 | The University of Virginia record February 15, 1917 |  |
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
In the following description of courses, the number of hours represents
the amount of time each student devotes to the course. In addition to
the hours scheduled in the third and fourth years of the course, each
student devotes a considerable amount of time to practical work which
does not appear in the schedule, but the satisfactory performance of which
is essential to graduation. Thus the taking of histories, the visits to his
labour, the employment of microscopical and chemical methods of diagnosis
in the hospital, require much time which it has not seemed possible
to record in a rigid schedule. It should, however, be stated that each
student in the fourth year gives at least two hundred hours to this required
but unscheduled practical work.
The session, exclusive of the time devoted to examination, is divided
into a fall term of twelve weeks, a winter term of ten weeks, and a spring
term of ten weeks.
FIRST YEAR.
Anatomy 1.—Six hours weekly until November 1; twelve hours weekly
from November 1 to the end of the second term. This course begins with
a systematic study of the bones, on the completion of which a part is
assigned to each student for dissection and study. On the completion of
this course and Anatomy 3 each student has dissected a lateral half of the
body. The student obtains his knowledge at first hand and by his own
personal efforts. The satisfactory performance of the laboratory work is
essential to a passing grade. Dr. Bean and Dr. Baker.
Anatomy 2.—Six hours weekly during the third term. This course consists
in a laboratory study of the anatomy of the central nervous system
carried out in considerable detail. The gross anatomy of the spinal cord
and brain is first considered, on the completion of which sections of the
more important regions are studied carefully with the aid of the microscope.
Fresh brains and series of sections of the cord and brain are
thoroughly used. Dr. Bean and Dr. Baker.
Histology.—Three lectures or recitations and nine hours of laboratory
work weekly during the first and second terms. This course aims to acquaint
the student with the microscopic structure of cells, tissues, and organs.
Cytogenesis and histogenesis are briefly considered in the case of many
tissues studied. The relation of histology to physiology and pathology is
constantly kept in view. The student is also given opportunity to acquaint
himself with the principles and practice of histological technique.
A record of seventy per cent. in this course is required for admission
to Physiology, and of eighty per cent. for admission to Pathology. Dr.
Jordan, assisted by Mr. Pagenstecher.
Embryology.—Nine hours weekly during the third term. The laboratory
work (six hours weekly) with sections and dissections of mammalian
embryos, is supplemented by lectures, recitations, and the study of models.
The course aims to give the student a knowledge of developmental processes,
in the light of which he may the better understand the more abstruse
normal conditions of adult anatomy, as well as many anomalies and variations,
neoplasms and malformations. Dr. Jordan, assisted by Mr. Pagenstecher.
Organic Chemistry.—Lectures and recitations three hours weekly, laboratory
work six and eight hours weekly, respectively, during the first and second
terms. This course includes the systematic study of organic chemistry,
with special reference to substances of importance in their relation to
in Physiological Chemistry, Pharmacology, etc.
During the second term the laboratory work includes quantitative
determinations of immediate importance in Physiological Chemistry, such
as the estimation of sugar, total nitrogen, uric acid, ammonia, etc.
A record of seventy per cent. on this course is required for admission
to Physiological Chemistry. Dr. Edgar and Dr. Pratt.
Physiological Chemistry.—Three lectures, three recitations and nine hours
of laboratory work weekly during the third term. The structure, properties
and reactions of the more important compounds which the student meets
in his subsequent medical study. The laboratory work, continuing that
of Organic Chemistry, includes the study of fats, soaps, fatty acids, and
proteins; blood, milk, bile; the digestive enzymes, and extensive qualitative
and quantitative work on urine.
A grade of seventy per cent. on this course is required for admission
to Physiology. Dr. Hough and Dr. Pratt.
SECOND YEAR.
