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ACADEMICAL SCHOOLS.
LITERARY DEPARTMENT.
WILLIAM E. PETERS, LL. D..... Professor of Latin
MILTON W. HUMPHREYS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D..... Professor of Greek.
M. SCHELE DE VERE, Ph. D., J. U. D..... Professor of Modern Languages.
JAMES M. GARNETT, M. A., LL. D..... Professor of English.
GEORGE FREDERICK HOLMES, LL. D..... Professor of Historical Science.
NOAH K. DAVIS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D..... Professor of Moral Philosophy.
R. HEATH DABNEY, M. A., Ph. D..... Adjunct-Professor of General History.
WM. H. PERKINSON, Ph. D..... Assistant Professor of Modern Languages.
ROBERT S. RADFORD..... Instructor in Latin and Greek.
SCHOOL OF LATIN.
Prof. Peters.
This School is divided into three classes, Junior, Intermediate and Senior.
Junior Class.—A student who is able to read Cæsar or Vergil, and has
a proper acquaintance with the Forms, is prepared to enter this class. The
class begins with Sallust or a writer of like difficulty. Systematic attention
is given to the study of the Forms. The Syntactical work is the study of the
Case-relations, the exact force of the Tenses, and a consecutive outline of the
connections in which the Subjunctive Mood is required. Principles and facts
explained are applied by frequent exercises in Latin Composition. The
reading is confined to selected portions of Sallust, Ovid, Curtius, and Vergil.
A limited amount from each author is prescribed for private reading. For
the examinations, passages are selected for translation from the Latin assigned
as private reading. There are two examinations—the Intermediate, held
about the middle of the session, the Final, at its close; these examinations
are conducted in writing.
Intermediate Class.—Work in this class will be directed to the acquirement
of readiness in translation and syntactical interpretation, with as little
specialistic investigation as is consistent with a general but sound and permanent
knowledge of the language. As an indispensable auxiliary to this
end written exercises in translating English into Latin and Latin into
English will be required. Proper attention will be given to Roman History
and Literature. The metrical work will be limited to the structure and
accurate recitation of the Dactylic, Anapæstic, Trochaic, and Iambic verses,
with the verses occurring in the odes of Horace. Translation will be confined
to Livy, Horace, Cicero, Seneca, or Tacitus. Selections from each
author will be assigned as parallel reading. There will be two written
examinations—Intermediate and Final.
Senior Class.—This class commences with Juvenal or Livy, and reads
during the session selected portions of Juvenal, Livy, Cicero, Seneca, Tacitus,
or a play of Plautus. The Case-relations are reviewed, and the Syntax
of the Verb is systematically presented. Latin versification is taken up
early in the session, and continued throughout the term. A theoretical
acquaintance with this subject is insufficient. Prompt identification and
correct recitation of every variety of Latin verse is insisted upon. A very
prominent place is assigned to Latin Composition as an indispensable means
of acquiring an exact knowledge of the Language. Portions of the authors
read in the Lecture-room are designated as parallel and private reading.
The object of parallel reading is to enable a student to acquire a more
copious vocabulary than is furnished by the limited amount of Latin read in
the Lecture-room, and to afford a wider field for the application of the
principles explained in the Lectures. In this class there are two examinations—one
occurring about the middle of the session, the second at its
close. The examinations are conducted in writing. For the second or
Final examination, passages for translation are selected partly from the
parallel and partly from Latin which the class has not read. In this class
due attention is given to Roman History and Literature.
Text-books.—Any approved editions of the authors above named.
Grammars—Gildersleeve's, Syntax of the Verb by the Professor, Printed Lectures by
the Professor on the Latin Cases and Versification.
History—Liddell's, with Long's or any approved Atlas.
Literature—Bender's, as a Hand-book and Guide, supplemented by Lectures.
Sanskrit.—The Professor will also give instruction in the elements of
Sanskrit whenever a sufficient number of students desire it.
SCHOOL OF GREEK.
Prof. Humphreys.
The School is organized in three classes, the Junior, the Intermediate, and
the Senior. The method of instruction is by lectures, by daily examination
upon the matter of the lectures, and upon assigned portions of the text-books,
and by written and oral exercises.
A full knowledge of the regular Attic inflections and some experience in
translation are necessary as a preparation for the Junior Class. Two books of
Xenophon's Anabasis, or some suitable equivalent, may be regarded as a
proper amount of preparatory reading. Diligent students inadequately prepared
often make good progress with the aid of a Licentiate. (See p. 74.)
The Junior Class is intended to give a practical familiarity with the
simpler Attic prose. The Grammar is rapidly but carefully reviewed; for
translation into Greek, sentences are given out which involve the vocabulary
and the idioms of the Greek texts studied. The authors read are Xenophon
and Lysias. The Geography and Political History of Greece are taught in
this class.
