Tseh So, a small house ruin, Chaco canyon, New Mexico : | ||
Burial Customs of Mounds 50 and 51
Of the sixteen burials (fig. 6) removed from the two mounds, six
were oriented north-south, and two east-west; the others were too disturbed
for observations. All of the five Pueblo I burials were infants,
three found in Room 3 and one in Room 7, Mound 50, and the other
beneath the Pueblo II west wall of the same pueblo. All were disturbed:
hence their body position is unknown. Remains of twilled grass mats
which wrapped two were evident; three had never been wrapped in
matting or the matting had disappeared through decay. Two were
accompanied by one Red Mesa bowl apiece; three burials yielded no
grave goods, but the femur from one of these was encircled with six
stripes of dark paint.
These Pueblo I burials were given period identification by their
accompaniment of Red Mesa Black on White bowls and by their position
in the Pueblo I fill of Room 3 and, in one case, location beneath the
wall of a Pueblo II room.
Seven burials representing Pueblo II were found in Mound 50 and
four in Mound 51. Of the former, four were adults, two males, one
female, and one undetermined. Three were flexed; one was disturbed.
Of the whole group, two were found in Room 6, four in Room 22, and
one in Room 11. Two of the adults were wrapped with matting, one section
showing its twilled weave. One infant was wrapped in a twilled
mat. Morris found most of the Aztec Ruin burials similarly wrapped.[24]
All were accompanied with pottery offerings. One adult had only
a crude undecorated jar, one had a vessel of McElmo Black on White
and one of Escavada Black on White, one had a vessel of Gallup Black
on White, and one had a vessel each of Tusayan polychrome, of Wingate
Black on Red, of Escavada Black on White, and of Gallup Black
on White. With the body were also one bone awl and two small
malachite balls.
Of the infants, one was accompanied by a large shard of Wingate
Black on Red, one with a small shell earplug, and one with a McElmo
bowl, fourteen bone beads, and some walnuts which appear to have
been beads.
Four burials were removed from the single room opened in
Mound 51. Three were adults, one an adolescent, one male, one female,
and two unidentified. Two were flexed, two disturbed. One was lying
on coarse yucca cord matting. One showed a clump of grass adhering
to his left parietal, perhaps having been placed beneath the head as a
cushion. One adult was accompanied with vessels of McElmo Black
on White, of Kana-a Gray, and of Exuberant Corrugated. The others
were without pottery except for shards.
Bc50 60/5 |
Bc50 60/9 |
Bc50 60/10 |
Bc51 60/1 |
Bc51 60/4 |
|
Sex | Male | Female | Female | Female | Male |
Condition | frag. | frag. | frag. | frag. | frag. |
Sex Criteria | certain | certain | uncertain | ||
Muscularity | large | small | medium | ||
Age | 56-75 | 18-20 | 21-35 | ||
Weight | light | light | |||
Deformation | lambdoid | lambdoid | lambdoid r. | ||
Degree | pron. | medium | |||
Cause | artificial | artificial | artificial | ||
Frontal Region | |||||
Brow Ridges | |||||
Type | divided | median | median | ||
Size | medium | small | small | ||
Glabella | medium | small | |||
Height | medium | medium | medium | ||
Slope | medium | slight | slight | ||
Metopism | traces | traces | |||
Postorbital Costr. | medium | medium | small | ||
Bosses | medium | small | medium | ||
Median Crest | abs. | abs. | |||
Breadth | large | large | |||
Parietal Region | |||||
Saggital Elevation | small | small | small | ||
Postcoronal Dep. | small | small | medium | ||
Bosses | small | ||||
Foramina | small | small | |||
Temporal Region | |||||
Fullness | large | ||||
Mastoids | medium | small | medium | ||
