 | The University of Virginia record July 15, 1923 |  |
McINTIRE SCHOOL OF COMMERCE.
THE FACULTY, 1923-1924.
| Edwin Anderson Alderman, Ph.B., D.C.L., LL.D. | President |
| James Morris Page, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. | Dean of the Academic Faculty |
| Wilson Gee, M.A., Ph.D. | Professor of Rural Economics |
| Tipton Ray Snavely, M.A., Ph.D. | Associate Professor of Economics |
| Albert Julius Barlow, B.A., B.B.A., C.P.A. | Associate Professor of Accounting |
| Bruce Williams, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. | Associate Professor of Political Science |
| Abraham Berglund, M.A., Ph.D. | Associate Professor of Commerce |
| Elbert Alvis Kincaid, M.A., Ph.D. | Associate Professor of Economics |
| Harry Calvin Hawkins, A.B., M.B.A. | Assistant Professor of Foreign Trade |
| Elmer Irving Carruthers | Instructor in Accounting |
| Theodore Sullivan Cox, B.A., LL.B. | Instructor in Commercial Law |
| George Talmadge Starnes, B.A., M.A. | Instructor in Economics |
| Raymond Bennett Pinchbeck, B.S., M.S. | Instructor in Economics |
| John Taylor Lewis, Jr., B.S. | Instructor in Government |
| Lehman Patton Nickell, B. S. | Instructor in Commercial Geography |
| James Chappell Justice | Assistant in Accounting |
| Ovelle Lynwood Snyder | Assistant in Accounting |
| Robert Lee Hinds, B. S. | Assistant in Commerce |
| Seaborn Jones Flournoy | Assistant in Government |
| Paxton Hope Howard, B.S. | Assistant in Economics |
| Howard Daniel Goldman | Assistant in Economics |
| Wilkie Wysor Hunt | Assistant in Accounting |
GENERAL STATEMENT
The development of separate schools of Commerce and
Business Administration in the colleges and universities of
the United States has taken place within a comparatively
recent period. Only three such schools had been established
prior to 1900, but since that year the teaching of
Economics, Commerce and Business Administration has
had a rapid development. Separate schools exist in a score
or more of the larger institutions and nearly all schools
of collegiate grade offer one or more courses in the field.
The large demand for business training developed somewhat
less rapidly in the colleges and universities of the
South than in those of the Northern States. Owing partly
to this fact and partly also to an insufficiency of funds
for the establishment of new departments, the growth of
Business Schools in the South has taken place almost entirely
in less than a decade.
Courses in Political Economy have been given by the
University from the opening of its doors to students in 1825
continuously to the present time. Some of the courses
taught at the beginning were, the Principles of Political
Economy, Money and Banking and Statistics. Later a
course in Sociology was given. From 1825 to 1868 the
work formed a part of the School of Moral Philosophy,
and after that date was connected with the School of History.
In 1906 the School of Economics was established
separately.
In 1915 the University extended the work already being
given in Economics by the addition of courses in Business
Law and Economic Geography. In response to the
War, the following courses were added to the School of
Economics in 1918: Accounting, Statistics, Money and
Banking, International Trade, Business Organization and
Corporation Finance. Several other courses were offered
a year later.
In 1920 President Alderman in a statement on the needs
of the University spoke as follows: "The University has
for years sought to train for his career the great lawyer,
doctor, engineer and teacher. It most earnestly seeks the
opportunity to train the great business man for his career
in these days of great specialization and amazing opportunity
which await the country and South in this field.
Something much greater and wider than the ordinary business
college is contemplated. The complexity of the modern
industrial and commercial situation is bewildering unless
special training is provided. We owe something to
this vocation which absorbs two-thirds of our youth. The
training we propose would not be calculated to lead a youth
to look merely for a higher rate of interest or profit, but
would fit him to compete with all comers in interstate
and international trade, to keep faith with everybody, to
understand foreign languages and peoples, and to comprehend
the laws and methods of wise and just commerce."