The Intermediate Class, for which the Junior course, or some equivalent,
is the appropriate preparation, continues the study of Attic prose usage,
and enters upon the study of the Drama and of Homer. Weekly exercises
for translation into Greek are given, each being a passage of simple but idiomatic
English based on a Greek author. Selected portions of the Grammar
are closely studied, and the whole Syntax is reviewed. The authors read are
Lysias, Plato, Euripides, and Homer. Instruction in Greek Literature and
Antiquities is given in this class.
The Senior Class demands such attainments as may be acquired in the
two lower classes, or an equivalent. The authors read this session are Demosthenes,
Sophocles, Thucydides, Aristophanes, and the fragments of the Lyric
Poets. The Syntax of the Greek Verb is discussed, and courses of lectures
are given upon Metres and the History of Greek Literature. The weekly
exercises are partly based on ancient authors and partly specially prepared
or taken from standard English writers.
Text-Books.—Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon, Veitch's Greek Verbs, Goodwin's Greek
Grammar, Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses, and approved editions of the authors read.
For each class a course of private reading is prescribed, not restricted to
the authors named above.
The state of preparation of a pupil joining the School may often make it
expedient to take two classes at once.
In the examination of candidates for graduation, all the subjects taught
in the School are involved, and the passages set for translation are selected
from the classic writers at will.
Hebrew.—Elementary instruction in Hebrew will be given when the
demand for such instruction is sufficient.
SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
Prof. Schele De Vere.
Assist. Prof. Perkinson.
The subjects taught in this School are the French, Spanish, Italian, and
German languages, and Anglo-Saxon.
In the Junior Class the student is carefully trained and drilled in the
forms and Syntax of the language with the aid of the smaller Grammars
indicated. The practice of translation from the foreign idiom into the vernacular
is begun as soon as possible, with books of anecdotes and selections
mainly from modern writers, and at the same time weekly exercises are written.
The simpler works of some of the modern as well as of the classical
authors are studied during the latter portion of the course.
In the Intermediate Class about two months are given to a thorough
review of the Grammar, accompanied with practice in translation mainly
from modern authors. Weekly exercises are also written to test the progress
made by the student in Grammar and Syntax; these are read aloud
and corrected viva voce. Copious readings in modern plays and novels are
required until the student is able to translate at sight fairly easy authors; and
the exercises are continued, being now mainly taken from modern prose
writers and tested by comparison with the original text. The classes next
read works such as La France and Deutschland to gain familiarity with the
History and Geography of the country the language of which they are studying.
A short course in translating some of the simpler works of the classic
writers follows, supplemented by parallel readings assigned by the Professor;
and the course is completed by attendance on the lectures of the Professor
on the History of the Language and its Literature.
In the Senior Class a number of classic and of modern authors is
read in the class, to practice the pronunciation, to acquire facility in prompt
rendering of the foreign idiom, and to appreciate the literary beauties of
eminent writers. A much larger number of works, mainly by modern
authors, is assigned to be read privately, in order to acquire that familiarity
with foreign writers which enables the student to judge of the difference in
style and diction in individuals, and in various periods of literature.
At every meeting of the class, moreover, a lecture is delivered, and to a
large extent illustrated by examples and quotations written on the blackboard,
so that the eye and the ear may mutually assist each other. In these
lectures the Grammar and the Syntax of each idiom are discussed. The treatment
is mainly historical, the words, the sentences and the general structure
being exhibited as they gradually develop themselves from the earliest efforts
made by the infant nation to the highest results obtained in its so-called
Golden Age.
These lectures are again accompanied by weekly exercises, translations
from the vernacular into foreign idioms. They furnish the Professor with
evidence of the success or want of success with which he has tried to explain
the rules and the usages of each language. After having been carefully
marked, they are returned to the student, and then written, in correct form,
on the blackboard. The Professor, as he writes there, accompanies the exercises
with a running commentary on the various rules that have been violated
or misunderstood.
At stated intervals the Professor reads aloud, so as to train the ear; at
others, he dictates extracts from foreign writers for the same purpose.
After the classes have become somewhat familiar with the language, they are
given a series of lectures treating of the History of the idiom. Its forms,
its structure and its spiritual characteristics are carefully traced through the
different periods of its history, and minutely compared with each other.
This gives an opportunity for instruction in the fundamental rules of the
Science of Language, to which much attention is given. These lectures are
followed by another course on the Literature of each idiom. The different
periods of the literature are explained and illustrated by sketches of the
lives, and criticisms on the works, of the principal writers of each age.
The parallelism between the national growth of a people and its literary proficiency
is constantly pointed out.
After each lecture the Professor remains some time in the lecture-room to
meet informally such students as desire additional information.
To train the ear as much as possible, the Professor gives each week public
readings, at which some great work is read aloud and translated.
