14.10. 10. Of the Laws in relation to the Sobriety of the People.
In warm countries the aqueous part of the blood loses itself greatly by
perspiration;
[15]
it must therefore be supplied by a like liquid. Water
is there of admirable use; strong liquors would congeal the globules
[16]
of blood that remain after the transuding of the aqueous humour.
In cold countries the aqueous part of the blood is very little
evacuated by perspiration. They may therefore make use of spirituous
liquors, without which the blood would congeal. They are full of
humours; consequently strong liquors, which give a motion to the blood,
are proper for those countries.
The law of Mahomet, which prohibits the drinking of wine, is
therefore fitted to the climate of Arabia: and indeed, before Mahomet's
time, water was the common drink of the Arabs. The law
[17]
which forbade the Carthaginians to drink wine was a law of the climate; and, indeed,
the climate of those two countries is pretty nearly the same.
Such a law would be improper for cold countries, where the climate
seems to force them to a kind of national intemperance, very different
from personal ebriety. Drunkenness predominates throughout the world, in
proportion to the coldness and humidity of the climate. Go from the
equator to the north pole, and you will find this vice increasing
together with the degree of latitude. Go from the equator again to the
south pole, and you will find the same vice travelling south,
[18]
exactly in the same proportion.
It is very natural that where wine is contrary to the climate, and
consequently to health, the excess of it should be more severely
punished than in countries where intoxication produces very few bad
effects to the person, fewer to the society, and where it does not make
people frantic and wild, but only stupid and heavy. Hence those laws
[19]
which inflicted a double punishment for crimes committed in drunkenness
were applicable only to a personal, and not to a national, ebriety. A
German drinks through custom, and a Spaniard by choice.
In warm countries the relaxing of the fibres produces a great
evacuation of the liquids, but the solid parts are less transpired. The
fibres, which act but faintly, and have very little elasticity, are not
much impaired; and a small quantity of nutritious juice is sufficient to
repair them; for which reason they eat very little.
It is the variety of wants in different climates that first
occasioned a difference in the manner of living, and this gave rise to a
variety of laws. Where people are very communicative there must be
particular laws, and others where there is but little communication.
Footnotes
[15]
Monsieur Bernier, travelling from Lahore to Cashmere, wrote
thus: "My body is a sieve; scarcely have I swallowed a pint of water,
but I see it transude like dew out of all my limbs, even to my fingers'
ends. I drink ten pints a day, and it does me no manner of harm." --
Bernier, "Travels," tome ii, p. 261.
[16]
In the blood there are red globules, fibrous parts, white
globules, and water, in which the whole swims.
[17]
Plato, "Laws," Book ii; Aristotle, "Of the Care of Domestic Affairs";
Eusebius, "Evangelical Preparation," Book xii, chap. 17.
[18]
This is seen in the Hottentots, and the inhabitants of the most
southern part of Chili.
[19]
As Pittacus did, according to Aristotle, "Politics," lib. i, cap. iii. He
lived in a climate where drunkenness is not a national vice.