Anatomy 3.—Ten hours weekly through the first and second terms. This
course is the continuation of Anatomy 1, and consists of the systematic
dissection and study, by essentially the same methods, of the parts not
studied during the first year. In addition, a course is given in topographic
anatomy, with the aid of cross sections of the human body. At the end of
this course a practical examination is given, covering the work of Anatomy
1, 2 and 3. Dr. Bean and Dr. Baker.
Physiology.—Four hours work weekly of lectures, recitations and demonstrations
throughout the year. Six hours weekly of laboratory work in the
first and second terms. The physiology of muscle and nerve; blood and
lymph; the circulation; respiration; secretion; digestion and nutrition, and
the central nervous system. The work of the laboratory closely follows the
lectures as an integral part of the study of each subject.
Open only to students who have obtained a grade of seventy per cent.
in Histology and in Physiological Chemistry. The satisfactory completion
of the laboratory work of this course is necessary for admission to Pharmacology.
Dr. Hough, assisted by Mr. Setzler and Mr. Strange.
Bacteriology and Pathology.—Twelve hours weekly throughout the session
and two additional hours a week in the third term. The work in pathology is
open only to students who have obtained a record of passed in Histology.
Bacteriology and pathology are taught in a combined course. Emphasis
is laid upon the medical and public health aspects of bacteriology.
Practical studies in infection and immunity form part of the course. Autopsies
and the study of gross and microscopic specimens supply the practical
work accompanying the systematic study of pathology.
Opportunity is given selected students for advanced work. Dr. Marshall
and Dr. Smith, assisted by Mr. Gilmore and Mr. Hawthorne.
Pharmacology.—Five hours of lecture, recitations and demonstrations and
is made of the chemical characteristics and physiological action of representative
drugs from the different pharmacological groups. An average
grade of seventy per cent. on the first two terms of Physiology together
with the satisfactory completion of the laboratory work of Physiology is
required for admission to the course. Dr. Waddell, assisted by Mr. Setzler
and Mr. Strange.
Journals.—In connection with the work in Physiology, Pathology and
Pharmacology, the second-year students meet with their instructors for
one hour each week from the first of December to the end of the session
for reports and discussion of the current literature of the above sciences.
Three reports are made at each meeting by the students.
Physical Diagnosis.—Four hours weekly during the third term. Instruction
is given in the principles and methods of physical examination.
Attention is especially given to study of the normal subject. Dr. Flippin
and Dr. Magruder.
THIRD YEAR.
Materia Medica.—Three hours of lectures and recitations and four hours
of laboratory work weekly during the first half of the third year. The more
important drugs and preparations of the Pharmacopeia, together with newer
non-official remedies which bid fair to attain or have attained considerable
use, form the subject of study. In the laboratory the student becomes
familiar with the peculiarities and methods of preparation of the different
preparations of the Pharmacopeia, as well as with the solubilities and other
characteristics of the more important drugs. Especial attention is paid to
chemical and pharmaceutical incompatability. Prescription writing is dealt
with by lecture and frequent practical exercises. Dr. Waddell, assisted
by Mr. Anderson.
Toxicology.—Three hours of lectures and recitation and three hours of
laboratory work weekly during the last half of the second term.
This course is, to a considerable extent, a review of the pharmacological
actions of poisons and their antagonists. The treatment of poisoning is
dealt with in detail. Some attention is given to the methods of separation
and identification. Dr. Waddell, assisted by Mr. Anderson.
Clinical Diagnosis.—Six hours weekly during the first and second terms.
In this course the student is made familiar with those laboratory methods
which are helpful in the diagnosis of disease. These include, among others,
the examination of blood, urine, sputum, gastric contents, feces, spinal
fluid, exudates and transudates. Instruction is given in the recently completed
Clinical Laboratory in the north pavilion of the hospital, which is
well equipped with the most modern instruments and apparatus. Dr. Bray.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—Three hours weekly of lectures and
recitations throughout the session; nine hours weekly in the clinics for one-half
the session. A systematic course of lectures, supplemented by work in the
out-patient department and hospital. The class is divided into two sections,
out-patient department, and also twice a week receive instruction on selected
cases in the wards of the hospital. There is a general medical clinic once a
week in the hospital amphitheater. Dr. Davis, Dr. Flippin, Dr. Magruder,
Dr. Nelson and Dr. Gage.
