, of Virginia, on, 243; agents
of slave-owners employed in, 316.
Slavery, character of, at beginning of
nineteenth century, 25; changed character
of later, 26; John Brown's
plan of abolition of, 168; in Canada,
190, 191; attacks on, in Congress, 286;
abolished in District of Columbia, 287;
King's proposition to prohibit, in
Northwest Territory, 293; conviction
of sin of, in Northern states, 300,
301; pursuit of fugitives creates opposition
to, in the North, 302; early
advocacy of political action against,
by Bourne and Duncan, Rev. John
Rankin's hatred of, 306; address of
Liberty party convention touching on,
310; effect of prosecution of U. G. R. R.
workers on question of, 317; nationalized
by law of 1850, 321; effects of,
studied by Harriet Beecher Stowe,
321; renewal of consideration of question
of, caused by Uncle Tom's Cabin,
324; U. G. R. R., the safety-valve of,
340; disappearance of, in District of
Columbia attributed to the U. G.R. R.
by Claiborne, 341, 342; extinction of,
in the United States, 356, 358.
Slaves, desire for freedom among, 25,
195–197; purchase of, by Alabama, 26;
incentives to flight of, 26, 27, 296;
knowledge of Canada among, 28–

471

30, 197; arrive as stowaways on the
Maine coast, 133; steady increase in
the number of, fleeing into Ohio, 135;
from Virginia, 144; movement of,
to inter-lake portion of Ontario, 147;
abduction of, opposed by majority of
abolitionists, 150; abduction of, by
negroes, 151; abductions of, by Canadian
refugees, 152; abductions of, by
Southern whites, 153; abduction of, by
Northern whites, 154, 155; abduction
of, in District of Columbia, 155, abduction
of, by Burr, Work and Thompson,
155, 156; abduction of, by Joseph
Sider and Calvin Fairbank, 157–160;
abduction of, by Seth Concklin, 160–
162; abduction of, by John Brown, 162–
165; effect of John Brown's raid upon
Missouri, 165; Brown's plan for liberation
of, 166–168; abductions of, in
answer to appeal, 168, by Charles T.
Torrey, 168–170, by Capt. Jonathan
Walker, 170, 171, by Mrs. Laura S.
Haviland, 171, 172; capture and incarceration
of the, escaping on the
steamer Pearl, 172, 173; abductions
of, by Capt. Daniel Drayton, 172–174,
by Richard Dillingham, 174, 175, by
Wm. L. Chaplin, 175, 176, by Josiah
Henson, 176–178, by Rial Cheadle,
178, 179, by Dr. A. M. Boss, 179–183,
by the fugitive Elijah Anderson,
183, by the fugitive John Mason,
183–185, by the fugitive Harriet Tubman,
185–189; importation of, into
Canada, 190, 191; Elgin Settlement
in Canada started by a band of manumitted,
202, 207; Wilberforce Colony
originally settled by group of emancipated,
218; domestic relations of, in
Southern states, 227, 228; agents of
U. G. R. R. appealed to for abduction
of, 231, 232; Northern states an unsafe
refuge for, 238, 239; purchase of,
from their claimants, 241, 242; causes
of flight of, 308; conditions favorable
to escape of, 1840–1850, 309; effect of
flight of, on Northern sentiment, 310;
addresses to Southern, 310; address
of Cazenovia convention to, 313; information
about abolitionists among,
316; danger of uprising of, lessened
by the U. G. R. R., 340; prospect of
stampede of, from the border slave
states, in case of secession, 355;
chances for escape of, multiplied during
War, 355.
Slave trade, effect of prohibition of,
(1807,) 301.
Sloane, Hon. Rush R., on the U. G.
R. R. in northwestern Ohio, 39; account
given by, of the naming of the
Road, 45; prosecution of, 102; incident
of embarkation of company of refugees
given by, 148 n.; on Elijah Anderson,
abductor, 183; fined for assisting
runaways, 276, 277.
Sloane, John, early operator, 37.
Sloane, J. R. W., 13.
Sloane, Prof. Wm. M., 13 n.
Sloane, Rev. William, 14, 15.
Smedley, R. C., author of The Underground
Railroad in Chester and
Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania,
2, 4; account of naming of
the U. G. R. R. by, 44, 45; on loss
of bondmen by Maryland counties,
119; on numbers of fugitives sent to
New England, 128, 129; on transportation
of fugitives by rail, 143.
Smith, Gerrit, operator, 22, 27, 107;
generosity of, 176; on Harriet Tubman,
185; defiant speech of, after
Jerry rescue, 320; one of the leaders in
the Jerry rescue, 326; counsel for the
fugitive Wm. Anderson in Canada, 353.
Smith, James, 154.
Smith, William R., work of, in behalf
of Gen. Chaplin, 176.
Snediger family, operators, 87.
Society of Friends. See Quakers.
Sorrick, Rev. R. S. W., on the condition
of refugees in Oro, Ontario, 218; on
the teachableness of the Canadian
refugees, 224.
South Carolina, abducting trip of A. M.
Ross into, 29; agent of U. G. R. R. in
Newberne, 68; involved in Brown's
plan of liberation, 167; Canadian refugees
from, 195; Pinckney on slave
clause in United States Constitution
before state convention of, 294; doctrine
of state sovereignty of, resisted
by Wisconsin, 330; servile insurrections
in, 340; Butler of, on loss sustained
by slave-owners of Southern
section, 341; withdrawal from the
Union, 352.
Southern branches of the U. G. R. R.,
116–119.