In the Class of Anglo-Saxon the study of the language is mainly
pursued in its aspect as the mother of English, furnishing the student the
means of tracing the history of his native tongue from its earliest beginning.
Much attention is given to the illustration of the history of words, their
birth, their fate under the rule of the Norman, and their subsequent modifications.
Whilst the student is furnished with a key to the rich and historically
invaluable literature of our forefathers, he is at the same time given an
opportunity to learn to know the inner nature, the inherent power, and the
writers are read, and the bearing of their works on the history of our
race is explained.
The following text-books are used in the several languages:
French. The Professor's Grammar and First Reader, Whitney's or Brachet's Grammar,
Telémaque, Saintine's Picciola, Moliere, Racine, Voltaire, Taine's L'Angleterre, Masson's,
Gasc's, or Littré's Dictionary. A course of private reading is prescribed. Prof. J. A. Harrison's
French Syntax is recommended.
German.—Whitney's and Wilman' or rauer's (German) Grammar, Whitney's Reader,
Whitney's Dictionary, Schiller's Work, Goethe's Toru to Taso and Faust; Jean Paul's
Flegeljahre. A course of private reading is prescribed.
Spanish.—The Professor's Grammar, Soan's Dictionary, Velasquez' Reader, Breton's
La Independencia, Don Qu jote, Calderon's El Principe Con tante, Lope's Estrella de Sevilla,
Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature. In default of The Professor's Grammar, now
out of print, Knapp's Spanish Grammar will be used.
Italian.—Cuore's Grammar, Foreti's Reader, Manzni's I Promessi Sposi, Tasso's Geru
salemme Liberata, Pellico's Le Mie Prigioni, Petrarca, Dante's La Divina Commedia.
Anglo-Saxon.—Shute's Manual of Anglo-Saxon, or Sweet's Primer, The Professor's
Studies in English, March's Anglo-Saxon Grammar (for reference), the Anglo-Saxon Gospels
SCHOOL OF ENGLISH.
Prof. Garnett.
Instruction in this School is given in three classes:
I. The Class of Early English.—In this class the historical and philological
study of the language is pursued, the class beginning with its oldest
forms, and tracing the language, by the study of specimens, through its different
periods to the formation of modern English. After a thorough study
of the grammar, selected pieces of Old and Middle English prose and poetry
are read, both in class and privately, with a view to acquiring a philological
knowledge of the origin and structure of English. Lectures on the position
of English in the Indo-European family of languages, and on the history of
the language, are also given.
Text books.—Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Reader; Morris and Skeat's Specimens of Early English,
Parts I and II. For reference.—Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English; Earle's
Anglo-Saxon Literature; Ten Brink's Early English Literature.
II. The Class of Modern English.—In this class the study of the
later language, that is, from Chaucer, is pursued, and Shakspere is made a
special subject of study. The critical study of a play of Shakspere, with
private reading of about one-fourth of the plays, is followed by similar study
of selected works of later authors. Lectures on the history of the Elizabethan
drama and on the history of the later language are given.
Text-books.—For 1889-90, The Merchant of Venice (Rolfe's edition); Dowden's Shaks
pere Primer; Abbott's Shaksperian Grammar; Lounsbury's History of the English Language;
Milton's Areopagitica (Hales's C. P. edition). For reference.—The Globe Shakspere and
Fleay's Shakspere Manual; Keltie's British Dramatists.
III. The Class of Rhetoric and English Literature.—In this class
the principles of Composition and Rhetoric are first studied, and then the
study of the history of English Literature is taken up. Along with study of
the text-books, selected works of authors are assigned for private reading.
Essays are required at regular intervals. Lectures on each subject are given
in connection with the text-books.
Text-books.—Genung's Practical Elements of Rhetoric; Arnold's Anglo-Saxon and Norman
Periods; Nicoll's Landmarks of English Literature; Ward's English Poets. For
reference.—Minto's Manual of English Prose Literature; Galton's English Prose.
Each class meets twice a week, and may be attended separately; but
graduation in I. and III., or II. and III., will be necessary for a diploma in
the School.
N. B.—Books marked "For reference," are used at the option of the
student.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE.
Prof. Holmes.
Adjunct-Prof. Dabney.
In this School are two classes—one of General History, the other of the
Processes of Historical Change. Either class may be taken separately, or
either branch of the latter class.
I. General History.—In this class the story of advancing civilization is
followed through the succession of the leading nations, from the commencement
of authentic and continuous history to the Age of Revolution still in
progress. An effort is made to impress the vital connection of nation with
nation, of generation with generation, and of anterior with ensuing conditions
of historical development. The rise, the decline and the fall of States
are referred to their causes. The political, intellectual and social condition
of the people in the more prominent periods is carefully expounded; and the
sources of their power and prosperity, or of their weakness and impoverishment,
are noted, so far as the necessary limitation of the subject will permit.
