20.4. 4. Of Commerce in different Governments.
Trade has some relation to
forms of government. In a monarchy, it is generally founded on luxury;
and though it be also founded on real wants, yet the principal view with
which it is carried on is to procure everything that can contribute to
the pride, the pleasure, and the capricious whims of the nation. In
republics, it is commonly founded on economy. Their merchants, having an
eye to all the nations of the earth, bring from one what is wanted by
another. It is thus that the republics of Tyre, Carthage, Athens,
Marseilles, Florence, Venice, and Holland engaged in commerce.
This kind of traffic has a natural relation to a republican
government: to monarchies it is only occasional. For as it is founded
on the practice of gaining little, and even less than other nations, and
of remedying this by gaining incessantly, it can hardly be carried on by
a people swallowed up in luxury, who spend much, and see nothing but
objects of grandeur.
Cicero was of this opinion, when he so justly said, "I do not like
that the same people should be at once both the lords and factors of the
whole earth."
[5]
For this would, indeed, be to suppose that every
individual in the state, and the whole state collectively, had their
heads constantly filled with grand views, and at the same time with
small ones; which is a contradiction.
Not but that the most noble enterprises are completed also in those
states which subsist by economical commerce: they have even an
intrepidity not to be found in monarchies. And the reason is this:
One branch of commerce leads to another, the small to the moderate,
the moderate to the great; thus he who has gratified his desire of
gaining a little raises himself to a situation in which he is not less
desirous of gaining a great deal.
Besides, the grand enterprises of merchants are always necessarily
connected with the affairs of the public. But, in monarchies, these
public affairs give as much distrust to the merchants as in free states
they appear to give safety. Great enterprises, therefore, in commerce
are not for monarchical, but for republican, governments.
In short, an opinion of greater certainty, as to the possession of
property in these states, makes them undertake everything. They flatter
themselves with the hopes of receiving great advantages from the smiles
of fortune; and thinking themselves sure of what they have already
acquired, they boldly expose it in order to acquire more; risking
nothing, but as the means of obtaining.
I do not pretend to say that any monarchy is entirely excluded from
an economical commerce; but of its own nature it has less tendency
towards it: neither do I mean that the republics with which we are
acquainted are absolutely deprived of the commerce of luxury; but it is
less connected with their constitution.
With regard to a despotic state, there is no occasion to mention it.
A general rule: A nation in slavery labours more to preserve than to
acquire; a free nation, more to acquire than to preserve.
Footnotes
[5]
Cicero, "De Rep.", iv.