Surgery and Gynecology.—Five hours weekly of lectures and recitations,
and two hours weekly of surgical clinic throughout the session, with six hours
weekly in the out-patient department for one-half the session.
The study of surgery begins in the third year and continues through
the fourth year. In the third year the classroom work consists of lectures
and recitations, as arranged in the schedule, in which the principles and
practice of surgery, surgical diseases, surgical diagnosis, etc., are thoroughly
discussed. This also includes the surgical specialties, orthopedics, genitourinary
surgery, etc.
The out-patient department course in the third year gives opportunities
for diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases under close personal supervision
Experience in dressings, bandaging, anesthesia and minor surgery is afforded
Surgical appliances and technique are demonstrated to the students, divided
into small groups.
The work in gynecology follows closely the outlines already described
for surgery. The general principles of gynecology are taken up in lectures
and recitations. In addition, the out-patient department affords practice
in palpation, diagnosis and treatment. Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin, Dr. Neff,
Dr. Woodberry and Dr. Wright.
Obstetrics.—Five hours weekly of lectures, recitations and manikin demonstrations
during the year, supplemented by work with living subjects in
the wards of the hospital.
The class is divided into sections of five for manikin instruction and for
examination of patients in the hospital. The manikin course forms an important
part of the work, not only for teaching presentation, position and
posture, but also the mechanism of normal and abnormal labor and the application
of forceps. When the section is taken into the wards of the hospital,
the methods of examination, particularly abdominal palpation, are
practiced on the living subject. Dr. Macon.
FOURTH YEAR.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—The same plan is followed in the
clinical work as that already described for the third year, each of the two
sections of the class devoting itself for half the year to the medical service
in the wards of the hospital. Full histories are taken of every case, thorough
examinations made, and management indicated by the students of
each division. These records are considered in the final grading of the
student.
The subjects treated with the approximate division of time between
them are as follows:
Nervous Diseases and Insanity.—Three lectures and recitations weekly,
supplemented by clinical work during the first term. In this course is given
also instruction in electro-therapeutics. Dr. Davis.
Pediatrics.—Three lectures and recitations weekly, supplemented by clinical
work during the second term. This course of lectures is intended to point
out in a brief way how disease is modified by childhood and to indicate how
the difficulties of diagnosis and treatment due to early age may best be
encountered. The principles of infant feeding are emphasized and the
student is taught how to prepare the food. Dr. Davis and Dr. Rea.
Dermatology.—A brief course of lectures is given on this subject, embodying
a consideration of the commoner diseases met with in medical practice.
Case Teaching, Medical Ethics and Economics, and Insurance Exam-
inations.—Two hours weekly during the third term. Dr. Davis.
Therapeutics.—The treatment of internal diseases is discussed in a systematic
course of lectures and practically demonstrated in the wards of the
hospital. Especial attention is given to the bedside teaching of this subject,
the student being required to follow closely and make a record of the
results of the therapeutic agents employed in cases assigned to him. Dr.
Flippin.
Surgery and Gynecology.—Two hours weekly of surgical clinic throughout
the session; three hours weekly of ward classes, supplemented by clinical
work in the wards and operating room for one-half the session with each of the
two sections of the class.
Instruction in surgery is carried on by clinics and bedside demonstrations
in the hospital. In the wards the students are assigned cases, whose
histories they must take. They must also make complete physical and
clinical examinations, urine analyses, blood examinations, etc. In the ward
rounds the diagnosis, operative and other treatment, post-operative care of
the cases, complications, prognosis, etc., are discussed in detail. A large
variety of cases is available, and the close contact of the students with their
cases and with the routine of hospital management offer many of the opportunities
that an internship affords.