The object contemplated is to present the human family in History as an
organic unity, all of whose parts at all times, and through all successions,
are thoroughly independent.
Text books. Smith's History of Greece; Marivale's History of Rome (abridged by
Puller); Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of Rome (abridged by Smith); Lodge's
Modern History; Labberton's New History and Historical Atlas.
II. The other class embraces Political Economy and the Science of
Society, Political Economy being considered as a subordinate branch of
social investigation.
1. Political Economy.—In the treatment of this department of knowledge,
there is no rigid adherence to the school of Smith, Ricardo, and
Mill. The modification of older doctrines, necessitated by the increase of
productive inventions and productive operations, is steadily regarded. Attention
is paid to the inquiries and criticisms of Thornton, Cairnes, Jevons,
etc.; and the altered views propounded by Laveleye, Walker, and the school
of the Cathedrists are duly considered.
Text-book.—Walker's Political Economy (advanced course).
2. Science of Society.—The latter half of the course in this class is
devoted to the Science of Society.
In this is prosecuted the investigation of the laws and movements, the
growth, decay and constitution of Societies, in the different phases and stages
of social development. The necessary organic functions of Society are
studied in their several forms. They are also regarded in their reciprocal
relations and in their conjoint action in successive forms of civilization All
systems are interpreted: no ideal constitution is contemplated. The course
is descriptive of processes by which experienced results have been obtained;
not speculative in advocacy of theoretic dreams.
The Class is dependent on notes on the Lectures, as no text book exists.
SCHOOL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
Prof. Davis.
There are two classes, best taken in two successive sessions:
I. The Class in Logic studies Deductive Logic, Inductive Logic, and
Applied Logic. Two lectures a week.
Text-books.—The Professor's Logic, Mill on Induction, Whately's Rhetoric, Jevons's Principles
of Science.
II. The Class in Philosophy studies Psychology, Ethics, and History
of Philosophy. Three lectures a week.
Text-books.—The Professor's Psychology, Hamilton's Metaphysics, Janet's La Morale,
Lotze's Grundsätze der Praktischen Philosophie, Kant's Theory of Ethics, Ueberweg's History
of Philosophy,
GRADUATE COURSES.
School of Latin.—This work is intended for students who desire to
pursue their Latin studies beyond the requirements for graduation. The
value of the course to a student who proposes to teach, or who desires to
equip himself for original investigation in the language, cannot well be overrated.
The scope of the work is such as to familiarize him with the language
in its several periods. An extensive course of reading is prescribed, and
subjects for independent investigation are from time to time assigned. The
Lecture-room exercises consist in translation and the discussion by the student
of the passage translated. He is invited to propound such questions to the
Professor, or to a member of the class, as he would to a pupil. In addition,
a careful translation from some one of the best Latin prose writers is prepared,
and the student is required at once to write on the blackboard his
Latin rendering of it, and to give his reasons as well for the periods as for
the syntactical constructions employed. Though it requires at least two
years to complete this course, yet one year given to it abundantly repays the
student, as the greater part of the first year of the course is devoted to the
archaic period of the language, which cannot be considered to any great
extent in the course for graduation.
School of Greek.—This course is designed primarily for those who
intend to become teachers of the classical languages, and who desire a
thorough introduction to Greek philology as a part of their professional
equipment. With such students the Professor will read and discuss the more
difficult Greek authors. Courses of private reading are marked out, including
important text-books and monographs; and by systematic lectures, as well as
by constant supervision and advice, the Professor will aid and direct the
student's endeavors. As an exercise in the independent investigation of
philological problems, each student is from time to time expected to prepare
a paper, discussing thoroughly some topic selected by himself. Constant
practice is given in Greek composition.
School of Modern Languages.—Graduates in this school who wish
to extend the study of any one of the idioms there taught (including Anglo-Saxon)
beyond the limits of the under-graduate course, and candidates for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, are expected to do the following work:
They will read additional foreign authors, pursue the study of Comparative
Philology till mastery is secured, and write monthly essays on kindred subjects,
which must give proof of original research. A thorough knowledge
of at least one ancient language, and graduation in two modern languages, are
deemed prerequisite. Candidates for honors will, however, have the choice
existing between several languages, or families of languages, such as the
Romanic, the Germanic, or the Slavic, in their lexical, grammatical or
psychological nature; or by comparing with each other the different aspects
borne by one and the same idiom in its successive periods of life. The
writings of Diez, Hovelacque, Sayce, Max Müller, and others, are carefully
studied; and the final result of the whole course of study is to be shown in
a concluding dissertation specially written for the degree, and evidencing
original thought.
School of English.—In this school two separate graduate courses will
be arranged to suit the needs of those students who desire to pursue further
either philological or literary studies. The former will comprise the further
study of Anglo-Saxon and Middle English works, especially of Anglo-Saxon
poetry, or the study of Gothic and the comparative grammar of the Teutonic
languages. The latter will comprise the study of some distinctive
period in English literature, or of some particnlar writer, or writers, including
the political, social, and literary characteristics of the age under consideration.
