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BIOGRAPHICAL
DIRECTORY
The Biographical Directory has been specifically designed to direct the reader
through the more obscure byways of Elizabethan and Jacobean biography,
with particular reference to the works of Capt. John Smith. No "famous"
personage has been listed unless there is some direct connection with Smith,
and the extent to which the biographies are detailed has been determined by
either the amount of firm information available or the significance of the
personage in Smith's career. The Directory thus falls short of adhering to a
precise pattern, as it also falls short of providing sources in every case.
Practicality has been the editor's basic principle, and this has eliminated
detailed references to (I) sources in little-known languages such as
Rumanian, Turkish, and Hungarian, and (2) the very many notes made by
the editor over nearly twenty years in nearly three dozen archives in the
United States, England, France, Austria, Spain, Italy, and such cities as
Munich, Istanbul, Copenhagen, and so on. To cite the former would be idle
because of the languages and the scarcity of sources in other than major
libraries; to cite the latter would take more space than is practical.
In short, this is a directory, not an encyclopedia. The short titles listed
below have been used for the principle sources, in addition to those given in
the Short Titles list for this volume. A few particularly pertinent, isolated
works are named in the Biographical Directory with full bibliographical
details.
| Bentley, Stage | Gerald Eades Bentley, The Jacobean and Caroline Stage, 7 vols. (Oxford, 1941-1968). |
| DCB | Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. I. |
| Enc. Br. | The Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., 29 vols. (Cambridge, 1910-1911). |
| Enc. Isl. | Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed., 5 vols. (Leiden, 1908-1938); new ed., vols. I-IV (Leiden, 1954-1978). |
| Enc. It. | Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 36 vols. (Rome and Milan, 1929-1952). |
| Espasa Calpe | Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana, Espasa-Calpe, 70 vols. in 72 (Barcelona, 1907-1930). |
| Gookin and Barbour, Gosnold |
Warner F. Gookin and Philip L. Barbour, Bartholomew Gosnold, Discoverer and Planter: New England -- 1602, Virginia -- 1607 (Hamden, Conn., 1963). |
| Grande Encyclopédie | La Grande Encyclopédie, 31 vols. (Paris, 1886-1902). |
| Greg, Licensers | W. W. Greg, Licensers for the Press, Etc., to 1640 ... (Oxford, 1962). |
| Hamor, True Discourse | Ralphe Hamor, A True Discourse Of The Present Estate Of Virginia ... (London, 1615). |
| Hind, Engraving | Arthur M. Hind, Engraving in England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1952-1964). |
| Jester, Adventurers | Annie Lash Jester, ed. and comp., in collaboration with Martha Woodroof Hiden, Adventurers of Purse and Person: Virginia, 1607-1625 (Princeton, N.J., 1956). |
| Koeman, Atlantes | Cornelis Koeman, ed. and comp., Atlantes Neerlandici. Bibliography of ... Atlases ..., 5 vols. (Amsterdam, 1967-1971). |
| McKerrow, Dictionary | R. B. McKerrow, gen. ed., A Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers in England, Scotland and Ireland ... 1557-1640 (London, 1910). |
| OCD | Oxford Classical Dictionary. |
| Plomer, Dictionary | Henry R. Plomer, A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers Who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667 (London, 1907). |
| Plomer, Short History | Henry R. Plomer, A Short History of English Printing, 1476-1898 (London, 1900). |
| Quinn, New England Voyages |
David B. Quinn and Alison M. Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 1602-1608 (Hakluyt Society, 2d Ser., CLXI [London, 1983]). |
| Shaw, History | Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. I, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808 (Cambridge, 1976). |
| Williams, Index | Franklin Burleigh Williams, Jr., Index of Dedications and Commendatory Verses in English Books before 1641 (London, 1962). |
ABBAY, THOMAS (fl. 1608-1612), Jamestown colonist, 2d supply; author of
dedications in the Map of Va. and the Proceedings; identity as yet
unknown.ABBOT, GEORGE (1562-1633), archbishop of Canterbury; one of the dedicatees
of the Advertisements; see DNB, Enc. Br., etc.ABBOT, JEFFREY (fl. 1608-1612), Jamestown colonist, 1st supply, apparently
not related to the archbishop; known to Smith as able and loyal, yet
executed for unrecorded reasons; see Generall Historie, 110, and Hamor,
True Discourse, 27.ALEXANDER, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1577-1640), earl of Stirling, poet, statesman, and
colonial promoter; see DNB, and Thomas H. McGrail, Sir William
Alexander, First Earl of Stirling: A Biographical Study (Edinburgh, 1940).ARCHER, CAPT. GABRIEL (c. 1575-1609/1610), original Jamestown colonist;
educated at Cambridge and Gray's Inn (1593), but never called to the
bar; associated with Bartholomew Gosnold (q.v.) in 1602 (wrote a report)
and in 1606-1607 (report attributed to him); returned to England in
1608, by then an avowed opponent of John Smith's; arrived back in
Virginia in Aug. 1609 to lead an anti-Smith faction; died during the
"starving time" in the winter of 1609/1610; see the account in Barbour,
Pocahontas, 60-66.ARGALL, SIR SAMUEL (1580-1626), navigator and administrator, knighted in
1622; double cousin-by-marriage of Sir Thomas Smythe (q.v.) and
brother-in-law of Lord De La Warr's wife's uncle; commissioned to test a
shorter route to Virginia, he later succeeded Christopher Newport (q.v.)
as pilot for Virginia, though briefly; abducted Pocahontas early in 1613
and a few months later wiped out a nascent French colony in Maine;xxx
acting Virginia governor from 1617 to 1619, he soon joined Sir
Ferdinando Gorges (q.v.) in the renewed New England colonial effort;
commanded a ship in an expedition to Spain (1625-1626), on the heels
of which he suddenly died; see DAB; DCB; DNB; Seymour V. Connor,
"Sir Samuel Argall: A Biographical Sketch," VMHB, LIX (1951),
162-175; Dorothy S. Eaton, "A Voyage of 'ffisshinge and Discovvery,'"
Library of Congress, Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions, X (1953),
181-184; and Barbour, Pocahontas.ASPLEY, JOHN (fl. 1624), "Student in Physicke, and Practitioner of the
Mathematicks, in ... London" (from title page of his Speculum Nauticum
[1624]); see Accidence; Sea Grammar; and D. W. Waters, The Art of
Navigation in England in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times (New Haven,
Conn., 1958).AURELIUS ANTONINUS, MARCUS (A.D. 121-180), Roman emperor and Stoic
philosopher; the "Marcus Aurelius" available to Smith was almost
certainly not the "Meditations," but a didactic novel by Antonio de
Guevara (q.v.) based on the emperor's life and character; see True
Travels, 2n.BARNES, JOSEPH (1546-1618), printer to the university and bookseller in
Oxford; see Introduction to Map of Va., and McKerrow, Dictionary,
22-23.BARRA, JAN (JOHN) (fl. 1604-1634), Dutch engraver, came to England c.
1623; his title page for the Generall Historie was one of his first works; see
Hind, Engraving, III, 95.BASTA, GEN. GIORGIO (1540-c. 1607), count of Huszt, imperial commander in
the "Long War," military writer; a ruthless tactician who brought "a
peace of the grave" to Transylvania; see Enc. It.BÁTHORY, ZSIGMOND (SIGISMUNDUS) (1572-1613), prince of Transylvania,
nephew of István Báthory, king of Poland, married to a first cousin of
Emperor Rudolph II and through her connected with Sigismund III of
Sweden and Philip III of Spain; an unstable ruler in a time of unusual
difficulty for his country; caught between the Ottoman and Holy Roman
empires, Zsigmond abdicated at least three times; in the absence of any
biography in English, see László Makkai, Histoire de Transylvanie (Paris,
1946).BERTIE, ROBERT (1582-1642), Baron Willoughby of Eresby, 1st earl of
Lindsey, later admiral of the ship-money fleet and general of the king's
forces; son of the famous Elizabethan general Peregrine Bertie, Robert
toured France (True Travels, 2), studied a wide range of subjects, and
above all appears to have befriended John Smith, albeit inconspicuously.
Robert's grandmother Catherine Willoughby, dowager duchess
of Suffolk, had been an ardent Puritan. The count of Plouër, whose sonxxxi
(see Gouyon Family, below), befriended Smith, could hardly have failed
to know her. His other grandmother, Margaret Golding, was related to
the Gosnolds and the Wingfields, with whom Smith set out for Virginia.
