1. Contemporary Usage.
With the exception of
Scandinavia, England, and a few countries of
the
British Commonwealth, no major national political
party has
officially labelled itself “conservative.”
Parties of
the political “right” are, however, frequently
called
“conservative.” Moreover, in the course of a
general
broadening of the political spectrum to the
“left,”
the range of positions called “conservative” has
become increasingly wider; however, it has become
necessary to make a
distinction between conservative
and reactionary positions and policies. In
everyday
speech in the 1960's the term “conservative”
seems
to be more widespread than the contrasting terms
“liberal” or “radical”; it denotes,
as used by opponents
mostly with a critical or pejorative tone, an
attitude
that attaches greater importance to the preservation
and care
of the traditional and enduring than to inno-
vation and change. The typical conservative defends
individual and
collective material and cultural posses-
sions, fears and resists revolution, and accepts progress
only as a
gradual development from the existing politi-
cal system. This in turn places those who think and
feel
conservatively in a permanently defensive position
from which they either
incline to cultural pessimism
or are obliged to demonstrate that
“genuine,” “true”
conservatism
is not really hostile to change, but is
indispensable for the stability of a society with deep
concern
for the maintenance of continuity.