In each course a thesis will be required, giving evidence of independent
private study of some subject cognate with the course pursued, in addition
to such examinations as may be advisable. The selection of the course and
subject is left to the student himself, under guidance of the Professor.
School of Historical Science.—The graduate course in this school for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy will be varied from year to year, but
will always be designed to train the student in original research and systematic
exposition of the results. Some historical period, with the accompanying
social, political and intellectual development of the people, will be
made the subject of study. Such instructions and directions as may be
required to render those pursuits efficacious will be given throughout the
session.
School of Moral Philosophy.—The history of Philosophy, ancient
and modern, with a special study of Aristotle and Kant. A course in
Psycho-Physics.
N. B.—Graduation in a school is prerequisite to admission to the advanced
Graduate Course of that school.
SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.
CHARLES S. VENABLE, LL. D. Professor of Mathematics
ORMOND STONE, M. A. Professor of Practical Astronomy.
FRANCIS H. SMITH, M. A., LL. D. Professor of Natural Philosophy.
JOHN W. MALLET, Ph. D., M. D., LL. D., F. R. S. Professor of Chemistry.
F. P. DUNNINGTON, B. S. Professor of Analytical Chemistry.
WILLIAM M. FONTAINE, M. A. Professor of Natural History and Geology.
ALBERT H. TUTTLE, M. S. Professor of Biology and Agriculture.
JAMES S. MILLER Instructor in Mathematics and Physics.
NICHOLAS M PARRISH Assistant in Observatory.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS.
Prof. Venable.
This School embraces two courses, as follows:
I. Pure Mathematics.
Junior Class.—This class meets three times a week (4½ hours), and
studies Theory of Arithmetical Notations and Operations; Algebra through
the Binomial Theorem; Geometry, Plane and Solid; Geometrical Analysis,
with numerous exercises for original solution; Elementary Plane Trigonometry,
embracing the solution of Triangles, with the use of Logarithms, and
some applications to problems of "Heights and Distances." The preparation
desirable for it is a good knowledge of Arithmetic, of Algebraic Operations
through Equations of the Second Degree, and of the first three books
of Plane Geometry.
Text-books.—Todhunter's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with collection of
exercises; Todhunter's Trigonometry for Beginners.
Intermediate Class.—This class meets twice a week (3 hours), and
studies Geometrical Analysis, with exercises for original solution; Plane
Trigonometry, with applications; Analytical Geometry of two dimensions;
Spherical Trigonometry, with applications; Elements of the Theory of
Equations. The preparation desirable for this class is a thorough knowledge
of Algebra through the Binomial Theorem and Logarithms; of Synthetic
Geometry, Plane and Solid, with some training in the solution of Geometrical
problems; and a knowledge of the Elements of Plane Trigonometry,
including the use of Logarithmic tables.
Text-books.—Snowball's Trigonometry, Puckle's Conic Sections, The Professor's Collection
of Exercises in Plane Geometry.
Senior Class.—This class meets three times a week (4½ hours), and
studies Analytical Geometry of three dimensions, through the discussion of
the Conicoids and some curves in space; Differential and Integral Calculus,
with various applications; a short course in the Calculus of Variations;
the Theory of Equations; and lectures on the History of Mathematics.
Text-books.—The Professor's Notes on Solid Geometry (Analytical); Todhunter's Differential
Calculus; Williamson's Integral Calculus; Courtenay's Calculus; Todhunter's Theory
of Equations.
Candidates for graduation in Pure Mathematics are required to pursue in
the University the studies of both the Intermediate and Senior Classes.
II. Mixed Mathematics.
This course is designed for those students who may desire to prosecute
their studies beyond the limits of Pure Mathematics. It embraces an extended
course of reading under the instruction and guidance of the Professor on the
applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus to Mechanics, Physical
Astronomy, and selected portions of Physics. The class in Mixed Mathematics
meets once a week.
Text-books.—Price's Infinitesimal Calculus, Vols. II. and III.; Cheyne's Planetary Theory.
The instruction in each class in the School of Mathematics is conveyed
partly by lectures and partly by the systematic study of approved text-books.
The progress of the student in each class is tested constantly by his being
called upon to apply the principles acquired to the independent solution of
selected problems.
SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.
Prof Stone.
The course in this school are arranged primarily for persons proposing to
become practical astronomers. The course in General Astronomy, however,
is adapted to those who desire to pursue the subject as a part of their general
education; while the courses in Celestial Mechanics are recommended to
graduate students in Mathematics. Each class meets twice a week.
The courses pursued are as follows:
I. General Astronomy, with exercises in the use of logarithms and
in the application of trigonometrical formulæ to the solution of astronomical
problems.