His wife, Elizabeth Montagu, could well have had a part in Smith's
being appointed to the council in Virginia, and after the Virginia
episode, Robert himself could have introduced Smith to the theatrical
clique, including Richard Gunnell (q.v.). None of these helping hands
can be identified in documents, yet it is surely worth mentioning that
Robert Bertie or his shade seems to be standing by at nearly every event
in John Smith's eventful life. Genealogical tables for the Bertie family are
in Barbour, Three Worlds, 419-421.BOCSKAI, ISTVÁN (1557-1606), chief councillor of Zsigmond Báthory (q.v.),
his nephew; driven to take sides with the Turks by General Basta's
outrages in Transylvania in 1602 and later, Bocskai in 1605 was elected
prince by the diet in Medias, supported by the Ottoman sultan, and
acknowledged by the Habsburg court, making possible the Zsitvatorok
Treaty of 1606 ending the "Long War"; a few months later he died,
apparently of poison; see Enc. Br.BRATHWAIT, RICHARD (1588-1673), prolific poet, wrote verses for the True
Travels; see DNB, and Matthew Wilson Black, Richard Brathwait: An
Account of His Life and Works (Philadelphia, 1928).BRENDAN, SAINT (fl. c. A.D. 484-c. 578), Irish monk, abbot, and missionary;
legend says he sailed across the N Atlantic and discovered an island; see
DNB.BRERETON (BRIERTON), JOHN (1572-1619 or later), divine, Caius College,
Cambridge, M.A. 1596; curate at Lawshall near Hessett, Suffolk, where
he apparently got to know the Bacons, cousins of Bartholomew Gosnold
(q.v.), with whom he sailed to New England in 1602; wrote an account
(drawing also on Verrazzano's letter published by Hakluyt); rector near
Gosnold's home in 1619, where he died; see DNB, and DAB.BREREWOOD (BRYERWOOD), EDWARD (1565?-1613), antiquary and mathematician,
author of Enquiries touching the Diversity of Languages, and
Religions (1614); professor at Gresham College; see Sea Grammar, 51n, and
DNB.BRY, THEODORE DE (1527 or 1528-1598), engraver, of Liège, established at
Strasbourg by 1560, visited England in 1586/1587, applied for
citizenship in Frankfurt-am-Main in 1588, then returned to England to
work on John White's drawings of "Virginia"; Johann Theodor
(1561-1623) was his son; see Hind, Engraving, I, 124-126.BUCK(E), GEORGE (fl. 1627), author of commendatory verses for the Sea
Grammar; this Buck(e) seems to be the same as the "great-nephew" of Sir
George Buc (see Williams, Index, 26), and the "George Buck, Gent.,"xxxii
who published An Eclog of Crownes ... (1635); see DNB, s.v. "Buc, Sir
George" (d. 1623).BURLEY, NICOLAS (fl. 1627), author of commendatory verses for the Sea
Grammar; otherwise unidentified.BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640), author of The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621),
under the pen name of Democritus Junior; celebrated by Smith in the
sixth state of the Smith/Hole map of Virginia with "Democrites Tree";
furthermore, Burton had a brother George who may have been the
George Burton who arrived in Jamestown in 1608 and accompanied
Smith to Werowocomoco on Dec. 29; "Burtons Mount" on the same
map could have been named for either Burton; see Barbour, Three
Worlds, 375.BUTLER (BOTELER), CAPT. NATHANIEL (1577?-c. 1640), ship captain and
governor of Bermuda, author of the History of the Bermudaes, which was
the basis for Bk. V of Smith's Generall Historie, and of the Dialogues; sailed
against Cádiz with Argall (q.v.) et al. in 1625, and sailed on the Île de
Ré expedition in 1627. Butler's sister married John Cornelius (q.v.).
See DNB.CALVERT, GEORGE (c. 1580-1632), 1st Lord Baltimore; private secretary to
Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, from 1606 to 1612; projector of the
Maryland colony, member of the Virginia Co. from 1609 to 1620; see
DNB; DAB; and Lawrence C. Wroth, Tobacco or Codfish: Lord Baltimore
Makes His Choice (New York, 1954).CARLTON, ENSIGN THOMAS (fl. 1602-1616), mercenary soldier with Smith in
Transylvania, author of commendatory verses; otherwise unknown.CARY (CAREY), HENRY (fl. 1617-1631), 4th Baron Hunsdon, Viscount
Rochfort, 1st earl of Dover, grandson of Henry Carey (first cousin of
Queen Elizabeth), and second cousin of Thomas West, Lord De La
Warr (q.v.); dedicatee of the True Travels.CAUSEY, NATHANIEL (fl. 1608-1627), Jamestown colonist, 1st supply (in the
Phoenix), 1608; wounded in 1622 massacre, he visited England, but was
back in Virginia in 1627; see Jester, Adventurers, s.v. "Cawsey."CECIL FAMILY: for Lord Burleigh and the earls of Salisbury and Exeter, see
DNB.CECILL, THOMAS (fl. 1630), engraver; contributed an unregistered coat of arms
to the True Travels, based on Robert Vaughan's (q.v.) two devices in the
map of Ould Virginia; see Hind, Engraving, III, 31, 45, and plate 20b.CHAMBERLAIN, JOHN (1554-1628), news gatherer and letter writer; educated
at Cambridge, but took up no profession; his letters are an invaluable
source of historical information; see Norman Egbert McClure, ed., The
Letters of John Chamberlain, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1939).CLERKE, ROBERT (fl. 1616), an obscure bookseller who was licensed to print
Smith's Description of N.E.; he appears also to have been the engraver of
the portrait in the corner of Smith's map of New England (McKerrow,
Dictionary, 70); his name was later erased (Hind, Engraving, II, 273).CODRINGTON, JOHN (1580s?-1622?), author of commendatory verses for the
Description of N.E.; Jamestown colonist with the 2d supply in 1608;
despite the sketchiness of available data, he was certainly admitted to the
Inner Temple, July 16, 1616, after his return to England; his will
indicates that he was a man of some means; he was connected with the
Fettiplaces (q.v.) by marriage; see R. H. Codrington, Memoir of the
Family of Codrington of Codrington ... (Letchworth, Herts., 1910).COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634), judge, writer on law, chief justice of the
king's bench, but he finally lost favor with both James I and Charles I;
Smith inserted a leaf of address to him in New Englands Trials (1620); see
DNB, and Catherine Drinker Bowen, The Lion and the Throne: The Life
and Times of Sir Edward Coke, 1552-1634 (London, [1957]).CORNELIUS, JOHN (fl. 1601-1609), goldsmith and merchant; member of the
East India and Virginia companies, he sponsored Samuel Argall's (q.v.)
exploratory 1609 voyage to Virginia; his wife was Elizabeth Butler, sister
of Capt. Nathaniel Butler (q.v.).COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE (1571-1631), politician and antiquarian;
educated at Cambridge, he began a collection of manuscripts, coins, etc.,
in 1588, part of which survives in the British Library today; see DNB,
and Hope Mirrlees, A Fly in Amber: ... Sir Robert Bruce Cotton (London,
[1962]).CRASHAW, RAWLEY (RALEIGH) (fl. 1608-1622), companion of Smith in
Virginia and author of commendatory verses; a presumed but unverified
relative of Rev. William Crashaw (q.v.).CRASHAW, REV. WILLIAM (1572-1626), divine, poet, and bibliophile;
supporter of the Virginia Co. and of John Smith, as well as of William
Strachey (q.v.); responsible for interesting William Symonds (q.v.) in
the publication of the Map of Va.; see DNB, and P.J. Wallis, William
Crashawe, the Sheffield Puritan (privately printed by the Hunter
Archaeological Society, 1963).CRUSO, JOHN (fl. 1632-1681), civilian author of military works; despite his
1632 matriculation at Caius College, Cambridge, the publication of his
Militarie Instructions for the Cavallrie at Cambridge that same year, with its
broad and detailed basis in the classics, suggests that Cruso may have
been the I. C. of the verses commending the True Travels; see DNB.DALE, SIR THOMAS (fl. 1588-1619), deputy governor and marshal of Virginia;
began as a mercenary in the Dutch forces; during a variegated career he
rose to a captaincy and made many friends, including Sir Thomas Gates
(q.v.) and Sir Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury; in 1611 he volunteered forxxxiv
Virginia, where his success is well known; in England in 1616 Dale
entered the service of the East India Co. and died in Java in 1619; see
DAB, and especially Darrett B. Rutman, "The Historian and the
Marshal: A Note on the Background of Sir Thomas Dale," VMHB, LXVIII (1960), 284-294.DAVIES (DAVIS), JAMES, commander of Fort St. George at Sagadahoc in Maine
(1606-1608). This was an attempt to plant a colony in "north Virginia,"
named "New England" a few years later by Smith; see Quinn, New
England Voyages.DAVIES, JOHN, of Hereford (1565?-1618), poet and writing master, author of
commendatory verses for the Description of N.E.; see DNB, and
Introduction to Description of N.E.DAVIES (DAVIS), ROBERT, sergeant major at Fort St. George (1606-1608). As a
skilled pilot he spent most of these two years commanding the Mary and
John or the Gifte of God carrying colonists to and from Sagadahoc. The
journal of the voyage of the Mary and John in 1607, used by William
Strachey (q.v.), was probably written by Robert Davies; see Quinn, New
England Voyages.DAWSON, JOHN (fl. 1613-1634), printer in London who typeset Bks. I-III of
the Generall Historie (see Haviland, John, below, and Introduction to the
Generall Historie); admitted master printer in Jan. 1621 (McKerrow,
Dictionary, 85).DELARAM, FRANCIS (fl. 1615-1624), engraver, possibly of Netherlands origin;
engraved portraits of Frances Howard, duchess of Richmond and
Lennox, and Sir William Segar, among others; see Hind, Engraving, II,
215, 230, and plates 132b, 132c.DE LA WARR, LORD: see West, Thomas.