In 1920 the School of Commerce was organized and in
the spring of 1921 Mr. Paul Goodloe McIntire gave the
University the sum of $200,000 as an endowment for the
School. As the result of Mr. McIntire's gift, the income
from which became available with the session of 1922-1923,
the University has been enabled to take a leading position
in business instruction in Southern Universities. The faculty
has been increased by the appointment of four new members
Special lecturers will supplement the work of the regular
faculty from time to time. A well defined course of
study leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Commerce
has been established.
AIMS AND STANDARDS
The School aims to give thorough training in the fundamental
principles underlying business. While this necessitates
a knowledge of facts and methods, it is not the primary
purpose to concentrate on those details of business
which should be quickly grasped by the man with a trained
mind after he enters his chosen field. The definite objective
is to train for leadership in business, rather than to
train the student merely to become a worker in a business
house. It is the aim also to foster the development of the
professional point of view. In keeping with the ideals of
other schools and departments of the University, the student
will be given every encouragement to achieve a high
position in business leadership and service.
ACCOUNTING
The modern business corporation requires constant analysis
by means of proper methods of accounting. The several
courses which are offered by the School of Commerce
in this field are designed to give the student training in the
recognized forms and principles of this subject, to prepare
him for the profession of accountancy and for accounting
work in business concerns and public service bureaus. It
also offers general preparation necessary for the C. P. A.
Science in Commerce are required to take the course in
Elementary Accounting.
BANKING AND FINANCE
The success of any business enterprise today is dependent
to a large extent upon a sound knowledge by its leaders
of the laws of banking and finance. Business men who
have been highly successful in the producing or distributing
phases of business often manifest a lamentably weak judgment
in their financial policies. Training in banking and
finance has come to be recognized as essential not only to
the professional banker but also to the business man. In
addition to the courses in money and banking, a course in
corporation finance is given which treats of the financial
policies of corporations with respect to the kinds of securities
they may issue, the administration of income and related
subjects and the various types of corporate government
and municipal bonds with respect to their investment
status.
COMMERCE AND TRADE
The work in commerce and trade is divided into several
courses, depending upon the nature of the specialized fields
included in these terms. The economic resources and development
of the principal trading countries of the world
are studied, particular attention being given to their relationship
to American Commerce. In the treatment of
ocean navigation and trade routes, special emphasis is placed
upon the underlying principles governing the movement
of commodities. An advanced course in foreign trade is
business practices abroad, foreign tariffs, sales
methods, credit factors, and foreign exchange.
The principles and applied problems arising in connection
with domestic trade are treated in the courses devoted
to Marketing, Business Organization, and the Economics
of Agriculture. Emphasis is placed upon the distributing
agencies of farm products and manufactured goods, the evolution
of the middleman in modern trade, and the factors
determining marketing costs. Consideration is given in this
branch of the subject to certain fundamental differences
between wholesale and retail trade and the economics and
psychology of advertising.
TRANSPORTATION
The subject of Transportation under modern conditions
is very complex. The principles governing railroad transportation
are in many respects different from those governing
water transportation, and those governing motor
transportation different from either. The subject of ocean
shipping, including freight rates and handling facilities, is
taken up in connection with Foreign Trade.
On account of its great importance the study of railroad
transportation is receiving increasing attention from students
in commerce and business. The work in this subject
covers the economic principles of railroad transportation,
the location of systems, operating revenues and expenditures,
railway finance, accounting, reorganizations and receiverships.
Attention is directed to the organization of
the freight and passenger services, the general forms of
corporate organization and the relationship of the railroad
to the general public. Special emphasis is placed upon the
systems, and the relationship between railroad rates and
industrial growth.
BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
The typical business unit of today is highly organized.
The course in commerce embraces a study of the principal
forms of organization and their legal status. Special attention
is given to the growth of corporations and combinations,
to the study of the relative economic efficiency of
small- and large-scale production in various forms of business.