Supramastoid Crest | large | small | medium | ||
Sphenoid Depression | medium | ||||
Occipital Region | |||||
Curve | pron. | small | pronounced | ||
Inion | none | none | none | ||
Torus size | medium | small | medium | ||
Torus shape | mound | mound | mound | ||
Lambdoid Flattening | pron. | medium | pron. | ||
Transverse Suture | trace | absent | absent | ||
Serration | |||||
Lambdoid | medium | medium | submedium | ||
Coronal | simple | simple | simple | ||
Saggital | ? | simple | submedium | ||
External Occlusion | |||||
Coronal | complete | open | open | ||
Saggital | complete | open | open | ||
Lambdoid | advanced | open | open | ||
Os Incae | absent | absent | absent | ||
Wormian Bones | few | few | few | ||
Pterion Form | H | ||||
Median Occipital Fossa | absent | absent | |||
Condyles Elevation | large | ||||
Basion | |||||
Styloids | small | small | |||
Pharyngeal Tubercle | absent | small | |||
Pharyngeal Fossa | absent | absent | |||
Lacerate Foramina | small | ||||
Glenoid Fossa Depth | small | small | medium | ||
Postglenoid Process | small | small | absent | ||
Tympanic Plate | medium | thin | |||
Auditory Meatus | oval | oval | |||
Petrous Depression | |||||
External Pterygoid Plate | small | ||||
Internal Pterygoid Plate | medium | ||||
Pterygo-basal Foramina | indicated | ||||
Orbits Shape | rhomboid | ||||
Inclination | medium | ||||
Lacrimo-ethmoid Art. | medium | ||||
Infra-orbital Suture | none | ||||
Suborbital Fossa | absent | slight | |||
Os Japonicum | absent | ||||
Malar | |||||
Size | medium | small | |||
Lateral Projection | large | ||||
Anterior Projection | medium | ||||
Marginal Process | absent | absent | |||
Zygomatic Process | |||||
Nasion Depression | medium | small | |||
Nasal Root Height | medium | low | |||
Breadth | medium | large | |||
Nasal Bridge Height | medium | ||||
Breadth | large | ||||
Nasal Profile | concavo-conv. | ||||
Nasal Sills | dull | sharp | sharp | ||
Nasal Spine | medium | small | |||
Subnasal Grooves | small | absent | absent | ||
Mid-facial Prognathism | absent | ||||
Alveolar Prognathism | slight | ||||
Total Prognathism | slight | ||||
Alveolar Border Absorb. | pron. | none | |||
Preservation | poor | ||||
Palate Shape | parabolic | ||||
Palate Height | low | low | |||
Palatine Torus Form | absent | absent | |||
Size | |||||
Transverse Suture | anterior | ||||
Postnasal Spine | medium | ||||
Mandible | |||||
Size | medium | medium | |||
Chin Form | median | ||||
Chin Projection | medium | ||||
Alveolar Prognathism | slight | ||||
Genial Tubercles | small | slight | |||
Mylo-hyoid Ridge | pron. | medium | |||
Gonial Angles | |||||
Pterygoid Attachment | medium | medium | |||
Eversion | small | ||||
Tooth Eruption | complete | ||||
Lost | 29-32 | ||||
Mandibular Torus | none | absent | |||
Teeth Wear | slight | pron. | |||
Quality | good | ||||
Accessory Cusps | |||||
Caries | none | pres. | |||
Abscess | 4-X | 4-X | |||
Size | medium | small | |||
Pyorrhea | present | none | |||
Shovel Incisors | |||||
Bite | edge | ||||
Crowding | |||||
Molar Cusps |
Bc50 60/5 |
Bc50 60/9 |
Bc50 60/10 |
Bc51 60/1 |
Bc51 60/4 |
|
Cranial Index | |||||
Height-Length | |||||
Height-Breadth | |||||
Fronto-parietal | |||||
Auricular Height-Length | |||||
Cranial Module | |||||
Facial | |||||
Upper Facial | |||||
Cranio-facial | |||||
Nasal | 53 | ||||
Left Orbital | 79.4 | ||||
Nasalia-Transverse | 65. | ||||
Interorbital | 22.2 | ||||
External Palatal | |||||
Mandibular | |||||
Zygo-gonial | |||||
Fronto-gonial | |||||
Zygo-frontal | |||||
Horizontal Circumference | |||||
Nasion-Opisthion | |||||
Transverse Arc | |||||
Glabello-occipital Length | |||||
Maximum Width | |||||
Basion-Bregma Height | |||||
Mean Thickness L. Parietal | 5 | ||||