DERMER (variously spelled), THOMAS (fl. 1614-1621), navigator and explorer;
after his initial 1614 voyage with Smith, he spent part of 1616-1618 in
Newfoundland with John Mason, later founder of New Hampshire,
where he met Tisquantum (q.v.); in 1619 Sir Ferdinando Gorges (q.v.)
commissioned him as commander of an expedition to New England,
where he remained until exploring trips took him to Virginia, where he
was killed by Indians in 1621; see DCB.DONE, JOHN (fl. 1624-1633), author of commendatory verses for the Generall
Historie and of Polydoron: or a miscellania of morall, philosophicall and
theologicall sentences (1631); not to be confused with John Donne, dean of
St. Paul's.DROESHOUT, MARTIN (1601-c. 1652), English engraver, of Dutch extraction,
famous for his portrait of Shakespeare (1623); he worked with John
Payne on the illustrations for the True Travels, he doing the engraving;
see Hind, Engraving, II, 341, 361.EGERTON, SIR JOHN (1579-1649), 1st earl of Bridgwater, a title for which
George Villiers (q.v.), then earl of Buckingham, is said to have extorted
£20,000 from him (DNB); Smith inserted a leaf of address to him in New
Englands Trials (1620).ELSTRACK, RENOLD (1570-1625 or later), English engraver, of Dutch origin;
did a portrait of Zsigmond Báthory; see Hind, Engraving, II, 163-214.FEREBY, ANTHONY (fl. 1621-1640), author of commendatory verses for the
True Travels, purveyor to the Ordnance Office; see Calendar of State Papers,
Domestic Series, 1629-ca. 1640.FETTIPLACE (PHETTIPLACE), MICHAEL AND WILLIAM (fl. 1608-1616), brothers,
gentlemen colonists of the 1st supply, and loyal supporters of John Smith
during his Jamestown career; scions of an ancient Norman family, the
Fettiplaces were well connected in England and well behaved in
Virginia; together, they composed commendatory verses for the
Description of N.E., to which Richard Wiffin (q.v.) lent a hand as a token
of his loyalty. Michael and William's great-aunt Dorothy Fettiplace
married a great-uncle of Smith's friend John Codrington (q.v.).FISHER, BENJAMIN (fl. 1621-1637), bookseller, licensed with Jonas Man (q.v.)
to publish the Accidence, along with other notable works; see McKerrow,
Dictionary, 104-105.GATES, SIR THOMAS (fl. 1585-1621), governor of Virginia; sailed with Drake
when Ralegh's Roanoke colony was rescued, fought in the Dutch wars,
and sailed with the 1596 Cádiz expedition, etc.; patentee of the Virginia
Co. in 1606; obtained leave from the Dutch States General to go to
Virginia in 1608 and after serving the Jamestown cause well, returned to
the Netherlands in 1621, where he died; see DNB, and DAB.GENTLEMAN, TOBIAS (fl. 1612-1614), fisherman and writer on fishery;
consulted by John Keymor (q.v.); author of Englands way to win wealth ...
(London, 1614), which strongly influenced New Englands Trials; see
DNB Supplement.GILBERT, CAPT. BARTHOLOMEW (fl. 1597-1603), naval captain, somehow
involved in privateering and the fraudulent sale of a diamond to Queen
Elizabeth, but cleared of any guilt; a cousin of Bartholomew Gosnold
(q.v.) by marriage, he took part in Gosnold's 1602 voyage and was killed
by Indians in 1603; see Gookin and Barbour, Gosnold, and Quinn, New
England Voyages.GIRAY, GAZI (GHAZI) (fl. 1588-1608), khan of Crimea, then tributary to the
Ottoman Empire; younger brother of Mehmet Giray Khan, who had
openly defied the sultan, Murat III, was deposed in 1584, and later
killed; Mehmet was followed by Islam Giray Khan, who was succeeded
in 1588 by Gazi Giray, another brother; in 1601 Gazi came to the aid of
Mehmet III (q.v.) with a considerable Tatar force that swept into
Transylvania on its way west, mostly skirmishing and raiding, until Gazi
set up winter quarters in today's Yugoslavia, where he wrote a volume ofxxxvi
verse, Good and Evil; see the Enc. Isl.; Shaw, History, 183; and W.E.D.
Allen, Problems of Turkish Power in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1963).GOAD(E), MASTER DOCTOR THOMAS (fl. 1615-1638), chaplain to Archbishop
Abbot, precentor of St. Paul's; licensed New Englands Trials (1620) and
the Generall Historie; see Greg, Licensers, 37-38.GONZAGA, FERRANTE II (1563-1630), governor of High Hungary (True
Travels, 8), cousin of Vincenzo, duke of Mantua (q.v.); his services in the
"Long War" and elsewhere were so appreciated by Archbishop
Ferdinand II of Styria that the latter, soon after his election as Holy
Roman emperor, raised Ferrante's domain of Guastalla to a duchy, and
created him duke thereof in 1621; see Espasa Calpe, and Enc. It., s.v.
"Gonzaga" and "Guastalla."GONZAGA, VINCENZO (1562-1612), duke of Mantua, noted for his piety, his
sense of justice, and his liberality, the last of which made his court one of
the most brilliant in Europe; a cousin of the Holy Roman emperor
through his mother, Vincenzo led an Italian army into Hungary to
thwart the infidel Turk -- with little success; for a vivid description of this
late Renaissance Italian incursion into the Balkans, see Maria Bellonci,
A Prince of Mantua: The Life and Times of Vincenzo Gonzaga, trans. Stuart
Hood (New York, 1956).GOOS, ABRAHAM (fl. 1614-1629), Dutch map engraver and printseller, who
first printed Norwood's map of Bermuda; he was a cousin and pupil of
Jodocus Hondius (q.v.); see Koeman, Atlantes.GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (1568-1647), naval and military commander,
"father of English colonisation in America" (DNB), and onetime backer
of Smith; see Richard Arthur Preston, Gorges of Plymouth Fort: A Life of Sir
Ferdinando Gorges, Captain of Plymouth Fort, Governor of New England, and
Lord of the Province of Maine (Toronto, 1953).GOSNOLD, CAPT. BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1572-1607), explorer and planter in New
England and Virginia, onetime privateer; in 1602, a pioneer explorer in
New England; in 1606, undoubtedly a recruiter of colonists for Virginia,
of whom one was probably Smith (through Robert Bertie [q.v.], whose
aunt married Sir John Wingfield [q.v.], a first cousin of Gosnold's uncle's
wife, as well as a second cousin of Edward Maria Wingfield [q.v.]); see
Gookin and Barbour, Gosnold, and Quinn, New England Voyages. A
genealogical table of the Gosnold family, as well as pertinent ties, is in
Barbour, Three Worlds, 419-421.GOUYON FAMILY, COUNTS OF PLOUËR. Charles Gouyon I, of Plouër, Brittany,
had been a page of Charles IX of France (1550-1574), but had turned
Protestant; he had fought against the duke of Mercoeur (q.v.), aided by
English troops, and had fled to England with his family; his sons,
Amaury II, count of Plouër (born c. 1577), Charles II, viscount ofxxxvii
Pommerit (born c. 1582), and Jacques, baron of Marcé(born c. 1584),
were friends of Smith's c. 1600-1601; see Barbour, Three Worlds.GRENT, WILLIAM (fl. 1617-1626), educated at Hart Hall, Cambridge, and
Middle Temple c. 1626 (D.D., according to Hind, Engraving, III, 5, 174,
359); compiled a broadside "Map of the World 1625"; sailed for "the
great river of Gambra" with Captain Jobson "to discover ... those rich
mines of Gago or Tumbatu" (True Travels, 36n); wrote commendatory
verses for the Generall Historie.GRIFFIN, MISTRESS [ANNE] (fl. 1618-1621), widow of Edward, son of John
Griffin of Llandunes, near Denbigh, who had bought out Eliot's Court
Press in 1618; on Edward's death in 1621, his widow joined John
Haviland (q.v.); see Plomer, Dictionary, 86-87.GUEVARA, ANTONIO DE (1480?-1545), Spanish prelate and author, famous for
his Libro de Marco Aurelio (1529), an adaptation of Marcus Aurelius's
"Meditations"; Lyly's Euphues was modeled after his prose style; see
Espasa Calpe.GUILLIM, JOHN (1565-1621), herald; author of A Display of Heraldrie ... (1610),
for which John Davies of Hereford (q.v.) and Sir William Segar wrote
commendatory verses; he systematized the science of heraldry; see note
to True Travels title page, and DNB.GUNNELL, RICHARD (c. 1585?-1634), actor, theatre manager, and dramatist;
author of commendatory verses for the Description of N.E.; see Bentley,
Stage, II, 454-458, IV, 516-519, and Philip L. Barbour, "Captain John
Smith and the London Theatre," VMHB, LXXXIII (1975), 277-279.HAGTHORPE, JOHN (1585-after 1627), author of commendatory verses, poet,
and perhaps the naval captain of that name; the poet had ties with the
Saltonstalls (q.v.), through Wye Saltonstall's mother; see DNB.HAKLUYT, REV. RICHARD (1552-1616), younger cousin of Richard Hakluyt,
the lawyer; preacher, advocate of English expansion overseas, geographer,
editor, translator, and broadly one of the "key figures in a group
of intellectual clerics"; see D. B. Quinn, ed., The Hakluyt Handbook, 2 vols.