The development of large marketing organizations
in recent times is also treated as a phase of the general
movement toward larger business units and wider cooperation
in business.
The subject of "scientific management" is given considerable
emphasis. Other topics which receive special
study in this subject are the personnel of the business establishment,
the relations of labor and capital and the means
by which industrial harmony may be promoted, the organization
of the different groups of workers in a plant for increased
production, and the general economic effects of improper
sanitation, too great fatigue, monotony of work and
general discontent.
STATISTICS
A method of analyzing economic problems in any field
of business is advantageous to the student and to the executive.
A course in Statistics treats of the principles and
methods whereby economic problems may be taken out of
the realm of conjecture and definite conclusions obtained.
with the devices for using them, such as averages, index
numbers, correlation, etc.
PUBLIC SERVICE
The rapid growth in the functions and forms of activity
of all branches of government service has made it highly
important that those who wish to enter this field should receive
special training. The University is especially desirous
of providing such training and ample facilities are offered
in the study of our federal system of government, and the
spheres of authority exercised by the state and local units.
Opportunities are afforded for the study of foreign and
diplomatic service, and a wide range of courses may be selected
in the customs, languages and literature of foreign
countries.
Likewise provision is made as fully as possible by which
the student may gain familiarity with the various federal
bureaus and agencies at Washington. Free use is made of
governmental documents, attention being given not only
to the contents of these but also to the forms and methods
of preparation. The significance of the statistical data
presented in the various reports of such agencies as the
Census Bureau, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,
Interstate Commerce Commission, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
etc., is also shown. A similar study is made of the State
documents of Virginia and of other States.
FIELD WORK
It is the purpose of the School to supplement the class
room instruction with field work whenever this is feasible.
investigation in the business houses of Charlottesville. In
this way concrete information may be obtained in such
courses as Accounting, Business Organization, Marketing,
Banking, Public Finance, etc.
SURVEYS OF VIRGINIA COUNTIES
The University has recently added courses in Agricultral
Economics and in Surveys of Virginia Counties. The latter
work embraces detailed studies at first hand of the economic
and social conditions in representative counties of
the State, with a view to pointing out the particular needs
and opportunities in each county. The surveys, when completed,
will be published as bulletins of the University. It
is hoped that in this way the University will be able to increase
its service materially in the rural life of Virginia.
LIBRARY EQUIPMENT
The general library contains more than ninety thousand
volumes, including the standard works in history, literature
and science, and is particularly rich in materials for the
study of the causes, the conduct, and the results of the
world war, and generally of political, social and economic
achievements and tendencies. The reference section is
well supplied with journals, encyclopedias and research
documents.
It has been the effort of the School of Commerce primarily
to secure the standard publications in all lines of
economic and commercial activity. Additions are constantly
being made to the library equipment of such books
as have received recognition from authorities in the various
aims to maintain a fairly complete selection of books
in this field, more care is given to the selection than to the
number of publications secured.
The library subscribes to the leading American publications
on commerce and finance and to some of the principal
English journals. The periodicals are regularly used
for reference purposes, and students are urged to keep in
constant touch with current business news and problems.
The library also contains complete sets of the more important
magazines in the field of economic theory which are
of especial use to those who wish to engage in research.
POSITIONS FOR GRADUATES
The School of Commerce has been quite successful in
securing positions for its graduates. Through the members
of its Faculty it has been able to maintain a connection
with business firms, banking institutions, government bureaus,
etc., which has enabled it to obtain employment for
students who have made a good record in the School.
Graduates of the University who have received extensive
training in the School of Economics and School of Commerce
have experienced little difficulty in finding satisfactory
positions.