In the operating rooms the students, in small groups, take part in the
operations, thus acquiring familiarity with technique, anesthetization, etc.
Those of the class who are not assisting witness the operations, whose
important features are demonstrated to them.
In gynecology the students have the same general work as in surgery,
consisting of the examination and the recording of the cases in the public
wards, attendance on ward rounds, at which the cases are discussed, and observation
and assistance in the operating rooms. Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin, Dr.
Neff, Dr. Woodberry and Dr. Wright.
In addition to the above course, required of all students, the following
elective course is offered in the Department of Surgery.
Surgical Pathology.—An optional course. Two hours weekly during one-half
of the session.
This course is intended to supplement the general courses in Pathology
demonstrations of fresh tissues obtained from the operating rooms, and
examination of microscopic sections.
The student reviews pathological technique and frozen section work
is emphasized. Dr. Goodwin.
Clinical Pathological Conferences.—One hour weekly is assigned for
the study of pathologic material in connection with the clinical aspects of
cases coming to autopsy. A history of the case is presented by the student
in charge, the autopsy is reviewed, the tissue and microscopic sections are
examined, and all the information thus derived is collated and contrasted.
Dr. Marshall.
Obstetrics.—The student attends, under the guidance of an instructor,
the labor cases in the hospital, is required to prepare the history of patients,
and to follow up the cases through the puerperium. Instruction is also
given in the care of the new-born. In addition the student has the opportunity
of attending patients in the out-patient department and each student
is expected to attend at least six cases of labor. Dr. Macon.
Forensic Medicine.—One lecture weekly during one term of the fourth
year. Dr. Waddell.
Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat.—Two lectures weekly from
the beginning of the session to the first of March, supplemented by regular
clinics twice weekly throughout the session and clinical lectures to sections of the
class as suitable cases occur.
The class is divided into small sections and each student is taught the
methods of examination and the use of the opthalmoscope, head-mirror,
and of the laryngeal and post-nasal mirrors. In the clinics each patient is
assigned to a student, who must take the history and keep the record of
that patient; the case is then demonstrated by the professor in charge, and,
if possible, each student makes his own examination under the personal
supervision of the attending physician. Clinical cases are abundant, and
during the year the student sees and handles practically all the common
diseases of the eye, ear and upper respiratory tract. Dr. Hedges and Dr.
Compton.
Hygiene.—Three hours weekly throughout the session.
The course begins with a historical sketch of the developments of preventive
medicine, including short biographical sketches of the pioneers of
hygiene. With this introduction the story of the natural history of contagious
and infectious diseases, modes of propagation and methods of prevention
engage the attention of the student. With this preparation, the
chemical and bacteriological contamination of food, water, air and soil is
made an important study. Instruction is also begun in the proper location
and construction of habitations, hospitals, schoolhouses, etc., with special
reference to the modern methods of heating, ventilating and draining.
Notice is taken of the special relations involved in military and naval
hygiene. Dr. Lambeth.
FACILITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH.
The Department of Medicine not only fosters in its methods of instruction
the inductive study by the student himself of the phenomena presented
by the human body in health and disease, but also encourages the
spirit of investigation of unsolved problems of medical science and practice
on the part of the instructors and students. During the past few years there
have appeared annually a number of papers from its laboratories embodying
the results of such investigations, and it is the policy of the department
to enlarge this feature of its work in the future. Students are encouraged
to engage in research as they are prepared for it, usually assisting an instructor
in some special study or else conducting the research under his
guidance and advice. For this purpose the scientific and clinical laboratories
offer the necessary facilities, and heads of departments will always
be glad to suggest and outline problems for investigation by any medical
student or by others possessing the necessary training therefor.
| The University of Virginia record February 15, 1917 | |