(Hakluyt Society, 2d Ser., CXLIV-CXLV [London, 1974]).HAMOR, RALPHE (fl. 1609-1626), Jamestown colonist, apparently with the 3d
supply in 1609; became a councillor in 1611, visited England in 1614,
and was a staunch supporter of the colony; despite the obscurity
surrounding him, it is known that he had children by a first wife and
married a second time before 1623 (Jester, Adventurers, 138); author of A
True Discourse Of The Present Estate of Virginia (London, 1615).HARSNETT, SAMUEL (1561-1631), archbishop of York; educated at
Cambridge, collated to the archdeaconry of Essex in 1603, he promptly
published a Declaration of egregious popish impostures, from which Shakespeare
took the names of the spirits in King Lear; his High Churchxxxviii
leanings kept him in trouble with the Puritans (DNB, and Enc. Brit.). He
is one of the dedicatees of Smith's Advertisements.HAVILAND, JOHN (fl. 1613-1638), printer in London who set Bks. IV-VI of
Smith's Generall Historie; in 1621 Haviland joined with Edward Griffin's
widow (q.v.) and founded an important printing business; in 1627 they
printed Smith's Sea Grammar, but the following year he began entering
books in his own name and soon became one of the three leading printers
in London, along with Miles Fletcher and Robert Young; in 1630
Haviland printed Smith's True Travels for Thomas Slater, in quasi-modern
spelling, and followed with the Advertisements in 1631, sold by
Robert Milbourne (q.v.); see McKerrow, Dictionary, 131-132, and
Plomer, Short History, 170.HAWKINS, MA[STER], author of commendatory verses for Smith's True Travels,
probably the William Hawkins (fl. 1622-1637) who was sizar at Christ's
College, Cambridge (M.A., 1626), and then schoolmaster at Hadley,
Suffolk; author of Latin verses between 1630 and 1634 and of a comedy
published in 1627 by Robert Milbourne (q.v.); see Bentley, Stage, IV,
538-539.HAWKINS, SIR RICHARD (1562?-1622), naval commander, only son of Sir John
(1532-1595); sailed on a voyage round the world in 1593, but was
caught and defeated in battle with Spanish ships off the Ecuadorian
coast in 1594; a long term of imprisonment in Peru and Spain ended in
1602-1603; his most important work was his Observations in his Voiage into
the South Seas (1622); see DNB.HAY, JAMES (fl. 1603-1636), earl of Carlisle; highly esteemed by James I and
served as a diplomat in Europe; see DNB, and True Travels, 52.HEALEY, JOHN (fl. 1609-1610), translator, especially of Bishop Joseph Hall's
Mundus alter et idem, a satire on the New World (DNB, and Barbour,
Jamestown Voyages, I, 168, n. 1); tentatively identified as the "I. H." of the
dedication "To the Courteous Reader" in the True Relation, though he
remains an obscure personage.HEATH, SIR ROBERT (1575-1649), judge, attorney general in 1625; Smith
printed a special dedication to him in the Accidence.HERBERT, WILLIAM (1580-1630), earl of Pembroke, famous for his ties with
Shakespeare, but less well known as an investor in the Virginia,
Northwest Passage, and Bermuda companies (DNB, etc.); dedicatee of
Smith's True Travels.HOLE, WILLIAM (fl. 1607-1620s), engraver, and sculptor of the king's seals,
etc., as well as for the mint; a friend of many notables, his engraving of
Smith's map seems to have been unique for him; see Hind, Engraving, II,
316-317, 339-340.HONDIUS, JODOCUS (JOOS DE HONDT) (1563-1612), Flemish engraver,
calligrapher, scientist, cartographer, and publisher; migrated to
England c. 1584, where he worked with Emory Molyneux on the first
English terrestrial globe of 1592 and became famous for his "wall-map of
Europe" of 1595; continued Mercator's Atlas Major, purchased
Mercator's plates after his return to Holland, and published his first
edition in 1606; his sons Justus and Henrik continued his work; the
smaller plates of his Atlas Minor (1607) appeared in England in Purchas's
Pilgrimes (1625) and Wye Saltonstall's Historia Mundi (1635); see Hind,
Engraving, I, 154-156, and Koeman, Atlantes.HOWARD, CHARLES (1536-1624), earl of Nottingham, lord high admiral, etc.
(see DNB); he was a first cousin in the male line of Thomas Howard,
father of Smith's benefactress, Frances (q.v.), "the Double Duchess,"
and in the female line of Anne Boleyn, mother of Queen Elizabeth.HOWARD, FRANCES (1579?-1639), daughter of Thomas, Viscount Howard of
Bindon, and the patron of Smith's Generall Historie; upon the death of her
second husband, Edward Seymour (q.v.), earl of Hertford, she married
Ludovick Stuart, 2d earl of Lennox and later duke of Richmond, which
alliance made her one of the richest women in England. It is notable that
her father's brother Charles and his first cousins Queen Anne Boleyn and
Queen Catherine Howard were all three executed, and Frances's own
first cousin the premier duke of England, Thomas, duke of Norfolk, also
died on the scaffold.HUDSON, HENRY (fl. 1607-1611), navigator famed for his four voyages, from
the last of which he never returned; friend of Smith's, he explored New
York Bay and the Hudson River in 1609 in Dutch pay and was sent by
English merchants to search for a northwest passage in 1610; see DNB;
DAB; etc.; and Llewelyn Powys, Henry Hudson (London, 1927).HUME, DAVID (1560?-1630?), controversialist, historian, and poet, of
Wedderburn, Berwickshire; began travels c. 1580 in France, where he
published tracts and books (DNB), but John Smith is the only witness to
his presence there in 1599 or 1600 (True Travels, 2).HUNT, REV. ROBERT (c. 1569-1608), M.A., first preacher in Jamestown with
original colonists, formerly of Reculver, Kent; what little is known about
him is summed up in Charles W. F. Smith, "Chaplain Robert Hunt and
His Parish in Kent," Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church,
XXVI (1957), 15-33, while pertinent documents are in Barbour,
Jamestown Voyages.HUNT, MASTER THOMAS (fl. 1614), shipmaster for Smith in his 1614 voyage,
during which he stole more than twenty Indians to sell into slavery in
Spain, thereby damaging Anglo-Indian relations for many years.IAPAZAWS (IAPAZOUS) (fl. 1610-1619), brother of the "King of Potomac,"
werowance of Paspatanzie; perhaps fretting under Powhatan's overlordship,
he helped Samuel Argall (q.v.) in engineering the kidnapping
of Pocahontas; see Hamor, True Discourse, and Generall Historie,
112.INGHAM, EDWARD (fl. 1627-1630), author of commendatory verses for Smith's
Sea Grammar and True Travels; identity as yet unknown; see Williams,
Index, 103.JAMES, RICHARD (1582-1638), scholar, author of commendatory verses for
Smith, nephew of Thomas James, Bodley's first librarian; after traveling
extensively, as far as Muscovy, where he compiled an invaluable
Russian-English vocabulary, Richard James became librarian for Sir
Robert Bruce Cotton (q.v.); see DNB, and Oxford Slavonic Papers, X
(1962), 46-59.JEFFERAY(E), MASTER JOHN (fl. 1626-1630), D.D., chaplain to Archbishop
Abbot (q.v.) and rector of Old Romney; licensed Smith's True Travels;
see Greg, Licensers, 51-52.JENKINSON, ANTHONY (fl. 1546-1611), merchant, sea captain, traveler;
member of the Mercers' Company; received passport from Suleiman I in
1553 to travel in Ottoman Empire; captain-general of the Muscovy Co.'s
fleet to Russia and their agent there for three years; authorized to travel
in Persia and Central Asia in 1562, becoming the first Englishman to do
so; he wrote a brief account of his travels 1546-1572; see DNB.JONES, WILLIAM (fl. 1601-1626), printer, licensed for New Englands Trials
(1620); a Puritan, imprisoned for some months, he sometimes printed for
Michael Sparke, the bookseller; see McKerrow, Dictionary, 160-161.JONSON, BEN (1572-1637), the dramatist (DNB, etc.); Smith's description of
Pocahontas in his dedication to Frances Howard (q.v.) (Generall Historie,
2), was used verbatim in Jonson's The Staple of News, end of Act II.JORDEN, EDWARD (1569-1632), physician and chemist, probably the author of
commendatory verses for Smith's Sea Grammar and True Travels; his
Discourse of naturall bathes was published for Michael Sparke, publisher of
Smith's Generall Historie.KENDALL, CAPT. GEORGE (fl. 1600-1607), original Jamestown colonist,
executed "for a mutiny" in late 1607; apparently a former "servant"
(employee) of Sir Robert Cecil, secretary of state and later earl of
Salisbury; see Philip L. Barbour, "Captain George Kendall: Mutineer or
Intelligencer?" VMHB, LXX (1962), 297-313, and John G. Hunt,
"Captain George Kendall of Virginia, 1607," National Genealogical Society
Quarterly, LIX (1971), 263-265.KEYMOR (KEYMER), JOHN (fl. 1610-1620), economic writer; his Observation
made upon the Dutch fishing may have been written c. 1601, but was first
published in 1664; see New Englands Trials (1620 and 1622).KHISSL, HANNS JACOB (fl. c. 1601), baron of Kaltenbrunn, court war counselor
of Archduke Ferdinand (later Emperor Ferdinand II); appointed
lieutenant colonel of the arsenal, Apr. 12, 1601; see True Travels, and J.