EXPENSES
Students in the School of Commerce are subject only
to the regular fees of the academic departments. The necessary
expenses of a Virginia Student (all University fees,
board and room, books and laundry) need not exceed
$245 for the session. The actual expenses are usually
student himself. One who is willing to practice strict economy
can live at a more reasonable cost at the University
of Virginia than at most institutions of similar rank.
Free tuition in the academic departments, equivalent to a
scholarship worth $125, is given to each student from Virginia.
There are also available for deserving students many
scholarships, including thirty which yield from $250 to $600
a year. Moreover, there are 119 scholarships for prospective
Virginia teachers, ten endowed fellowships, and seven
loan funds.
Rooms may be had in one of the University dormitories
and meals may be obtained either in the University cafeteria
or in an approved private boarding house. If preferred
both room and board may be obtained in such boarding
house. Good, wholesome food is served at the University
cafeteria at costs ranging from $20 to $30 per month.
Many of the students are finding it possible to board at the
lower rate.
STUDENT SELF-HELP
Many opportunities for self-help are offered by the University
and by the city of Charlottesville. At least half of
the students at the present time are paying their own way
in whole or in part. Answers to a recent questionnaire
submitted to the students of the University showed that approximately
54 per cent. of the entire student body are
paying a part or all of their expenses, not including the
holders of scholarships or those borrowing money. It was
found that more than seventy different occupations are engaged
in by those working their way through the University.
The Secretary of the Y. M. C. A., assisted by a committee
of the faculty, is always ready to help find part time
positions for those who must work while they study. Every
possible opportunity for obtaining remunerative employment
is afforded to students who are desirous of helping
by this means to pay their way through the University,
and it may be safely stated that any student with sufficient
resources to carry him through the first half of the session,
can be reasonably sure of obtaining work which will pay a
considerable part of his living expenses and university
charges for the remainder of the academic year. While
it is difficult for any student to be assured of remunerative
work before he reaches the University, information as to
such employment may be had from the Secretary of the
Committee on Student Self-Help, Madison Hall.
ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS
For admission to any department of the University, the
general conditions are the following:
1. Sufficient Age.—The minimum legal age is sixteen
years; the faculty advise seventeen or more.
2. Good Character.—This must be attested by a certificate
of honorable dismissal from the school last attended,
or by other valid proof.
3. Adequate Preparation.—This must be such as will
enable the candidate to meet the requirements for admission
to the several departments of the University.
For admission to the College, the candidate must
present a certificate or pass an equivalent examination. In
either case the amount of preparation required is measured
in terms of units.
A unit represents a year's study in any subject in a secondary
school, constituting approximately a quarter of a
full year's work.
This definition of a unit takes the four-year high-school
course as a basis and assumes that the length of the school
year is from thirty-six to forty weeks, that a period is
from forty to sixty minutes in length, and that the study
is pursued for four or five periods a week; but under ordinary
circumstances a satisfactory year's work in any subject
cannot be accomplished in less than one hundred and
twenty hours, or their equivalent. Schools organized on
any other than a four-year basis can, nevertheless, estimate
their work in terms of this unit.
Admission by Certificate
For admission by certificate, the applicant should file
with the Dean of the University not later than September
1 a Certificate of Preparation, made out on the blank form
furnished by the University. This certificate must come
from a recognized institution of collegiate rank, from an
accredited public high school, or from an accredited private
secondary school.
The candidate for admission from a public high school
must be a graduate of an accredited four-year high school.
The candidate for admission from a private secondary
school must be a graduate of the school, or must present a
certificate showing that he has completed at least the equivalent
of four years of satisfactory high-school work of
standard grade, covering at least fifteen entrance units.
In every case the candidate for admission must have the
recommendation of the principal of the certifying school.
Private secondary schools in Virginia are accredited by
by a committee of the faculty. The University also accredits
all four year public high schools which are fully
accredited by the State Board of Education of Virginia.
The Dean of the University is further authorized to accept
certificates from schools outside Virginia, accredited by
their own state universities or institutions of equal rank,
or by their own state departments of education, provided
the courses of study offered in such schools meet the requirements
demanded of accredited schools in this state.