472

Southern states, satisfaction with the
fugitive slave clause in the Constitution
in the, 21; complaints of, on
account of losses of slave property,
2; refuges of runaways in the, 25;
spread of the U. G. R. R. in, 28; knowledge
about Canada among slaves in,
28, 29, 180–182, 192; self-interest of,
manifest in the Fugitive Slave Law of
1850, 33; escapes by vessel from, 81,
133, 144; anti-slavery sentiment among
white emigrants from, 90, 91; emigration
of Quakers from, on account of
slavery, 93; anti-slavery advocates
among Presbyterian clergy in, 95; settlement
of anti-slavery people from,
in Ohio, 115; friends of fugitives in,
116; main channels of escape from,
119; abductions by whites from, 153,
154; Northern men in, encourage
flight of slaves, 154, 155; expected
effect of news of Brown's Missouri
raid in, 165; Brown's plan for organizing
insurrection in, 167, 168; Calhoun
on expedition of the Pearl speaks
for, 173, 174; expeditions for abduction
of slaves to, 177, 178; operations of the
abductor A. M. Ross in, 180–183; early
emigration of negroes from, to Quebec,
219; domestic relations of slaves in,
227, 228; abductions of friends from,
planned by the Canadian exiles, 231,
232; abducting trips of Canadian refugees
to, 232; rights of recovery in the
North claimed by people of, 237; slave-hunting
by people from, before and
after law of 1850, 240, 241; effect of
law of 1850 upon, 243; Lincoln's
proclamation of warning to, 287; the
Underground Railroad as a grievance
of, 290; sentiment in, concerning
slave clause in Constitution, 294;
complaints of members of Congress
from, on score of treatment accorded
runaways in the North, 295, 296;
negotiations for return of fugitives
to, 302; people of, aroused by addresses
to slaves, 310; Galhoun on
discontent in, 313; Webster on complaint
of, in regard to non-rendition
of fugitives, 314; Pres. Fillmore gives
assurances to, regarding Fugitive
Slave Law, 318; doctrine of state sovereignty
of, resisted by Wisconsin,
330; work of the U. G. R. R, a real
relief to, 340; estimates of loss sustained
by slave-owners in various,
341, 342; decline of slave population
in border states, shown in United
States census reports, 343; comparison
of numbers of negroes transported
from, by U. G. R. R. and
American Colonization Society, 350,
351; members of Congress from,
on work of U. G. R. R., 351, 352; attempted
conciliation of, 354; chances
for escape of slaves multiplied
throughout, 355; agitation by people
of, for vigorous Fugitive Slave Law,
357.
Sowles, Hon. William, operator, 107.
Spaldiug, Rufus P., counsel in the
Oberlin-Wellington case, 282.
Speed, John, 65.
Speed, Sidney, incident of unsuccessful
pursuit narrated by, 65, 66.
Spradley, Wash, a colored abductor of
Louisville, Ky., 151.
Sprague, Judge, on legal force of a
commissioner's certificate, 270.
Springfield, Mass., "League of Gileadites"
in, 71–75.
Stanton, Henry B., 169, 170.
State sovereignty, doctrine of, in the
Northern states, 326–330.
Stations, in New Hampshire, 132; in
Maine, 134; initial, in Ohio, 135; initial,
in Iowa, 136; number and distribution
of, in portion of Morgan County,
O., 137; stations in Michigan, 138; corresponding
stations in Falley's and
the author's maps, 138, 139; initial,
along the Ohio River, 139, 346; limited
activity of, in eastern and western
extremities of the free region, 141;
isolated, in New York, Pennsylvania,
Indiana and Illinois, 142; terminal,
145–148; cause of formation of initial,
295; Harriet B. Stowe's house one of
the, 321.
Station-keepers of the U. G. R. R., significance
of the name, 67; character
of work of, 69; explanation of division
of labor between special agents and,
70, 71; expense to, 76–78. See also
Agents and Conductors.
Steele, Capt., master of a lake boat carrying
fugitives, 82.
Steele, William, letter of, on escape of
slave family, 51, 52.