Franz Pichler, "Captain John Smith in the Light of Styrian Sources,"
VMHB, LXV (1957), 335-336.KINGSTON, FELIX (fl. 1597-1651), printer in London, originally a grocer,
licenser with Clement Knight (q.v.) of Smith's Accidence; briefly one of
the three king's printers in Ireland; see Plomer, Dictionary, 109-110.KNIGHT, CLEMENT (fl. 1594-1629), draper and bookseller in London, joint
licenser as warden of the Stationers' Company of Smith's Accidence with
Felix Kingston (q.v.) and of the Sea Grammar with Edmund Weaver; see
McKerrow, Dictionary, 166.LEIGH, CAPT. CHARLES (1572-1605), merchant and voyager; early attracted
by the separatist Puritanism of Robert Browne (1550-1633), Leigh
attempted to plant a religious colony on the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence in 1597; failing in this, he traded in Algiers from 1600 to
1601, pursued pirates in the Mediterranean from 1601 to 1602, and later
set out for Guiana, where he attempted in 1604 to settle a colony on the
modern Oyapock River, only to die on board the ship sent to relieve him;
this was the voyage in which Smith "should have beene a partie" (True
Travels, 49); Leigh was a younger brother of Sir Oliph, "an encourager of
maritime enterprise"; see DNB, and DCB.LOW, GEORGE (fl. 1612-1614/1616), printer in London, known only for
Smith's map of New England and an edition of William Byrd and
Orlando Gibbons's Parthenia (1612?); see McKerrow, Dictionary, 178.LOWNES, MASTER HUMPHREY (fl. 1587-1629), master of the Stationers'
Company, licensed Smith's True Relation, Description of N.E., New
Englands Trials, and Generall Historie; as a printer he was responsible for
such famous works as Sidney's Arcadia, Spenser's Faerie Queen, and
Bacon's Apothegmes; see McKerrow, Dictionary, 178-179.M., S., author of commendatory verses for Smith; not satisfactorily identified as
yet; see Williams, Index, 122.MACARNESSE, THOMAS (fl. 1624), author of commendatory verses for the
Generall Historie; "a Lincolnshire man" who has not been identified
despite a thorough search in the Record Office, Lincoln.MAINWARING, SIR HENRY (1587-1653), navigator, privateer, pirate, and
nautical writer; Smith made full use of his manuscript "Dictionary" for
the Sea Grammar; see DNB, and G. E. Manwaring and W. G. Perrin, eds.,
The Life and Works of Sir Henry Mainwaring (Navy Records Society, 2
vols., LIV, LVI [London, 1920, 1922]).MAN, JONAS (fl. 1607-1626), bookseller in London, licensed with Benjamin
Fisher (q.v.) to print Smith's Accidence (though neither name is shown);
Man later transferred his copyrights to Fisher.MARKHAM, GERVASE (c. 1568-1637), prolific writer, linguist, soldier under
Essex, horse breeder, farmer, etc.; Smith's titles of Accidence and Sea
Grammar were evidently inspired by Markham's works; see F. N. L.
Poynter, A Bibliography of Gervase Markham (Oxford, 1962).MARTIN, CAPT. JOHN (c. 1567-1632?), original Jamestown colonist, son of Sir
Richard, the master of the mint and lord mayor of London (1534-1617),
and brother-in-law of Sir Julius Caesar, the master of the rolls; always a
contentious figure, about whom little is recorded beyond his quarrels;
there is no full biography, but see Samuel M. Bemiss, "John Martin,
Ancient Adventurer," VMHB, LXV (1957), 209-221, and James P. C.
Southall, "Captain John Martin of Brandon on the James," VMHB,
LIV (1946), 21-67.MARTIN, RICHARD (1570-1618), member of the London Council for Virginia
and friend of William Strachey, secretary of the Jamestown colony;
though expelled from Middle Temple for his behavior in 1591, Martin
became a barrister in 1602 and was "Prince of Revels" at Middle
Temple c. 1605; later he was a member of the so-called "Mermaid
Tavern Club," founded by Sir Walter Ralegh, which included Ben
Jonson, John Donne, Thomas Coryate, possibly Shakespeare, and
many other personalities.MEADE, RICHARD (fl. 1629), author of commendatory verses for Smith's True
Travels, his identity is uncertain.MEHMET III (1566-1603), sultan of Turkey; inherited the "Long War" on his
father's death in 1595, and left it for his son Ahmet I to conclude; after
one decisive victory at Keresztes, Hungary, in 1595 and a defeat by
Zsigmond Báthory (q.v.) and Mihai Viteazul (q.v.), Mehmet left
military affairs to his viziers and led an indolent life in the Topkapi
Saray, Istanbul; see Shaw, History, 184-186.MELDRITCH, COL. (fl. 1601-1602), a military commander in the imperial army
under whom Smith served during the "Long War"; despite efforts by Dr.
Laura Polanyi Striker, Dr. J. Franz Pichler, and this editor to identify
him, no firm case has yet been made; see Introduction to Fragment J,
Vol. III.MERCOEUR, PHILIPPE-EMMANUEL DE LORRAINE, DUKE OF (1558-1602);
ardently Roman Catholic, he opposed Henry IV as king of France, but
had to give way by 1598; a capable but hardly inspired leader, he entered
the service of Rudolph II, a distant cousin, in the "Long War," but died
on his way back to France to recruit more troops; see Grande Encyclopédie.METHAM, GEORGE (fl. 1590s), son of George, son of Sir Thomas; caretaker of
John Smith's small estate during his minority, he was related by
marriage to Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughby, and to Sir John
Wingfield (q.v.), who married Willoughby's sister, Susan; in addition, in
Smith's generation there were ties between a Metham and a son ofxliii
Thomas Sendall (q.v.), the King's Lynn merchant to whom Smith was
apprenticed; see True Travels, 2.MIHAI VITEAZUL ("MICHAEL THE BRAVE") (1558?-1601), prince of Walachia,
then an autonomous tributary state in the Ottoman Empire; at first ban
(governor) of Craiova, in 1593 he was appointed voivode of all Walachia
by the Turkish grand vizier, perhaps to assure his cooperation when the
"Long War" broke out, but Mihai found the price too high and revolted
in 1594; in 1595 the new sultan, Mehmet III (q.v.), retaliated, but his
army was soundly defeated by Mihai in league with Zsigmond Báthory
(q.v.) of Transylvania; this encouraged the neighboring Moldavian
prince to rebel, thereby involving Mehmet's ally, the Tatar Khan of
Crimea, and brought Sigismund III of Poland down to occupy
Moldavia to keep the Tatars out; meanwhile Zsigmond Báthory
abdicated, leaving Mihai virtually alone between the two empires; in a
desperate effort to maintain independence, Mihai extended his league
with the Habsburgs, but in the end he was treacherously murdered by
order of Basta (q.v.), the imperial general, on Aug. 18, 1601, and by 1605
Walachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia were again ruled by native
princes under the suzerainty of the Turkish sultan; see the brief
biography by Nicolae lorga in the Grande Encyclopédic; full biographies
exist only in Rumanian, Hungarian, and German.MILBOURNE, ROBERT (fl. 1623-1642/1643), bookseller in London who handled
Smith's Advertisements; Milbourne also published Edward Waterhouse's
Relation of the Barbarous Massacre (1622); see Kingsbury, Va. Co. Records,
III, 541, and Plomer, Dictionary, 127-128.MILDMAY (or MILEMER), THOMAS, unidentifiable due to his uncertain surname.