Minimum Frontal Diameter | 92 | ||||
Auricular Height | |||||
Frontal Height | |||||
Frontal Angle | |||||
Total Facial Angle | |||||
Mid-facial Angle | |||||
Alveolar Angle | |||||
Bizygomatic Diameter | |||||
Nasion-Menton Height | |||||
Nasion-Prosthion Height | 71 | ||||
Basion-Nasion Length | |||||
Basion-Prosthion Length | |||||
Nasal Height | 51 | ||||
Nasal Breadth | 27 | ||||
Orbital Height—Left | 31 | ||||
Orbital Breadth—Left | 39 | ||||
Orbital Height—Right | 31 | ||||
Orbital Breadth—Right | 40 | ||||
Nasalia—Upper Breadth | 13 | ||||
Nasalia—Lower Breadth | 20 | ||||
Interorbital Breadth | 22 | ||||
Biorbital Breadth | 99 | ||||
Palate—External Length | |||||
Palate—External Width | |||||
Condylo-symphysial Length | 103 | ||||
Bicondylar Width | 117 | ||||
Height of Symphysis | |||||
Bigonial | 89 | ||||
Minimum Br. Ascending | |||||
Ramus | 35 | 39 | |||
Mean Angle Mandible | 118 | 113 | |||
Stature (Pearson Formula) | |||||
Cranial Capacity | |||||
Right Humerus | |||||
Shape of Shaft | Plano-convex | ||||
Perf. of Olecranion Fossa | absent | ||||
Supracondyloid Process | absent | ||||
Maximum Length | |||||
Maximum Middle | 22 | ||||
Minimum Middle | 15 | ||||
Max. Diam. Head | |||||
Middle Index | 68 | ||||
Humero-fem. Index. | |||||
Left Humerus | |||||
Shape of Shaft | Plano-convex | Prismatic | |||
Perf. of Olecranion Fossa | absent | present | |||
Supracondyloid Process | absent | absent | |||
Maximum Length | 322 | ||||
Maximum Middle | 22 | 18 | |||
Minimum Middle | 15 | 14 | |||
Max. Diam. Head | 42 | ||||
Middle Index | 68 | 33 | |||
Humero-fem. Ind. | |||||
Right Radius | |||||
Bowing | |||||
Shaft Shape | |||||
Interosseous Crest | |||||
Maximum Length | |||||
Humero-rad. Ind. | |||||
Left Radius | |||||
Bowing | slight | ||||
Shaft Shape | prism | ||||
Interosseous Crest | medium | ||||
Maximum Length | |||||
Humero-rad. Ind. | |||||
Right Ulna—Max. Length | |||||
Left Ulna—Max. Length | |||||
Right Scapula | |||||
Superior Border | concave | ||||
Notch | submedium | ||||
Vertebral Border | straight | ||||
Teres Insertion | small | ||||
Shape of Acromion | |||||
Clavicular Facet | |||||
Age Plaque | |||||
Glenoid Shape | |||||
Glenoid Lipping | beginning | ||||
Pleating | medium | ||||
Buckling | present | ||||
Atrophic Patches | pronounced | ||||
Left Scapula | |||||
Superior Border | concave | ||||
Notch | submedium | ||||
Vertebral Border | convex | ||||
Teres Insertion | small | ||||
Shape of Acromion | interm. | ||||
Clavicular Facet | lipped | ||||
Age Plaque | pron. | ||||
Glenoid Shape | oval | ||||
Glenoid Lipping | beginning | ||||
Pleating | medium | ||||
Buckling | present | ||||
Atrophic Patches | pron. | ||||
Right Scapula | |||||
Total Height | 152 | ||||
Inferior Height | 119 | ||||
Breadth | 103 | ||||
Total Index | 67.7 | ||||
Inferior Ind. | 86.5 | ||||
Left Scapula | |||||
Total Height | 152 | ||||
Inferior Ht. | 118 | ||||
Breadth | 100 | ||||
Total Index | 65.3 | ||||
Inferior Ind. | 84.7 | ||||
Right Clavicle | |||||
Maximum Length | |||||
Left Clavicle | |||||
Maximum Length | |||||
Claviculo-Humeral Ind. | |||||
Right | |||||
Left | |||||
Sternum | |||||
Fusion | |||||
Foramen | |||||
Suprasternal Ossif. | |||||
Sternal Ribs | |||||
Right Femur | |||||
Third Trochanter | absent | medium | |||
Crista | medium | medium | |||
Fossa | absent | absent | |||
Torsion | |||||
Poirier's Facet | present | ||||
Bowing | medium | ||||
Shaft Section | oval | oval | |||
Bicondylar Length | |||||
Maximum Length | |||||
Max. Diam. Hd. | 44 | ||||
Subtrochanter AP. | 26 | 29 | |||
Subtrochanter Lat. | 30 | 34 | |||
Middle AP | 30 | 27 | |||
Middle Lateral | 24 | 28 | |||
Platymeric Index | 86.6 | 55.8 | |||
Middle Index | 80 | 96 | |||