473

Stephens, Alexander H., abduction of
slave of, 176.
Stephens, Charles, in Brown's raid, 163–
165; arranges for trip east of Brown
and party, 164, 165.
Stevens, Thaddeus, operator, 106; in
the Christiana case, 282.
Stevenson, Henry, on slaves' desire for
freedom, 196.
Stewart, family of, fugitive settlers near
Detroit, 236.
Stewart, John H., colored operator, 89.
Stewart, Peter, reputed President of the
U. G. R. R., 69.
Still, Peter, a fugitive from Alabama,
160.
Still, William, author of Underground
Railroad Records, 2, 3, 5, 8, 75; chairman
of Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia,
8, 232; on instances of
fugitives shipped as freight, 60; on
stowaways from the South, 145; on
value of Canadian refugees as citizens,
234 n.; coöperation of, with station
at Elmira, 253.
Stone, Col. John, secret signal used by,
56; facsimile of message sent by, 57.
Story, Justice, on the Fugitive Slave
Law, 245; on power of Congress to
legislate on subject of fugitive slaves,
261.
Stout, Dr. Joseph, indicted for helping
fugitive. 284.
Stow, L. S., on transportation of fugitives
across Lake Erie, 146.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, correctness of
her representation in Uncle Tom's
Cabin, 25, 322; material for Uncle
Tom's Cabin gathered by, while living
at Cincinnati, O., 105, 321; connection
of, with the U. G. R. R., 105; influence of the slave controversy upon,
290; champion of fugitive slaves, 323.
Stowe, Prof. Calvin, model for a character
in Uncle Tom's Cabin, 322.
Stowell, Martin, one of leaders in attempted
rescue of Burns, 332.
Sturgeon, of Pennsylvania, supports the
Fugitive Slave Law, 314.
Subterranean Pass Way of John Brown,
339, 357.
Sumner, Charles, efforts of, in behalf of
Capt. Drayton, 173; on number of
fugitives fleeing from Northern states
after enactment of law of 1850, 249;
efforts of, in Senate to secure repeal
of Fugitive Slave Law, 324; champion
in Senate of the fugitive slave and
his friends, 325; reads a letter in the
Senate on employment of Northern
troops as slave-catchers, 355.
Supplies, for U. G. R. R. passengers,
76–78; furnished by Fred. Douglass, 78
n.; for Canadian refugees, 202, 214;
gathered for fugitives in Lawrence,
Kan., 348, 349.
Syracuse, Vigilance Committee of, 71,
72; rescue of Jerry McHenry in, 72,
86, 318, 326; passes distributed to runaways
in, 80; underground work of
Rev. S. J. May in, 109; fugitives sent
by train to, 124; indignation meeting
at, held after passage of law of 1850,
244; public action against Fugitive
Slave Law in, 320; congratulatory
message on Glover rescue from convention in, 328, 329.
Tabor, College, U. G. R. R. work of,
98.
Tamar, slave recovered by Fairbank,
159.
Taney, Judge, prosecution of Thomas
Garrett before, 110.
Tappan, Lewis, supporter of Dr. A. M.
Ross, 180.
Tennessee, abducting trip of Dr. A. M.
Ross into, 28; John Rankin, a native
of, 109; fugitives from, 109; underground
route through easteru, 119;
involved in Brown's plan of liberation,
167; Dillingham's attempted abduction
of slaves from, 174, 175;
Canadian refugees from, 195; fables
about Canada circulated in, 198.
Terminal stations of U. G. R. R., 70, 76,
82, 83, 123, 126–128, 131, 133, 136, 138,
139, 145–149; in Canada, 148, 149.
Terminology of U. G. R. R., 67, 124.
Territories, slavery prohibited in the,
287.
Texas, question of annexation before
Congress, 310; escape of slaves from
western, 348.
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution,
356.
Thomas, Dr. Nathan M., operator, 88.
Thompson, George, a party in the case
of Burr, Work and, 155, 156.
Thurston, Brown, operator, 37, 133.