MOCKET, RICHARD (1577-1618), warden of All Souls, Oxford; actively
employed licensing books at Stationers' Hall; author of two Latin
religious treatises; see DNB.MONTLUC (better, MONLUC), BLAISE DE (1502-1577), Gascon army captain,
marshal of France in 1574; renowned for his Commentaires (1592); see
Grande Encyclopédie.MURAT III (1546-1595), sultan, grandson of Suleiman I; his wife Safiye Sultan
strengthened the so-called "sultanate of the women"; Murat helped put
István Báthory on the Polish throne, to counter Habsburg influence;
admitted the first English ambassador and merchants; in the west,
mutual frontier raids led to the "Long War"; see Shaw, History, 179-184.NAMONTACK (fl. 1608), trusted servant of Powhatan, used to help, and spy on,
the English on their first visit to Werowocomoco early in 1608;
exchanged for Thomas Savage (q.v.) to learn the ways of the English and
sent to England with Christopher Newport (q.v.); see Barbour, Three
Worlds.NEWPORT, CAPT. CHRISTOPHER (1560-1617), mariner; sailed for Brazil in
1581, but left ship because of a quarrel and somehow made his way back
to England; after 1590 commanded privateers in the West Indies, soon
taking out a share in the enterprise; chosen to command the Virginia
Co.'s fleet in 1606 as "well practised" in those waters, he served the
company for five years; employed by the East India Co. in 1612, he died
at Bantam; see K. R. Andrews, "Christopher Newport of Limehouse,
Mariner," WMQ 3d Ser., XI (1954), 28-41.NORTON, ROBERT (d. 1625, aged over 50), engineer and gunner, son of
Thomas Norton, the lawyer and poet, coauthor with Sir Thomas
Sackville of The Tragedie of Gorboduc; Robert was granted the post of
engineer of the Tower of London for life in 1624; he and John Smith
exchanged commendatory verses for one another; see DNB.NORWOOD, RICHARD (1590?-1675), surveyor and mathematician; sent to
survey Bermuda by the Bermuda Co. and produced a map in 1622,
which exists only in manuscript copy; measured out one degree of
latitude in England in terms of miles with astounding accuracy; returned
to Bermuda and died there; see DNB; Generall Historie, 169n; and Wesley
F. Craven and Walter B. Hayward, eds., Journal of Richard Norwood
Surveyor of Bermuda (New York, 1945).OPECHANCANOUGH (fl. 1607-1644), younger half-brother of Powhatan (q.v.),
werowance of Pamunkey, later overlord of Powhatania; both wily and
determined, he was the unwavering enemy of the English; he captured
Smith in Dec. 1607, but bowed to Powhatan's conciliatory policy;
keeping in the background while Powhatan lived, he came more to the
fore when Opitchapam/Itoyatin (q.v.) briefly succeeded Powhatan, and
commanded the massacre of 1622 as soon as his own authority was
recognized; shaken but not broken when the colonists struggled to their
feet again, Opechancanough made one last desperate effort to dislodge
the English in 1644, when he was almost certainly over ninety; see
Barbour, Pocahontas.OPITCHAPAM (ITOYATIN) (fl. 1607-1618), next younger half-brother of
Powhatan, werowance of Pamunkey; entertained Smith in 1608;
succeeded Powhatan in 1618, but he kept behind the scenes; the date of
his death is unknown.OPOSSUNOQUONUSKE (fl. 1607-1610), weroansqua of a small Appamatuck
village and the independent sister of the tribal werowance, she attended
the ceremony when Smith was first brought before Powhatan and again
when he returned early in 1608; nearly three years later she was killed by
the English in retaliation for the massacre of fourteen colonists; see
Strachey, Historie, 64.O'ROURKE, BRIAN (fl. c. 1603-1629), an Irish gentleman, grandson of Brian
Ballach and son of Brian-na-Mota, who inherited a strong aversion to
Englishmen, yet was taken to England for his education; beginning inxlv
1619 he was almost constantly in and out of prison, but was finally freed
with the aid of a generous grant from King James; his commendatory
verses for the Generall Historie are the last recorded word from or about
him; see Barbour, Three Worlds, 486, n. 5.PASSE, SIMON VAN DE (c. 1595-c. 1647), Dutch engraver, son of Crispin,
worked in England with his father, brothers, and sister; engraved
portraits of Pocahontas (q.v.), Ludovick Stuart, duke of Richmond and
Lennox, and Sir Thomas Smythe (q.v.), as well as the smaller engraving
of John Smith for the map of New England; see Hind, Engraving, II,
266-268, 273.PASSE, WILLEM VAN DE (fl. 1600-1637), brother of Simon (q.v.); engraved a
portrait of Frances Howard (q.v.), duchess of Richmond and Lennox;
see Hind, Engraving, II, 293.PERCY, GEORGE (1580-1632), younger brother of the 9th earl of Northumberland,
Henry Percy; educated at Gloucester Hall, Oxford, and
Middle Temple; traveled in the Netherlands and in Ireland and sailed
for Virginia with the first colonists; his manuscript account of the
"Starving Time" in Virginia (1609-1610) and its aftermath reflects
ennui coupled with sickness more than any other emotion; see Philip L.
Barbour, "The Honorable George Percy, Premier Chronicler of the First
Virginia Voyage," Early American Literature, VI (1971), 7-17.PHETTIPLACE: see FETTIPLACE.
POCAHONTAS (1595?-1617), favorite daughter of Powhatan (q.v.); Pocahontas
was the one potential peacemaker between the unwanted Englishmen
and her own people; after the legendary meeting with Smith in
Powhatan's residence, she seems to have worked unremittingly in the
interests of the English; ultimately she was baptized and married John
Rolfe (q.v.); she died in Gravesend, apparently of some pulmonary
congestion brought on by the polluted air of London; see Barbour,
Pocahontas.POOLE, JONAS (fl. 1607-1612), mariner, served under Captain Newport (q.v.)
on first exploration of James River in 1607; in 1610 sailed "for a northern
discovery" for the Muscovy Co. and a year later "to fish near Greenland";
returning from Spitzbergen in 1612, he was "basely murdered
betwixt Ratcliffe and London"; see DNB.POPHAM, SIR JOHN (1531-1607), chief justice of the king's bench, noted for his
severity; interested in colonization, he helped bring into being both the
London and Plymouth companies for "Virginia" colonization; primary
backer of Plymouth Co. until his death in June 1607; see DNB, and
Quinn, New England Voyages.POTS (POTTS), RICHARD (fl. 1608-1612), clerk of the council in Virginia; the
compilation of Smith's Proceedings has been ascribed largely to him; he
arrived in Jamestown with the 1st supply, Jan. 2, 1608, and probablyxlvi
returned to England in Sept. 1610; neither his identity nor his
contribution to Smith has been precisely determined.POTTER, CHRISTOPHER (1591-1646), preacher, provost of Queens College,
Oxford; possibly the author of the commendatory verses ascribed to
"C.P." in the True Travels; see DNB.POWELL, NATHANIEL (fl. 1607-1622), navigator and original Jamestown
colonist; accompanied Smith on the second Chesapeake Bay expedition
and wrote part of the account thereof in the Proceedings (pp. 36-41) in
collaboration with Anas Todkill (q.v.); credited by Alexander Brown
with being a surveyor, but this seems unlikely in view of the London
Council's appointment of William Claiborne as surveyor in 1621 when
Powell was still in Virginia; see Kingsbury, Va. Co. Records, III, 477.POWHATAN (1540s?-1618), overlord of tidewater Virginia; named for his chief
fortified village, Powhatan near the James River falls, he inherited five
other villages, to which he added more than a score by conquest or
intimidation; despite legends to the contrary (see DAB), he appears to
have been an unusual Algonkian despot, similar to Bashabes in Maine.PRING, CAPT. MARTIN (1580-1626?), sea captain; commanded a small
expedition to New England under license from Sir Walter Ralegh in
1603; in 1604 he was master of the Olive Plant under Capt. Charles Leigh
(q.v.), but revolted because of hard fare and the like; returned to London
aboard a chance Dutch ship; in 1606 he sailed to New England again, for
Sir John Popham (q.v.), and is said to have brought back an "exact
discovery of the North Virginia coast"; served the East India Co.,
probably from 1608; he is said to have made another voyage to Virginia
in 1626 and to have died on his return to England; see DNB.PURCHAS, REV. SAMUEL (1577-1626), B.D., Cambridge, curate in 1601, vicar
of Eastwood, near Southend, where he began to assemble material for
what became his Pilgrimage. Or Relations Of The World ... (1st ed., 1613);
this received such acclaim that he was inducted as rector of St. Martin's,
Ludgate, and appointed chaplain to the archbishop of Canterbury in
1614; Richard Hakluyt (q.v.), in whose footsteps Purchas evidently
wanted to follow, died in 1616, leaving a vast collection of documents
and books of travel that soon became Purchas's; this led to his embarking
on the huge work known to all historians of the period, the Pilgrimes; he
and Smith became friends about 1611, and much of Smith's work was
reprinted by Purchas; see Barbour, "Samuel Purchas," in J. A. Leo
Lemay, ed., Essays in Early Virginia Literature Honoring Richard Beale Davis
(New York, 1977), for further details and references to other sources.RATCLIFFE: see SICKLEMORE, JOHN.