Left Femur | |||||
Third Trochanter | absent | ||||
Crista | medium | ||||
Fossa | absent | ||||
Torsion | |||||
Poirier's Facet | present | ||||
Bowing | |||||
Shaft Section | oval | ||||
Bicondylar Length | |||||
Maximum Length | |||||
Max. Diam. Hd. | 44 | ||||
Subtrochanter AP. | |||||
Subtrochanter Lat. | |||||
Middle AP. | |||||
Middle Lateral | |||||
Platymeric Index | |||||
Middle Index | |||||
Right Tibia | |||||
Proximal Retroversion | medium | ||||
Shape of Shaft (Hrd.) | III | ||||
Squatting Facets | absent | ||||
Maximum Length (l. s.) | |||||
Middle AP. | |||||
Middle Lat. | |||||
Nutrient For. AP. | |||||
Nutrient For. Lat. | |||||
Middle Index | |||||
Platycnemia Ind. | |||||
Left Tibia | |||||
Proximal Retroversion | medium | ||||
Shape of Shaft (Hrd.) | III | ||||
Squatting Facets | present | ||||
Maximum Length (l. s.) | |||||
Middle AP. | |||||
Middle Lat. | |||||
Nutrient For. AP. | 36 | ||||
Nutrient For. Lat. | 20 | ||||
Middle Index | |||||
Platycnemic Ind. | 55.5 | ||||
Right Fibula | |||||
Max. Length | |||||
Left Fibula | |||||
Max. Length | |||||
Tibio-Femoral Indices | |||||
Right | |||||
Left | |||||
Right Innominate | |||||
Phases of Symphysis | IX | ||||
Bony Outgrowths | absent | ||||
Ischiatic Notch | |||||
Preauricular Sulcus | |||||
Ilium | |||||
Ischiatic Spine | |||||
Innominate Height | 209 | ||||
Innominate Breadth | |||||
Innominate Index | |||||
Left Innominate | |||||
Phases of Symphysis | IX | IX | |||
Ischiatic Notch | |||||
Preauricular Sulcus | absent | large | |||
Ilium | flaring | ||||
Ischiatic Spine | broken | ||||
Innominate Height | 211 | ||||
Innominate Breadth | 152 | ||||
Innominate Index | 72 | ||||
Pelvis as a Whole | |||||
Subpubic Angle | narrow | large | |||
Brim Shape | heart | ||||
Pubic Rami | lipped | ||||
Total Brd. (bi-iliac) | |||||
Max. Brd. (superior str.) | 133 | ||||
AP. Diam (sup. strait) | 103 | ||||
Bi-ischiatic Brd. | |||||
Interspinous Diam. | 93 | ||||
Brim Index | 77 | ||||
Total Pelvic Index | |||||
Sacrum | |||||
Segments | 5 | ||||
Sacral Curve | pron. | ||||
Curve Begins | three | ||||
Simian Notch | |||||
Sacral Type | homobasal | ||||
Spinal Closure Begins | five | ||||
Hiatus | |||||
Arthritic Changes | present | ||||
Height | 117 | ||||
Breadth | 117 | ||||
Index | 100 | ||||
Lumbars | |||||
Centra Hts. (ant.) | 132 | ||||
Centra Hts. (post.) | 150 | ||||
Lumbar Vert. Ind. | 88.8 | ||||
Right Calcaneum | |||||
Axis of Tuberosity | |||||
Tendon Attachment | |||||
Lateral Process | |||||
Astragalar Facets | separate | ||||
Max. Length | 64 | ||||
Max. (s. t.) Brd. | 33 | ||||
Length-Brd. Ind. | 51.5 | ||||
Left Calcaneum | |||||
Axis of Tuberosity | medium | ||||
Tendon Attachment | medium | ||||
Lateral Process | submed. | ||||
Astragalar Facets | fused | ||||
Max. Length | 74 | 64 | |||
Max. (s. t.) Brd. | 39 | 34 | |||
Length-Brd. Ind. | 52.7 | 53 | |||
Right Astragalus | |||||
Angle of Diversion | small | ||||
Squatting Facets | absent | ||||
Obliquity External Facet | |||||
Torsion Head | |||||
Max. Length | |||||
Max. Breadth | |||||
Height | |||||
Length-Ht. Ind. | |||||
Left Astragalus | |||||
Angle of Diversion | small | small | |||
Squatting Facets | absent | absent | |||
Obliq. Ext. Facet | medium | small | |||
Torsion Head | medium | large | |||
Max. Length | 51 | ||||
Max. Breadth | 39 | ||||
Height | 30 | ||||
Length-Ht. Ind. | 58.7 |
The Pueblo II burials were distinguished for period by their
accompanying pottery types and complexes, by their position in Pueblo
II fill in rooms (which probably places them as late rather than as
early Pueblo II in these ruins) and by the obvious high levels of origin
of the graves.
Tseh So, a small house ruin, Chaco canyon, New Mexico : | ||