474

Ticknor, George, on political effect of
Uncle Tom's Cabin, 323.
Todd, Rev. John, author of reminiscences
of "The Early Settlement and
Growth of Western Iowa," 7; quoted,
43.
Todds, the, station-keepers, 15.
Toledo, O., boat service for runaways
from, 83; U. G. R. R. helpers in, 92.
Tompkins, case of Johnson vs., 259, 273,
274.
Toombs, Robert, 173; abduction of
slaves of, 176.
Toronto, Canada, mission work of Rev.
W. M. Mitchell in, 3; goods received
for Canadian refugees at, 202, 203;
number of refugee settlers in, 220,
221; condition of fugitive settlers in,
226; Drew on condition of colored
people in, 227; equal school privileges
for whites and blacks in, 229;
evening school for adult negroes in,
230.
Torrence, James W., method of, in conveying
fugitives, 61.
Torrey, Rev. Charles T., abductor, 28,
168, 169; number of slaves abducted
from Maryland by, 88; succeeded by
Mr. Chaplin as editor of the Albany
Patriot, 175.
Townsend, Martin I., on routes in New
York, 126.
Townshend, Prof. Norton S., operator
in Cincinnati, 104.
Treason, charged in Christiana case,
319; charged by Webster against
transgressors of the law of 1850, 320.
Treatise on Slavery, in which is shown
forth the evil of Slaveholding, both
from the Light of Nature and Divine
Revelation, immediate abolition advocated
in, (1824,) 304–306.
Tribune, of New Lexington, O., on U. G.
R. R., 6.
Troy, N.Y., rescue of fugitive Chas.
Nalle in, 85.
"True Bands," societies for self-improvement among Canadian refugees,
230, 231.
Trueblood, E. Hicks, author of articles
on U. G. R. R. in Republican Leader,
6.
Tnbman, Harriet, mentioned, 6, 28, 178,
183; line of travel of, in Delaware,
118; character of, 185; work as an
abductor, 186, 187; faith of, 188; most
venturesome journey of, 188, 189; service
of, as scout in the Civil War, 189;
passenger on U. G. R. R., 340.
Turner, Rev. Asa, on U. G. R. R. lines
in Iowa and Illinois, 114.
Uncle Tom's Cabin, correctness of representations
in, 25, 322; sources of
the knowledge of underground methods
displayed in, 105, 321; political
significance of, 321–324; Sumner on
reception given to, 325; object of, 357.
Underground Railroad, as a subject
for research, 1, 2; works on, 2, 3;
articles on, 5–7; lack of contemporaneous
documents relating to, 7;
conditions of development of, 17, 18;
numerous lines of, in Northern states,
22; early stations of, on Western Reserve,
extended into Southern states,
28; effect of local conditions on
growth of, 30; church connections
of operators of, 32, 93–99; origin of,
33, 34, 191, 192; development of, 35–
43, in New Jersey, 34, in New York,
34, 35, in New England, 36, in Ohio,
37–40, in North Carolina, 40, in Indiana,
40, 41, in Illinois, 41, 42, in
Iowa, 42, 98, in Kansas, 43; activity
of (1830–1840), 44, 308; activity of
(1850–1860), 44, 71, 316, 317, 357;
naming of, 44–46; midnight service
on, 54–56; communications in work
of, 56–59; methods of conveyance on,
59–61; nature of routes of, 61, 62, 70,
130, 141–146; variety of stations on,
62–04; use of disguises in work of,
64–67; lack of formal organization in,
terminology of, 67; spontaneous character
of, 69; places of deportation, 70,
145–147; terminal stations of, 70, 145–
148; routes by rail, 78–81, 142–145;
connection of Fred. Douglass with, 80,
91, 118, 251, 340; river routes, 81, 82,
142; traffic by water, 81–83, 142, 144–
148, 219; routes by sea, 81, 129, 144,
145, 219; church connections of operators
of, 94–97; notable operators of,
104–112, 155–189, 251–253; rise of, in
Connecticut, 109; study of general
map of, 113 et seq.; extent of system,
114; broken lines and isolated place-names,
115, 116, 123, 141, 142; lines of
New York and New England states, of