RAWDON (ROYDON), SIR MARMADUKE (1582-1646), London merchant who
married a wealthy heiress; traded, largely in wines, in France, Portugal,
the Netherlands, and elsewhere, and later invested capital in Barbados;xlvii
see references in Robert Davies, ed., The Life of Marmaduke Rawdon of York
(Camden Society, LXXXV [1863]), which treats Sir Marmaduke's
nephew.RICH, SIR NATHANIEL (1585?-1636), merchant adventurer, probably the
eldest son of Richard Rich (author of Newes from Virginia [1610]), who
was an illegitimate son of Richard, 1st Baron Rich; Sir Nathaniel was
consequently a "cousin" of Robert Rich, earl of Warwick, of Bermuda
and Virginia fame; see DNB.ROBINSON, EDWARD (fl. 1601-1616), sergeant with Smith in Transylvania;
author of commendatory verses for the Description of N.E.; otherwise
unknown.ROE, SIR THOMAS (1581?-1644), ambassador; Prince Henry sent him "upon a
discovery to the West Indies" from 1609 to 1610; in 1614, at the
suggestion of, and financed by, the East India Co., James I appointed
him ambassador to the court of Jahangir, the "Great Mogul"; other
embassies followed, all of them marked by good judgment and sagacity;
see DNB.ROLFE, JOHN (1585-1622), son of John and Dorothea Mason Rolfe, of
Heacham, Norfolk, presumed husband of Pocahontas, and if so identical
with the John Rolfe who sailed for Virginia in 1609 in the Sea Adventure,
was wrecked off Bermuda, and finally reached Jamestown on June 23,
1610; he died apparently before the massacre in 1622; for doubts about
Rolfe's identity, see Wilson Miles Cary, VMHB, XXI (1913), 208; for
further details, see Barbour, Pocahontas.ROSIER, JAMES (d. 1609), Cambridge graduate, became a Catholic, sent in
1605 by Sir Thomas Arundell, a Catholic, to collect information possibly
leading to a Catholic colony in modern New England, and to write a
report; published A true relation that same year, and in 1625 a version
from manuscript was printed in Purchas's Pilgrimes, IV, 1659-1667, with
the addition of a valuable Maine-Algonkian vocabulary; see Quinn, New
England Voyages.SALTONSTALL, SIR SAMUEL (1580s?-1641), draper, son of Sir Richard, the lord
mayor of London, and first cousin of Sir Richard (1586-1658) of the
Massachusetts Bay Co. (see DNB); Sir Samuel was imprisoned for
thirteen years for unknown reasons, but released by the efforts of his
sister's husband, Sir Thomas Myddelton, and perhaps for that reason
kept in the background; he had interests in the West Indies and proved a
friend and protector to John Smith; see Sea Grammar, and True Travels.SALTONSTALL, WYE (fl. 1619-1640), son of Sir Samuel (q.v.), poet and
translator; published some eight books, one of which was his translation
into English of Historia Mundi, ... written by Judocus [sic] Hondius, which
includes a copy of Smith's engraved portrait on the map of Newxlviii
England; see Sea Grammar, and DNB.SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629), statesman, parliamentarian; second son of
Edwin Sandys, archbishop of York; M.P., 1604-1611 and 1621; quickly
took a leading position in the House of Commons; basically opposed to
extreme royal prerogatives, Sandys became and remained obnoxious to
James; interested in colonization, he became a member of the London
Council of the Virginia Co. (acting as assistant treasurer 1617-1619 and
treasurer 1619-1620) as well as of the East India Co., and later, the
Bermuda Co.; see DNB, and Wesley Frank Craven, Dissolution of the
Virginia Company: The Failure of a Colonial Experiment (New York, 1932).SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644), poet, traveler, translator, and treasurer of the
council in Virginia, youngest brother of Sir Edwin (q.v.); author of A
relation of a journey [to Turkey] (1615) and translator of Ovid's
Metamorphoses; see DNB, and Richard Beale Davis, George Sandys, Poet-Adventurer
(London, 1955).SAVAGE, THOMAS (1594?-before 1633), "laborer, boy," later ensign, colonist of
the 1st supply, apparently of the old Cheshire family of Savages of Rock
Savage; given to Powhatan (q.v.) in exchange for Namontack (q.v.) in
1608; learned the Powhatan language and Indian customs and proved of
great value as a reliable interpreter (see Proceedings); celebrated in an
Indian song, Savage settled on the Eastern Shore, raised a family, and
died there; see Martha Bennett Stiles, "Hostage to the Indians," Virginia
Cavalcade, XII (Spring 1962), 5-11.SCRIVENER, MATTHEW (1580-1609), son of Rauff Scrivener of Ipswich,
colonist with 1st supply, and the first "new" member of the local council
in 1608; at the start a loyal friend and aide to Smith, after Captain
Newport's (q.v.) third departure in Dec. 1608 he suffered a "decline in
his affection" and began to act arbitrarily; was drowned on a foolhardy
canoe trip in Jan. 1609.SENDALL, THOMAS (fl. 1577-1614), prominent merchant of King's Lynn,
Norfolk, to whom Smith was apprenticed; see True Travels, and Bradford
Smith, Captain John Smith: His Life and Legend (Philadelphia, 1953),
30-31.SEYMOUR, EDWARD (1539?-1621), earl of Hertford, oldest surviving son of
Edward "the Protector" (1506?-1552), brother of Queen Jane Seymour
and thus uncle of King Edward VI; secretly married Catherine Grey,
sister of Lady Jane Grey, who was, after Lady Jane's execution, the next
in succession to the crown after Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth; thus
involved in court and legal intrigues, Hertford led a difficult life; his
friendliness to John Smith may at first have been prompted by Robert
Bertie (q.v.), whose grandmother Catherine, duchess of Suffolk, had ties
with Hertford, and he in turn may have influenced his second wife,xlix
Frances Howard (q.v.) (later duchess of Richmond and Lennox), to be
helpful to Smith; see DNB.SICKLEMORE, JOHN (fl. 1607-1609), alias Capt. John Ratcliffe; master of the
pinnace Discovery on the original Jamestown voyage (1606-1607) and
member of the local council; at first friendly to, and later at odds with,
John Smith, Sicklemore/Ratcliffe remains an enigma as to who he was
and why he was appointed to the council; although several baptisms of
boys named John Sicklemore are registered in Ipswich for the 1570s and
early 1580s, it is impossible to identify any with "Captain John"; see
Barbour, Jamestown Voyages, passim.SICKLEMORE, MICHAEL (fl. 1608), colonist with the 1st supply; chiefly noted for
his unsuccessful attempt to find traces of Ralegh's "Lost Colony" at
Roanoke, etc., as noted in the Proceedings, 57, 90; little is known about
him; an extended inspection of Suffolk County archives (which contain
many references to the Sicklemores) has not brought to light anyone
named Michael Sicklemore.SMITH, N. (fl. 1616), author of commendatory verses for the Description of N.E.
and the Generall Historie; identity uncertain, but see the Brief Biography
of Captain John Smith, below.SMYTH, JOHN, of Nibley (1567-1640), genealogical antiquary, steward for the
Berkeley family and, later, of the hundred and liberty of Berkeley;
adventurer in the Virginia Co., he later backed Berkeley Hundred,
Virginia; a regular attendant at the company courts, he was the first to
propose the writing of a history of the colony; see DNB, s.v. "Smith," and
many references in Kingsbury, Va. Co. Records.SMYTHE, SIR THOMAS (1558?-1625), outstanding merchant in London,
governor of the East India Co., treasurer of the Virginia Co., and others;
see DNB for details.SOMERS, SIR GEORGE (1554-1610), mariner; after a life dedicated to the sea, he
was one of the chief movers in the founding of the London Virginia Co.,
and one of its four patentees; named admiral of Virginia in 1609, he was
wrecked off Bermuda, got ashore, and built two barks with which he
transported 150 colonists to Jamestown in 1610; he returned to Bermuda
for supplies and died there, it is said, of overeating; see DNB.SPELMAN, HENRY (1595-1623), Jamestown colonist, 2d supply; son of Erasmus
Spelman, the brother of Sir Henry, the well-known antiquarian; all
doubt regarding the identity of young Henry was removed many years
ago by the discovery of the will of his great-uncle, in which he was
disinherited (VMHB, XV [1907-1908], 305); in trouble at home, he
continued his independent way in Virginia, but was killed by treachery;
see particularly the Generall Historie, 105, 108, 120, 151, 161.STRACHEY, WILLIAM (1572-1621), member of the Essex minor gentry,
educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and Gray's Inn, London;
moved in literary and dramatic circles, had a brief career as a diplomat
in Istanbul, and in 1609 decided to try his fortune in Virginia; sailing
with Gates (q.v.), Somers (q.v.), and Newport (q.v.), he was wrecked off
Bermuda, landing at Jamestown only in 1610; meanwhile Matthew
Scrivener (q.v.), briefly secretary of the colony, was drowned, and
Strachey received the post; first writing an account of the shipwreck
(which somehow reached Shakespeare's ears and provided fodder for
The Tempest), Strachey put together The Historie of Travell into Virginia
Britania, which was neither finished nor published in his lifetime, but
which constitutes with John Smith's works our chief source of
information about the Virginia Algonkians; returning to England in
1611, Strachey suffered continuous disappointments until his death; for
details, see S. G. Culliford, William Strachey, 1572-1621 (Charlottesville,
Va., 1965), and Strachey's Historie.STUKELY, SIR LEWIS (fl. 1603-1620), vice-admiral of Devon; was appointed
guardian of Pocahontas's (q.v.) son, Thomas Rolfe, in 1617, and in the
following year was involved in the arrest of Sir Walter Ralegh, a cousin;
see DNB.SUTCLIFFE, DR. MATTHEW (1550?-1629), dean of Exeter; founder of Chelsea
College, where Samuel Purchas (q.v.) worked on his Pilgrimes; member
of the Virginia Council, principal backer of the Plymouth Co., and later,
member of the Council for New England, he was a prime backer of
voyages to New England, including John Smith's projects; see DNB.SYMONDS, REV. WILLIAM (1556-1616?), D.D., divine, schoolteacher, rector, and
author; in 1599 he was presented by Robert Bertie (q.v.) to the rectory of
Halton Holgate, Lincolnshire; later, preacher at St. Saviour's, Southwark,
he undertook to help publish the Proceedings (as well as Smith's
Map of Va.), at the suggestion of "Master Croshaw," probably Rev.