Text-book.—Young's General Astronomy.
II. Practical Astronomy, including a systematic training in making
and reducing astronomical observations.
Junior.—Least squares; interpolation; Practical Astronomy as applied to
Geodesy and Navigation.
Senior.—Theory and use of the instruments of a fixed observatory; construction
of star catalogues.
Text-books.—Doolittle's Practical Astronomy; Chauvenet's Spherical and Practical
Astronomy; various memoirs and volumes of observations in the Observatory Library.
III. Celestial Mechanics, with practice in numerical computations.
Junior.—Relations referring to position in orbit and space; determination
of an undisturbed orbit; special perturbations.
Senior.—General laws of equilibrium and motion; formation and
integration of the differential equations of motion of a system of bodies subject
to the law of gravity.
Text-books.—Oppolzer's Lehrbuch zur Bahnbestimmung; Gauss's Theoria Motus; Laplace's
Mécanique Céleste; Dziobek's Mathematische Theorien der Planeten-Bewegungen.
SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Prof. Smith.
This School includes two courses, as follows:
I. General Physics.
Junior Class.—The object of the course of lectures to this class is to
furnish the student with an introduction to Modern Physics, and to acquaint
him with its methods of investigation. With the design of laying a thoroughly
scientific basis for the course, a large space is given at the outset to
the discussion of the cardinal doctrines of motion, force, energy, and potential,
and to their simpler applications in the pressure and motion of visible
masses.
With this preparation the student proceeds to the subject of Molecular
Physics, embracing Sound, Light, Heat, and Electricity. Throughout the
course the laws of motion and force are kept steadily in view, and an attempt
is made to exhibit the evidence, daily becoming stronger and clearer, for the
belief prevalent among scientists that the entire body of Physics is a coherent
and harmonious system of mechanical truth.
Members of the Junior Class are admitted at suitable times to the Physical
Laboratory, where they repeat and extend the experiments of the lecture-room.
Such exercise is entirely optional. Experience shows that this
privilege is highly valued and extensively used.
Text-books.—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Units and Physical Constants. For
reference: Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics.
Senior Class.—This class studies selected portions of Mathematical
Physics. The members of the class are required to spend from one to two
months in the Physical Laboratory.
Text-books.—Cumming's Electricity; Everett's Wave Motion; Glazebrook's Physical Optics;
Glazebrook's Practical Physics; Notes and Problems given by the Professor.
Candidates for graduation in Natural Philosophy are required to attend
only the foregoing classes.
II. Practical Physics.
This course is for students preparing to become teachers of science, or
desiring to push their studies in Physics beyond the limits of the undergraduate
course. The instruction is partly theoretical and partly experimental,
embracing the following topics:
Theoretical.—Reduction of observations; Graphical representation of
results; Interpolation; Method of Least Squares; Essays on prescribed Physical
topics.
Experimental.—In this, the main portion of the course, the student
will learn physical manipulation, and the use of instruments by actual practice
in the Physical Laboratory. (See page 65.) (1.) Lecture-room Apparatus
and Lecture-room Experiments. (2.) Physical Measurements and
"Instruments of Precision."
Text-books.—Chauvenet's Method of Least Squares; Kohlrausch's Physical Measurements.
SCHOOL OF GENERAL AND INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY.
Prof. Mallet.
In this School there are two courses, as follows:
I. General Chemistry.
This course consists of three lectures a week throughout the session. The
fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations of Chemistry to Physics,
the laws regulating chemical combination by weight and by volume, the
atomic theory as at present viewed in connection with Chemistry, the chemical
chemistry of the elements and their compounds, inorganic and organic, are
brought forward in order, with incidental allusion to the applications in
medicine, the arts and manufactures, of the facts mentioned.
Text-books.—Fownes's Chemistry (last edition). Recommended for reference: Roscoe
and Schorlemmer's (or Miller's) Elements of Chemistry; Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry.
II. Industrial Chemistry.
This course, in which also three lectures a week are delivered, examines in
detail the chemical principles and processes specially concerned in the more
important arts and manufactures, upon which in large measure depends the
development of the natural resources of the country, the opportunity being
thus presented of preparation for such positions as those of the miner and
metallurgist, the chemical manufacturer, the dyer, bleacher, tanner, sugar
refiner, etc.
Text-book.—Wagner's Chemical Technology. Recommended for Reference: Richardson
and Watts's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied to Arts and Manufactures;
Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin's Leçons de Chimie Élémentaire
appliquée aux Arts Industriels; Percy's Metallurgy, etc.
The lectures in both these courses are illustrated by suitable experiments,
and by such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various subjects
require. The collections of the University in illustration of the processes and
products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured at much expense and
pains in this country, England, France, and Germany, and are unusually
extensive and good—amongst the best on this side of the Atlantic. (See
page 68.)