If in any accredited school the number of periods given
to a study, or the length of the period, is below the specified
standard, the credit for such subject is reduced pro
rata. In the science subjects only half-credit is allowed unless
individual laboratory notebooks, properly attested by
the teacher in charge, are filed with the certificate.
Certificates of preparation from private tutors will in
no case be accepted; students thus prepared must in all
cases take the entrance examinations.
Admission by Examination
For admission by examination, the candidate must present
himself at the University in June or in September,
according to the dates given in the Program of Entrance
Examinations. The examinations are held under the honor
system, no paper being accepted unless accompanied by the
usual pledge. All candidates who take their examinations
at the times appointed are tested free of charge. In case
of delayed entrance, where the grounds of postponement
are good, the President of the University may admit the
candidate to a special examination, for which a fee of five
dollars is charged. This fee is payable in advance, and is
in no case returned.
REQUIREMENTS FOR DEGREE OF BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE IN COMMERCE
The degree of Bachelor of Science in Commerce will
be conferred upon regular students who have completed
not less than 63 session-hours of undergraduate courses,
taken in conformity with the following programme:
(1) Required Subjects.—Candidates for the Bachelor
of Science in Commerce must take 33 session-hours of required
subjects as stated below, 3 hours of which must be
in Physical Training. Of the remaining 30 session-hours
of required subjects, not less than 24 hours must be taken
during the first two years and the remaining 6 hours not
later than the third year.
Foreign Languages.—Six session-hours from one of the
following languages: French, German or Spanish.
Mathematics.—Three session-hours in Mathematics A1
or A2.
Natural Science.—Six session-hours.
English.—Six session-hours, 3 of which shall be in English
A1, A2 or A3, and 3 in English B3.
Social Science.—Nine session-hours in United States History
B3, Government B1 and Economics B1. History B3
should be taken in the candidate's first year, and Government
B1 and Economics B1 in the candidate's second year.
Physical Training.—Three session-hours, which must be
completed during the first two years.
(2) Major-Electives.—Of the remaining 30 session-hours
required for the degree, 24 session-hours must be
and School of Commerce, 18 session-hours
of which shall include the following courses: Commercial
Geography B2, Commercial Law B1, Economics
B2, Economics B3, Economics B4 and Economics B5.
The remaining 6 session-hours may be elected from any
courses in the academic schools for which the candidate
has adequate preparation.
Note: 12 session-hours of technical courses in one of
the professional departments of Law or Engineering may,
with the approval of the Dean and Faculty of the School
of Commerce, be substituted under the requirements in
commercial subjects. In any case, however, 18 session-hours
must be taken from commercial subjects in the
Schools of Economics and Commerce and Business Administration.
THE HONOR SYSTEM
For eighteen years after the opening of the institution,
written examinations were conducted under the surveillance
of a committee of three professors. This was not altogether
satisfactory, and in June, 1842, Judge Henry St.
George Tucker, Professor of Law, offered the following
resolution, which the Faculty at once adopted:
Resolved, That in all future written examinations for
distinction and other honors of the University, each candidate
shall attach to the written answers presented by him on
such examination a certificate in the following words: "I,
A. B., do hereby certify, on honor, that I have derived no
assistance during the time of this examination from any
source whatsoever, whether oral, written, or in print, in
giving the above answers."
This was the beginning of the honor system at this institution,
and it has been in operation ever since without
interruption. Later the pledge was extended so as to preclude
the giving as well as the receiving of assistance. Still
more recently the scope of the honor system has been enlarged
so as to cover other phases of student conduct. Its
administration is entirely in the hands of the students, the
essence of the system being that the violation of a student's
word of honor is an offense not against the university authorities,
but against the whole student body, and on the
rare occasions on which it has occurred, the students themselves
have quietly and promptly sent the offender away
from the University without need of faculty action.