475

Wisconsin and Michigan, 116; organized
in North Carolina, 117; Southern
branches, 117–119; signals used on
Delaware River, 125; relative number
of routes in Western states, 134;
local map of Morgan Co., O., 136, 137;
map of Indiana and Michigan routes
of, 137–139; map of line of, in Livingston
and La Salle counties, 111., 139;
trend of routes of, 139–141; lines of
lake travel, 147, 148; Canadian termini
of, 148, 149, 200, 219, 220, 225;
operations of, through Clinton, O., in
year 1842, 153; route followed by
Brown from Missouri to Canada, 163–
166; Brown's proposed use of, 166;
route through Morgan Co., O., 178, 179;
through Pennsylvania to Erie, 181;
made use of by abductor A. M. Ross,
181; "general superintendent" of, in
northwestern Ohio, 183; Canada, the
refuge of passengers of, 190; Dr. S.
G. Howe, on the origin of, 192; development
of, during decade 1828–
1838, 193; increased efficiency of,
due to law of 1850, 193, 338; ease of
escape over, in later years of, 213;
lines through New England to Quebec,
219; capacity of, for transportation
of fugitives, 222; agents of,
appealed to, for abduction of friends,
231; agents of, among fugitive settlers
in Northern states, 251–253; explanation
of secrecy of, 255; escapes
from Indian Territory over, 284; political
aspect of, 290; explanation of
development of initial stations of,
295; early branches in Pennsylvania,
298; influence in spreading antislavery
sentiment, 302; organization
of, in Philadelphia, 309; grievance of
border states due to, 312, 341, 342;
most flourishing period of, 316; Harriet
Beecher Stowe's house a station
on, 321; rapid expansion of, during
period 1840–1860, 337; the work of, a
real relief to masters, 340; Osborn's
record of fugitives aided during five
months, 344, 345; computation of
fugitives aided in Ohio and Philadelphia
during 1830–1860, 346, 347;
work of Lawrence station, in Kansas,
described, 347–350; work of, compared
with that of Colonization Society,
350, 351; organized societies of,
said to be maintained by the Republican
party, 351; relation of, to the
Civil War, 357, 358.
Underground Railroad, the Rev. W. M.
Mitchell, author of, 2, 3.
Underground Railroad in Chester and
the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania,
the, R. C. Smedley, author of,
2, 4.
Underground Railroad Records, by Wm.
Still, 2, 3, 4; work of the Philadelphia
Vigilance Committee revealed in, 75,
76; story of the abducting trip of
Seth Concklin as given by, 160–162.
Unitarian Church, Rev. Theodore
Parker a minister of, 8; underground
work of Meadville Seminary of, 98;
Rev. Samuel J. May, a clergyman of,
109.
United States, census reports of, on
fugitive slaves, 26, 342; escape of
fugitives from Canada to, 190; schoolteachers
for Canadian refugees supported
by religious societies of, 215;
relative progress of Canadian negroes
and free negroes in, 227; ministers of
Canadian refugees canvass for money
in, 231; fugitive slave cases before
courts of, 257, 259–264, 269, 270, 272–
282, 286; necessity of a uniform
system of regulation regarding fugitive
slaves throughout, 261; treason
against, charged in Christiana case,
280; participation by President of, in
Christiana case, 280, 281; fugitive
slave clause embodied in Constitution
of, 293; negotiations of, with England
for extradition of fugitives, 299, 300;
Senator Yulee on danger to the perpetuity
of, 314; effect of Gerrit
Smith's speech in the Anderson case
in, 353; extinction of slavery in,
356.
United States Freedman's Inquiry Commission,
Dr. S. G. Howe's report for,
on Canadian refugees, 211.
Universalist Church, result of appeal to
societies of, in Massachusetts, 99.
Van Dorn, Mr., operator, 88.
Van Zandt, case of Jones vs., 262, 278,
282; S. P. Chase and W. H. Seward in
case of, 282; original of Van Tromp in
Uncle Tom's Cabin, 322.
Vaughan vs. Williams, case of, 262.