In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects
under discussion, involving questions put by, as well as to, the students; and
exercises in writing are from time to time given out to afford practice in the
calculations which are needed by the chemist.
SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY.
Prof. Dunnington.
The regular work of this School, constituting a complete course in Practical
Chemistry, is arranged in two divisions, as follows:
I. A regularly-arranged course in Chemical Manipulation is first given.
This is followed by Blowpipe Analysis and Fire Assays of ores of lead, silver
and gold. A systematic course in Inorganic Qualitative Analysis follows
and in Determinative Mineralogy. Instruction in the elements of Quantitative
Analysis completes this division of the course, which extends over the
first half session.
II. The work of the second division is an extended course of Quantitative
Analysis, both gravimetric and volumetric. The student determines the
composition of ores, minerals, clays, soils, building-stones, manures, technical
products, and so on.
As he advances in the course he is encouraged to undertake original
research and assisted in its prosecution; and in determining his fitness for
graduation, work of this sort is considered as having great weight.
Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Fresenius's Qualitative and
Quantitative Analysis; Greville Williams's Hand-book of Chemical Manipulation; Woehler's
Examples for Practice in Chemical Analysis; Von Kobell's Tafeln zur Bestimmung der
Mineralien (also in English translation); Odling's Practical Chemistry for Medical Students;
A. Classen's Elementary Quantitative Analysis.
Five lessons are given each week, and the Laboratory is open to students
six days in the week during all the working hours of the day.
Students may matriculate either for the Full Course or for the First Course;
but candidates for graduation are required to complete the Full Course.
Those who accomplish it are prepared for work as Analytical Chemists,
Assayers or Teachers of Chemistry.
In addition to the foregoing the following Special Courses are given in
this School. They are open without additional charge to the regular students
of the School. For fees to others, see page 67.
1. A laboratory course on Determinative Mineralogy for students of
Engineering, embracing Blowpipe Analysis, Determinative Mineralogy, and
the application of chemical processes to the examination of clays, building-stones,
potable waters, and other materials employed in Engineering.
2. A laboratory course of sixteen lessons on the Medical Applications
of Chemistry; the detection of poisons, the chemical and microscopical
examination of urine and blood, and so on.
3. A laboratory course of twelve lessons in Practical Pharmacy,
including the compounding and dispensing of drugs.
4. A lecture course of twenty-four lessons on Agricultural Chemistry,
including the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, of soils
and of plants; the chemistry of the processes of vegetable life; the chemical
composition and preparation of manures, and so on. This course is
open without charge to farmers.
Text-books.—Johnston and Cameron's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology
(12th edition). For Reference: Johnson's How Crops Grow; Johnson's How Crops Feed;
Lupton's Elementary Principles of Scientific Agriculture
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF GEOLOGY.
Prof. Fontaine.
In this School there are two regular classes—Geology and Mineralogy.
I. Geology.—This subject is taught during the entire session, and three
lectures a week are devoted to it until the examination in Mineralogy, which
takes place usually in the latter part of February; thereafter five lectures a
week are given to Geology until the final examination, which takes place
late in April. The aim of the course of instruction is to give as thorough
an exposition of the fundamental principles of the science as possible, and
to teach the student how to use them in practical work in the field.
Text-book.—Le Conte's Elements of Geology. For Reference: Dana's Manual, and
Lyell's Elements and Principles of Geology. The teaching is chiefly by lecture.
II. Mineralogy.—This subject is studied until the intermediate examination
in February. Two lectures a week are devoted to it. Special attention
is paid to crystallography, as well as to the chemical and physical
properties of minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy, the mode of occurrence,
the geological importance and relations of the species are made prominent.
Text-book.—Dana's Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology. For Reference: Dana's Textbook
of Mineralogy. The teaching is chiefly by lecture.
The large and carefully-selected collections of geological and mineralogical
objects found in the Lewis Brooks Museum of Natural History (see page
64) afford unsurpassed facilities for the full illustration of the principles
taught. As free access to these collections is allowed the student, he can
find in their study an opportunity, rarely obtained, for gaining a practical
acquaintance with natural objects acquired from various parts of the world,
and chosen for their typical character. These collections are especially useful
to students pursuing graduate courses of study in Geology and Mineralogy.
The Professor, when the number of applicants is sufficient, organizes a
party for Geological exploration. The field work is done in the month of
July, and is entirely optional with the students. Persons engaged in the
study of Geology and Mineralogy may, although not members of the University
class, with the consent of the Professor, and on paying $25 to the
Proctor, join the exploring party.
MILLER SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.
Prof. Tuttle.