William of Crashaw (q.v.); see DNB, and Proceedings.TAHANEDO (fl. 1605-1607), an Algonkian Indian from Maine who had been
kidnapped by George Waymouth (q.v.) in 1605; Thomas Hanham, a
patentee of the Plymouth Co., brought him back in 1606, and he was of
great help to the Sagadahoc colony; see Quinn, New England Voyages.TANNER, SALO. (fl. 1629), author of commendatory verses for the True Travels;
identity unknown.THORPE, THOMAS (fl. 1584-1625), bookseller in London; published plays from
1604 and Shakespeare's Sonnets in 1609; his identification as the "T. T."
of the commendatory verses for the Generall Historie seems logical in the
light of other similar contributions by Thorpe.TINDALL, ROBERT (fl. 1606-1610), sailor and gunner for Prince Henry;
nothing seems to be known about him beyond his sketch map and odd
references to him; see Barbour, Jamestown Voyages.TISQUANTUM (SQUANTUM) (fl. 1605?-1622), Algonkian Indian from Massachusetts
(possibly Maine); Gorges (q.v.), when old, said he was one of
Waymouth's (q.v.) five Indians taken to England in 1605, but this is
mistaken; probably brought to England in 1611 and put ashore at Cape
Cod by Smith in 1614, Smith's captain, Thomas Hunt (q.v.), caught
him and twenty other Indians and sold them as slaves in Spain;
Tisquantum escaped to London, where he was befriended by the
treasurer of the Newfoundland Co.; sent back to America, he met
Thomas Dermer (q.v.), who brought him once more back to England in
1618; a year later, Dermer put him ashore again in New England, where
he found all of his tribe dead (of smallpox?); in 1621 Tisquantum visited
the Pilgrims at Plymouth and became their interpreter; see DCB.TODKILL, ANAS (fl. 1607-1612?), at first servant of Capt. John Martin (q.v.),
he was the only colonist to go on both of the Chesapeake Bay expeditions
and to be present as well at the earlier visit to Powhatan (q.v.) and the
later Pamunkey confrontation; credited as part author of four of the six
sections of history in the Proceedings and Generall Historie; see Bradford
Smith, Captain John Smith: His Life and Legend (Philadelphia, 1953), and
Barbour, Three Worlds.TRABIGZANDA, CHARATZA (from the Greek for "girl from Trebizond"),
ladylove in 1602 of the Turk Captain Bogall, for whom he bought Smith
in the Danube slave market at Axiopolis; she and her brother, the
timariot, appear to have been Greeks assimilated to Turkish life.TRADESCANT (TREDESKYN), JOHN, the younger (fl. 1607-1637), traveler,
naturalist, and gardener, of English descent, married in Kent; interested
himself in Virginia c. 1617; studied plants in arctic Muscovy in 1618 and
sailed with Sir Robert Mansell and Capt. Samuel Argall (q.v.) against
the Algiers pirates in 1620, bringing back "the Algiers apricot"; served
Buckingham and later Charles I, establishing a "physic garden" and
museum at South Lambeth; named a beneficiary in Smith's will; see
DNB, and Mea Allen, The Tradescants (London, 1964).UTTAMATOMAKKIN (fl. 1616), husband of Powhatan's (q.v.) daughter
Matachanna, he accompanied Pocahontas (q.v.) to London; known
there as Tomocomo, he was a frequent guest at the home of Dr.
Theodore Gulston, a parishioner of Samuel Purchas's (q.v.) church and
a scholar, where Purchas had an opportunity to hear him "discourse" on
his country and religion, to see him dance, and so on; deeply disillusioned
by his visit, Uttamatomakkin returned to Virginia anything but a friend
of the English; see Barbour, Pocahontas.VAUGHAN, ROBERT (c. 1600-1663 or before), English engraver of Welsh origin
and ties; student of heraldry and antiquarian, he combined accuracy
with romantic invention (Hind, Engraving, III, 48-49, 83-84); engraved
title pages, book illustrations, and portraits, including the map of Ould
Virginia for the Generall Historie, with its amusing Welsh joke.VILLIERS, GEORGE (1592-1628), duke of Buckingham, royal favorite; see
DNB.WAYMOUTH, CAPT. GEORGE (fl. 1601-1612), mariner, forerunner in North
American exploration, as well as a knowledgeable naval architect; sent
to search for a northwest passage by the East India Co. in 1602 (despite
his encouraging report there was no follow-up); in 1605, with the earl of
Southampton and Sir Thomas Arundell as sponsors, Waymouth sailed
to explore the modern New England coast with an eye toward English
colonization, the most significant outcome of which was the kidnapping
of five "Salvages" whose presence in England subsequently weighted the
balance in favor of pursuing just such colonization; see DNB; DCB; and
Quinn, New England Voyages.WEST, FRANCIS (1586-1633?), younger brother of Thomas (West) (q.v.), Lord
De La Warr, Jamestown colonist with the 3d supply in 1609, he shortly
antagonized Smith; later the same year he seemingly deserted the
colony, but rejoined his brother afterward; appointed admiral of New
England in 1622, he divided his time between the two colonies; see DNB.WEST, THOMAS (1577-1618), 3d or 12th Baron De La Warr, a grandson of a
first cousin of Queen Elizabeth's and a second cousin of Henry (q.v.),
earl of Dover, to whom Smith dedicated his True Travels; served under
Essex in Ireland and in 1602 became a member of the Privy Council; in
1609 he became a member of the London Virginia Co.; in 1610 he was
appointed first governor and captain-general of Virginia for life and
promptly sailed for Jamestown; taken ill, he returned to London in 1611;
sailing back to Virginia in 1618, he died en route; see DNB, and DAB.WESTON, THOMAS (fl. 1619-1646), ironmonger; possessed of some means, he
became an adventurer in New England, where he succeeded in irritating
the Pilgrims despite their indebtedness to him, perhaps because of his
"squeezing all he could out of them"; soon migrating to Virginia, he
there engaged in fishing and trading voyages to Maine; in trouble with
the law in Virginia, he retreated to Maryland and from there to
England, where he died; see Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, 37n.WHITAKER, REV. ALEXANDER (1585-1617), divine, son of Rev. William
(1548-1595); appointed to a living in northern England in 1608, he soon
volunteered to go to Virginia, where he arrived with Sir Thomas Dale
(q.v.) in 1611; he instructed Pocahontas (q.v.) from 1613 to 1614 and
baptized her; in Mar. 1617 he was accidentally drowned; see Harry
Culverwell Porter, "Alexander Whitaker: Cambridge Apostle toliii
Virginia," WMQ 3d Ser., XIV (1957), 317-343.WHITE, JOHN (1540s?-1593), English artist, perhaps of Cornish stock;
connected with Ralegh's Roanoke colony as artist and then as governor
from 1584 to 1590; previously in 1577 he made on-the-spot drawings of
Eskimos on Frobisher Bay; see Paul Hulton and David Beers Quinn,
eds., The American Drawings of John White, 1577-1590 (London, 1964).WHITHORNE, PETER (fl. 1543-1565), military writer, noted among other
things for his translation of Machiavelli's Arte of Warre (1560-1562); see
DNB.WIFFIN(G), DAVID and RICHARD (fl. 1608-1616), colonists in the 1st supply,
apparently brothers; authors of commendatory verses for the Description
of N.E., and obviously loyal friends of Smith's, both still remain obscure;
see Barbour, Jamestown Voyages.WINGFIELD, EDWARD MARIA (fl. 1586-1613), patentee, adventurer, and first
president of the council in Virginia; of a distinguished family, Wingfield
had served in Ireland and the Netherlands and had been prisoner in Lille
with Sir Ferdinando Gorges (q.v.) in 1588; having sailed with the
original colonists, he was elected in Virginia to head the governing
council, but proved himself rather a gentleman than a practical
administrator; at odds with Smith and apparently disliked by most of the
colonists, he returned to England in 1608, where he slowly lapsed back
into obscurity; author of the valuable "Discourse of Virginia"; see DAB,
and Barbour, Jamestown Voyages.WINGFIELD, SIR JOHN (fl. 1585-1596), son of a second cousin of Edward
Maria's (q.v.), he married Susan Bertie, aunt of Smith's friend Robert
(q.v.), later Lord Willoughby; granted the close-knit Wingfield family, it
may well be that Sir John was instrumental in helping Smith get his
appointment as a member of the local council, before Edward Maria
discovered that Smith had a mind of his own; see DNB, and genealogical
tables in Barbour, Three Worlds, 420-421.WITHER, GEORGE (1588-1667), poet and pamphleteer; author of commendatory
verses for the Description of N.E.; see DNB.YEARDLEY, SIR GEORGE (c. 1587-1627), son of a London merchant tailor,
Yeardley served in the Netherlands, where he got to know Sir Thomas
Gates (q.v.); in 1609 he sailed for Virginia with Gates, but was
shipwrecked off Bermuda; in 1616 Sir Thomas Dale (q.v.) appointed
him deputy governor; relieved by Samuel Argall (q.v.) in 1617, Yeardley
returned to England, where he was knighted in 1618 and appointed
governor to succeed Thomas West, Lord De La Warr (q.v.); returning to
Virginia in 1619 with instructions to summon the first legislative
assembly in America, Yeardley was soon disgusted by the negligence of
the London Council and retired to develop his private investment inliv
Southampton Hundred; he returned to England in 1625, was again
commissioned governor in 1626, sailed back, and died in office; see DNB,
and DAB.
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