476

Vermont, emancipation in, 17; rise of
U. G. R. R. in, 36; steam railroad
transportation for fugitives through,
81; public men, operators in, 106, 107;
routes of, 126, 130; terminal stations
in, 145; personal liberty law of, 245,
246, 309; emancipation by, 293; amendment
of personal liberty law by, 354.
Vermont Central Railroad, 80, 130, 143,
145.
Vigilance Committee, of Philadelphia,
3, 4, 8; of Boston, 8; explanation of the
origin of such bodies given by Theodore
Parker, 71; organization and
work of Syracuse, 71, 72; account of
Boston, 72, 73; account of the formation
and rules of the Springfield
(Mass.) "League of Gileadites," 73–
75; of Philadelphia, 75, 76; Female
Anti-Slavery Association organizes a,
77; fugitives forwarded to New York
City, by Philadelphia, 80; agents of,
in Baltimore, 91, 117; appeal to
churches of Massachusetts, by Boston,
98, 99; Theodore Parker appointed
counsellor of fugitives in Massachusetts
by, 110; fugitives sent by sea to
Philadelphia, 145; of Cincinnati, consulted
by Mrs. Haviland, 171; entreaties
for aid to chairman of Philadelphia,
232; Philadelphia committee in Christiana
case, 280; rescue of Jerry McHenry
by Syracuse, 320; work of, in
Milwaukee in Glover case, 328; work
of Boston, in Burns case, 331; Purvis'
record of fugitives aided by Philadelphia,
346, 347.
Vincent, James, counsel in fugitive slave
case, 284.
Virginia, proposition to enslave free
negroes in, 26; knowledge of Canada
among slaves in, 26, 28, 29, 37; abducting
trip of Dr. A. M. Ross into, 28;
fugitives shipped in a box from, 61;
fugitives escaping by vessel from, 81;
runaways from, 85, 109, 252, 253, 258;
reward offered to Indians in, for apprehending
fugitives, 92; anti-slavery
sentiment in Quaker meetings of, 93;
agent in Petersburg, 118; natural route
from Norfolk, 118; slaves escaping
from, 144, 145; visitation of, by abductor,
151; abductor John Fairfield,
of, 153; involved in Brown's plan of
liberation, 167; Torrey's abduction of
slaves from, 169; abductions by Rial
Cheadle from, 179; knowledge of Canada
spread by slaves from, 182; Rev.
George Bourne, a resident of, 203;
effect of slave-breeding in, 228; Mason
of, on difficulty of recapturing fugitives,
243; prohibition of aid to fugitives
in colonial, 291; Madison, on
slave clause in the Constitution before
state convention of, 294; desirous for
extradition of fugitives from Canada,
299; Mason of, author of Slave Law of
1850, 311; Burns carried back to, 333;
Richmond Enquirer on rendition of
Burns, 333; Brown's method to weaken
slavery in, 339; servile insurrection in,
340; Moore on loss borne by slave-owners
of his district in, 341; Mason
on "loss sustained by slave-owners of,
341; decline in slave population of panhandle
counties of, 343: fugitives from,
recorded by Osborn, 345; reasons for
loyalty of western, 354, 355.
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions,
quoted by Wisconsin convention, 328,
329; quoted by mass convention at
Cleveland, O., 336.
Von Holst, on the U. G. R. R., 1.
Wabash and Erie Canal, thoroughfare
for fugitives, 142.
Walker, Capt. Jonathan, work of, as an
abductor, 168, 170, 171.
Walker, Edward, on the slave's desire
for freedom, 196.
Walker, James, rescue of Piatt slaves
by, 282, 283.
Walker, Joseph G., disguise provided
for fugitive by, 67.