The work of this School is specially designed to meet the wants of two
classes of students: those who desire such knowledge of the principles of
Biology to Agriculture, as well as of the principles of Agriculture regarded
as a practical application of biological knowledge; and those who seek
such knowledge of the facts and laws of Biology and the methods of biological
research as will fit them for independent work as students or as teachers
of that science. In accordance with this plan, two courses are offered, as
follows:
Junior Class—General Biology.—This work is alike in both courses;
all who enter the School are required to pursue it as a preparation for
advanced work in either course. Two lectures a week and associated laboratory
work throughout the session are devoted to it. Its object is to
make known the fundamental facts and laws of plant and animal life by
means of the direct study in the Laboratory of a series of representative
forms, the accompanying lectures being explanatory of and supplemental
to the practical work of the student.
The first part of the session is occupied with the study of representative
animals. The latter portion is given to the study of plants, including a
course in Descriptive and Systematic Botany: this division of the work is so
planned that it may be pursued independently of the work of the first part
of the year.
The course in General Biology, while primarily intended as an introduction
to the special courses of the School, is so arranged that it may be profitably
pursued by students who seek an elementary knowledge only of this
science, either as a part of their general education, or more particularly as a
preparation for the studies of the Medical Department.
Text-books.—Huxley and Martin's Elementary Biology (Howe's edition); Bessey's Botany;
Gray's Manual of Botany; Chapman's Botany of the Southern United States.
The advanced work of the course in Biology and Agriculture is as follows:
Intermediate Class—Practical Biology.—Two lectures a week
throughout the session are devoted to the subjects of Economic Botany,
including a discussion of cultivated plants, noxious weeds, fungi and other
vegetable parasites, and of the causes of disease in plants; and Economic
Zoology, including a similar discussion of the animals of practical importance
to the farmer, insects injurious and beneficial, external and internal
parasites, and the anatomy and physiology of the domesticated animals.
Books of reference from the University Library will be indicated for collateral
reading in connection with the various topics discussed.
Senior Class—Principles of Agriculture.—Two lectures a week
throughout the session are devoted to the discussion of the laws of plant-growth
and nutrition and of soils, drainage and tillage, the use of fertilizers,
the rotation of crops, and other subjects connected with the theory and practice
of the art of Agriculture, including a critical discussion of the methods
of agricultural experimentation and an analysis of the results and teachings
of such experiments.
Text books.—Johnson's How Crops Grow, and How Crops Feed; Storer's Agriculture.
The advanced work of the course in Biology is as follows:
Intermediate Class—Zoology.—Two lectures a week and associated
laboratory work throughout the session are devoted to the study of the animal
kingdom; the morphology and classification of animals as indicated by
their structural affinities and embryological histories being discussed, and one
or more leading groups being considered in detail.
Text-books.—Claus's Zoology (Sedgwick's translation); Haddon's Practical Embryology;
Brooks's Hand-book of Invertebrate Zoology.
Senior Class—Comparative Anatomy.—Two lectures a week with
associated laboratory work throughout the session are devoted to the anatomy
and histology of Vertebrates, one or more systems of organs being discussed
and examined both in the adult and the developing organism.
Text books.—Wiedersheim's Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates (Parker's translation);
Parker's Zootomy; Flower's Osteology of Mammalia; Foster and Balfour's Practical Embryology.
GRADUATE COURSES.
School of Mathematics.—The graduate course includes the course
of Mixed Mathematics, with advanced studies in Modern Higher Geometry,
Infinitesimal Calculus, and Higher Algebra. For those candidates for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy who select the Mathematics as their chief
study, the graduate course will extend through two sessions.
School of Practical Astronomy.—A prescribed course in this School,
to be agreed upon in a conference of the Professors interested, will be considered
as the equivalent of the graduate course in either Mathematics or
Natural Philosophy for graduates of these schools.
School of Natural Philosophy.—The graduate studies are those of
the Course in Practical Physics.
School of General and Industrial Chemistry.—The principal part
of the graduate course will consist of laboratory work on subjects of original
investigation. Advanced reading may also be prescribed, especially in the
shape of the bibliography of particular topics, to be looked up from various
sources and condensed by the student.
School of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry.—The graduate
course comprises practice in the more elaborate processes of analysis, study
of methods of analysis, and original investigations in the composition of
rare minerals and technical products presenting scientific or economic
interest.
School of Natural History and Geology.—In this School subjects
will be selected from one or both of the branches included in the School,
and assigned to the students. As far as possible, original research will be
required in the treatment of the subjects chosen.
School of Biology and Agriculture.—Graduate work is offered for
students who have completed either of the advanced courses. It will consist
of original investigations of Biological Problems of practical or scientific
interest, under the direction of the Professor. Subjects of research will be
assigned to each student individually.
N. B.—Graduation in a School is a prerequisite to admission to the
advanced Graduate Course of that School. For admission to a graduate
course in the School of General and Industrial Chemistry, or in the School
of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry, previous graduation in both the
schools named will be required; but this part of the requirement may be
waived, provided satisfactory evidence be furnished that the student has
already made equivalent attainments elsewhere.
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