Examinations are required to be held in one place and in
the presence of the professor in charge of the course or
one of his assistants. These regulations in no way conflict
with the spirit of the honor system, but are regarded as being
necessary to give a proper dignity and formality to the
occasion.
ANNOUNCEMENT OF COURSES
McINTIRE SCHOOL OF COMMERCE.
Economics B1: The Principles of Economics: (See James
Wilson School of Economics, page 23.)
Economics B2: The Growth of American Industry and Commerce:
(See James Wilson School of Economics, page 24.)
Economics B3: Money and Banking: (See James Wilson
School of Economics, page 24.)
Economics B4: Elementary Accounting: Theory and practice
in the handling of real and nominal accounts, together with the use
of various types of books of original entry; the opening and closing
of books, adjustments, statements of profit and loss and balance
sheets. The work of the course will be exemplified through three
types of business organization, namely: the single proprietorship, the
partnership, and the corporation, and will consist of lectures, problems,
and laboratory exercises.—(B.A., or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.)
Three sections. Associate Professor Barlow and Mr.
Carruthers, assisted by Mr. Debnam and Mr. Justice.
Economics B5: Statistics: Economics B1 prerequisite.—First
and second terms: Statistical method and practice, including the
collection of material, sources, making of schedules, compilation and
tabulation, diagrammatic and graphic presentation, averages, correlation
and index members. Third term: The application of statistical
methods to business and economic problems, such as living costs,
employment, production, sales, markets, business forecasts.—(B.A.
or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.) Assistant Professor Hawkins.
Economics B6: Advanced Accounting: Economics B1 and B4
prerequisite.—(A continuation of Economics B4.) A detailed study
of corporation accounting from the organization of a coporation
through its dissolution. Such topics as the acquisition, the appreciation
and depreciation, and the ultimate disposition of balance sheet
items will be considered. The work of the course will be applied by
concerns.—(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.) Associate Professor
Barlow, assisted by Mr. Snyder.
Economics B7: Marketing: Economics B1 prerequisite.—The
analysis of the existing mechanism for the distribution of farm
products will be considered during the first term. The methods and
channels for the distribution of manufactured goods will be examined
in the second term. Attention will be given to the economics
of advertising and merchandising in the third term.—(B.A. or B.S.
credit, 3 session-hours.) Omitted, 1923-1924. Associate Professor
Kincaid.
Economics B8: Transportation: Economics B1 prerequisite.—
First and second terms: The economic principles of railroad transportation
including a study of the location of systems, operating
costs, rates, returns, government legislation and the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Third term: Railway finance, securities, capitalization,
promotion and underwriting, internal financial organization,
etc.—(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.) Associate Professor
Berglund.
Economics B9: Business Administration: Economics B1 prerequisite.—First
and second terms: A study of the principles and
practices of business organization and administration. Special attention
is given to the subjects of plant location, office management
including administration of personnel, marketing problems and
finance. Third term: Investigation of the organization and development
of the business unit.—(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.)
Associate Professor Berglund.
Economics B10: Insurance: Economics B1 prerequisite.—The
underlying principles and practices of various forms of insurance
will be considered during the first term. Second term: Life insurance.
Third term: Marine, fire, fidelity insurance. The course
will consist of special topics for field investigations, reports, assigned
readings, etc.—(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.) To
be supplied.
Government B1: Constitutional Government: (See James
Wilson School of Economics, page 25.)
Government B2: International Relations: (See James Wilson
School of Economics, page 25.)
Commercial Law B1: Not open to first year students.—A detailed
study of the fundamental and important, rather than the technical,
principles of those subjects of which some knowledge is necessary
in ordinary commercial transactions, including contracts, negotiable
instruments, agency, partnerships, bailments and carriers,
sales of personal property, insurance. Instruction is given in the
practical drafting of business documents, such as simple contracts,
powers of attorney, articles of copartnership, mortgages, deeds of
trust and bills of sale.—(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.) Mr.