Wambaugh , Prof. Eugene, on the dilemma
involved in the Fugitive Slave
laws, 256 n.
War of 1812, knowledge of Canada
spread by, 27, 28, 301.
War of Rebellion, Still's U. G. R. R.
records concealed during, 8; underground
work terminated by, 11; services
of Harriet Tubman during, 186,
189; assaults on slavery justified by
exigencies of, 286, 287; underground
operations as a cause of, 290, 351, 352,
358; chances for escape of slaves multiplied
during, 355; resort of slaves to
Union forces at the outbreak of 357.
Ware, J. R., station-keeper, 69, 70.

477

Washington, D.C., route from, 117, 125;
abduction of slaves from, by Capt.
Dray ton, 172, 173; abduction of slaves
from, by Wm. L. Chaplin, 175, 176
occurrence of last fugitive slave case
under law of 1850 in, 285.
Washington, George, letters of, (1786,)
relating to fugitives, 33, 68; Fugitive
Slave Law of 1793 signed by, 254;
escaped slave of, 295, 324, 325.
Washington, Horace, 27.
Washington, Judge, in the case of Hill
vs. Low, 273.
Washington, Lewis, agent, 253.
Weakley, case of Oliver vs., 276.
Webster, Daniel, supports Fugitive
Slave Bill, 314, 315; on the necessity
of the enforcement of Fugitive Slave
Law of 1850, 320.
Webster, Miss Delia A., assistant of
Fairbank in abduction of Hayden
and family, 158, 159.
Weed, Thuriow, underground work of,
108.
Weeks, Dr. Stephen B., on underground
work of the Coffins in North Carolina,
117.
Weiblen, John G., conveys fugitives by
boat to Canada, 83.
Weimer, L. F,, suit of, against Sloane,
276, 277.
Weldon, John, method of, in transporting
fugitives, 61.
Wesley, John and Charles, views of, on
slavery question, 94.
Wesleyan Methodists, friends of fugitives,
32; secession of, from M. E.
Church, 94; operators among, 95, 168.
West, David, on the slave's desire for
freedom, 196.
West, Hon. John, operator, 107.
West, Wm. H., counsel for Piatt slaves,
282, 283.
Western Reserve, early escapes across,
28, 301; anti-slavery sentiment in, 31,
fugitive passengers from, 35; routes
across, 123.
Western Reserve College, anti-slavery
influence of, 115.
Western Reserve Historical Society publishes
pamphlet on "U. G. R. R.," by
Prof. J.H. Fairchild, 5.
Western states, routes of, 134–144.
West Indian Emancipation, celebration
of, by Canadian refugees, 226, 227.
Weston, G. W., message of, 58.
Westwater, James M., hiding-place provided
by, 63.
Wheaton, Clias. A., a leader in the Jerry
rescue, 326.
Whig party, character of, 100; vote of,
on the Fugitive Slave Law, 315; considers
Compromise of 1850 a finality,
320; disinclination to vote for Gen.
Winfield Scott, 321.
Whipper, Alfred, school-teacher among
the refugees, 215.
Whipple. See Chas. Stephens.
White, Addison, attempted seizure of,
241; escape of, to Canada, 234.
White, Hon. Andrew D., letter of, on
underground work of his father, 80.
White, Horace, railroad parses supplied
