13.12. 12. Relation between the Weight of Taxes and Liberty.
It is a general rule that taxes may be heavier in proportion to the liberty of
the subject, and that there is a necessity for reducing them in
proportion to the increase of slavery. This has always been and always
will be the case. It is a rule derived from nature that never varies. We
find it in all parts — in England, in Holland, and in every state where
liberty gradually declines, till we come to Turkey. Switzerland seems to
be an exception to this rule, because they pay no taxes; but the
particular reason for that exemption is well known, and even confirms
what I have advanced. In those barren mountains provisions are so dear,
and the country is so populous, that a Swiss pays four times more to
nature than a Turk does to the sultan.
A conquering people, such as were formerly the Athenians and the
Romans, may rid themselves of all taxes as they reign over vanquished
nations. Then indeed they do not pay in proportion to their liberty,
because in this respect they are no longer a people, but a monarch.
But the general rule still holds good. In moderate governments there
is an indemnity for the weight of the taxes, which is liberty. In
despotic countries
[10]
there is an equivalent for liberty, which is the
lightness of the taxes.
In some monarchies in Europe there are particular provinces
[11]
which from the very nature of their civil government are in a more
flourishing condition than the rest. It is pretended that these
provinces are not sufficiently taxed, because through the goodness of
their government they are able to be taxed higher; hence the ministers
seem constantly to aim at depriving them of this very government, whence
a diffusive blessing is derived, which redounds even to the prince's
advantage.
Footnotes
[10]
In Russia the taxes are but small; they have been increased
since the despotic power of the prince is exercised with more
moderation. See the "History of the Tartars," part II.
[11]
The Pais d'etats, where the states of the province assemble to
deliberate on public affairs.