Cox.
Commercial Geography B1: General Survey.—A study of the
geography, natural resources, commerce and industry of the United
States and Europe.—(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.) Assistant
Professor Hawkins.
Commercial Geography B2: Economic Geography of Latin
America: Economics B1 and Commercial Geography B1, prerequisite.—A
general survey of the civilization, past and present, of the
Republics of Latin America. Special stress is laid on the physical,
racial and economic geography of the regions studied. Not open
to first year students. The class will be limited to fifty students.—
(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.) Associate Professor Bardin.
Economics C1: Public Finance: (See James Wilson School
of Economics, page 24.)
Economics C2: Advanced Money and Banking: (See James
Wilson School of Economics, page 24.)
Economics C3: System Building and Cost Accounting: Economics
B1 and B6 prerequisite.—The construction of accounting
systems for trading, manufacturing, public utility, and financial concerns.
The work of the third term will be in particular reference
to cost accounting systems. Associate Professor Barlow.
Economics C4: Corporation Finance: Economics B1 and B4
prerequisite.—The first part of the course will treat the financial
policies of corporations with respect to the kinds of securities they
and related subjects, while the latter part of the course will
consider the various types of corporate government and municipal
bonds with respect to their investment status. Associate Professor
Kincaid.
Economics C5: Foreign Trade: Economics B1 and one other
course in the School of Economics or School of Commerce, prerequisite.—An
analysis of the economic principles underlying foreign
trade, resources and materials, trade conditions and practices abroad,
commercial treaties and tariffs, sales methods, credit factors, shipping
facilities, financial settlements, foreign exchange. Hours to
be arranged. Assistant Professor Hawkins.
Economics C6: Scientific Management and Labor Problems:
Economics B1 and one other course in the School of Economics or
School of Commerce, prerequisite.—A study of the relations between
employer and employee, agencies for the promotion of industrial
peace including profit-sharing plans, bonus systems, co-operative
enterprises, etc., and a study of representative plans for the management
of labor, copartnership and labor organization. To be supplied.
Economics C7: Auditing and Income Tax: Economics B1 and
B6 prerequisite.—The conduct and mechanism of audits, audit reports,
analysis of financial statements. The third term will comprise
a study of the Federal Income Tax with practice in the preparation
of returns. Not given in 1923-1924. Associate Professor
Barlow.
JAMES WILSON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS.
I. Economics.
Economics B1: The Principles of Economics: (Not open to
first year students.)—First and second terms: Survey of the principles
of Economics. Third term: The bearing of these principles
upon present American conditions. Instruction will be given by lectures,
assigned readings, reports and discussions.—(B.A. or B.S.
credit, 3 session-hours.) Associate Professor Snavely, Mr. Starnes
and Mr. Pinchbeck.
Economics B2: The Growth of American Industry and Commerce:
Economics B1 prerequisite.—A study of the influence of
economic conditions upon American social and political development.
This study is preceded by a short review of European, particularly
English, industrial development before and during the colonial period.
Special emphasis is given to the influence of various phases
of American industrial environment upon the culture and civilization
inherited from Europe.—(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.)
Associate Professor Berglund.
Economics B3: Money and Banking: Economics B1 prerequisite.—During
the first term the principles of money and credit will
be considered and during the second term the principles of banking
will be examined. The third term will be given over to an analysis
of the Federal Reserve System.—(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.)
Associate Professor Kincaid and Mr. Pinchbeck.
Economics B11: Agricultural Economics: Economics B1, prerequisite.—A
study of the economic and social principles underlying
a sound national development in agriculture. Such matters as cooperative
marketing, rural credits, farmers' organizations, rural depopulation,
labor supply, diversification of crops, farm accounting,
cost of production studies and price-fixing, are considered. Emphasis
is placed upon the practical aspects of the subject.—(B.A. or
B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.) Professor Gee.