to fugitives by, 80.
White, Isaac, 29.
White, John, slave befriended by Mrs.
Haviland, 171, 172.
White, Joseph, operator, 97.
Whitfield, views on the slavery question,
94.
Whitman, of Massachusetts, on the bill
securing to claimant of runaway right
to prove title in courts of his own
state, etc., 297.
Whitneys, of Concord, Mass., friends of
Harriet Tubman, 186.
Whittier, John G., supporter of Liberty
party, 100; on work of Rev. Charles
T. Torrey, 170; stanza of "The
Branded Hand," by, quoted, 171.
Wilberforce Colony in Canada, visited
by Levi Coffin, 200, 220; origin of,
218; Dr. J, W. Moore on progress of
fugitives in, 226, 227.
Willes, Rev. Dr., on refugee population
in Canada, 222.
Willey, Rev. Austin, on escape of fugitives
to New Brunswick, 219.
Williams, George W., the negro historian
on U. G. R. R. 340.
Williams, case of Vaughan vs., 262.
Williams, John F., agent, 41.
Williams, Thomas, map of lines in Morgan
County, O., by, 136.
Williams, W. B., on route from Washington,
D.C., 117.
Wilmington, Del., underground work of
Thomas Garrett in, 110, 111; station
for Harriet Tubman, 118; movement
of fugitives to, 121.

478

Wilmington, N.C., escape of slaves
from, 81, 144, 145.
Wilson, Henry, on U. G. R. R., 1, 37,
114; on abductions by Rev. Charles
T. Torrey, 169; on number of fugitive
settlers in Northern states, 237.
Wilson, John W., counsel in fugitive
slave cases, 283.
Wilson, Rev. Hiram, receiving agent in
Canada, 126; mission kept by, 194;
schools supervised by, 199, 200; arranges
with Canadian government for
admission of supplies, 202; founder of
school for refugees, 205; service of, in
British and American Institute for
refugees, 206, 207, 220; on number of
Canadian refugees, 221.
Windsor, Ontario, visited by Fairfield,
the abductor, 153, 154; arrival of
Brown and his abducted slaves in,
165; private schools for negroes in,
229.
Winslow, Nathan, operator, 133.
Wisconsin, organized as free state, 17,
18; places of deportation in, 82, 116,
147; personal liberty law of, 246;
Howe of, on law of 1850, 286; Glover
rescue in, 327–330; determination of
people of, shown in Booth case, 330.
Women's Anti-Slavery societies, supplies
for passengers provided by, 77.
Woodford, Newton, indicted for helping
fugitives, 284.
Woolman, John, precepts of, 49.
Work, Alanson, a party in the case of
Burr, Work and Thompson, 155, 156.
Worthington, O., early rescue of a fugitive
in, 38, 84.
Wright vs. Deacon, case of, 256, 257.
Wright, Judge Jabez, early operator, 39.
Wright, Peter, on the work of Canadian
refugees, 205.
Wright, William and Phœbe, station-keepers,
118 n.
Yokum, William, watchwords used
by, 57.
Young, Rev. Joshua, operator, 130.
Yulee, of Florida, informs Senate of
convention of runaway slaves in New
York, 313.
Zigzag routes, 62, 131, 141.

University of Virginia Library

INDEX