Economics B12: Economic Surveys of Virginia Counties:
Economics B1, prerequisite.—A laboratory course in economics dealing
with the problems of Virginia counties. These county studies,
when completed, will be published as bulletins of the University.
This course is limited to advanced undergraduates and graduates.
Graduate credit may be secured provided the prerequisites for such
courses in the School of Economics are met. Hours by appointment
(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.) Professor Gee.
Economics C1: Public Finance: Economics B1 and one other
B course in the School of Economics or School of Commerce, prerequisite.—First
and second terms: The general principles of public
finance, with a detailed investigation of state and local taxation.
Third term: The financial institutions and methods of the federal
government. Assocaite Professor Snavely.
Economics C2: Advanced Money and Banking: Economics
B1 and one other B course in the School of Economics or School of
Commerce, prerequisite.—A course of research in current monetary
and banking problems. An intensive study is made of foreign currency
systems, Federal Reserve System, cyclical fluctuations in business,
etc. Topics are assigned for individual investigation and written
papers and problems are required. Associate Professor Kincaid.
Economics C8: Research in Virginia Economic Problems:
Economics B1 and one other course in the School of Economics or
School of Commerce, prerequisite.—A research course in current
economic and social problems as they apply to the commonwealth
of Virginia. Hours by appointment. Professor Gee.
Economics D1: History of Economic Theory.—Hours to be
arranged. Associate Professor Snavely.
Economics D2: Recent Economic Theory, with special attention
to problems in the distribution of wealth.—Hours to be arranged.
Associate Professor Berglund.
Economics D3: A Course of Research in Economic Theory.
—Hours to be arranged.
II. Government.
Government B1: Constitutional Government.—A description
and comparison of the principles and essential features of the governments
of the United States, England, France, Germany, and
Switzerland, with especial emphasis on the characteristics of the
American constitutional system and the operation of Congressional
government. Instruction by lectures, text-book study, assigned reading,
and conferences with instructors.—(B.A. or B.S. credit, 3 session-hours.)
Associate Professor Williams and assistants.
Government B2: International Relations: Government B1, prerequisite.—The
nature of international law; the attributes of sovreeign
states, their rights and duties as members of the society of nations;
the scope of existing international government; the causes of
modern wars; the problem of preserving peace (peace projects of
the past, the adequacy of arbitral machinery and the League of Nations);
international economic relations; the foreign policy of the
reports. Associate Professor Williams.
Government C1: Jurisprudence and the Elements of American
Constitutional Law: (Primarily for graduates and advanced
undergraduates preparing for law; Government B1 and B2, prerequisite.)
First half-year: Various concepts of the State, of sovereignty,
and of political obligation; the nature, sources, and forms of
law, and its philosophical and sociological aspects. Second half-year:
Leading cases on American Constitutional Law. Hours by
appointment. Associate Professor Williams.
PROGRAMME OF COURSES FOR BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE IN COMMERCE
| Hours | |
| French, German or Spanish A | 3 |
| Mathematics A1 or A2 | 3 |
| English A1, A2 or A3 | 3 |
| History B3 | 3 |
| Commercial Geography B1 | 3 |
| Physical Training Begun | |
| Total | 15 |
| Hours | |
| French, German or Spanish B | 3 |
| Natural Science | 6 |
| Economics B1 | 3 |
| Government B1 | 3 |
| Physical Training Completed | 3 |
| Total | 18 |
| Hours | |
| English B3 | 3 |
| Commercial Law B1 | 3 |
| Economics B2 | 3 |
| Economics B3 | 3 |
| Economics B4 | 3 |
| Total | 15 |
| Hours | |
| Economics B5 | 3 |
| Select one from Economics B7, B8, B9, B10 and B11 | 3 |
| Select one from Economics C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 | 3 |
| Electives | 6 |
| Total | 15 |
| The University of Virginia record July 15, 1923 | |