BIBLIOGRAPHY
The most satisfactory, comprehensive account of pre-
Christian philanthropy is Hendrik Bolkestein, Wohltätigkeit
und Armpflege im Vorchristlichen Altertum (Utrecht, 1939).
James Legge's celebrated translations, The Chinese Classics,
5 vols. (Oxford, 1893-95), was reissued in Hong Kong in
1960. For Hsüntze's essay, see Homer H. Dubs, The Works
of Hsüntze (London, 1928). Special studies include Yu-Yue
Tsŭ, The Spirit of Chinese Philanthropy. A Study in Mutual
Aid (New York, 1912). The literature on Jewish philanthropy
is extensive; the best introduction is Ephraim Frisch, An
Historical Survey of Jewish Philanthropy (New York, 1924).
Translations from relevant Greek texts are conveniently
accessible in Grace H. Macurdy, The Quality of Mercy: the
Gentler Virtues in Greek Literature (New Haven, 1940). A
sociological approach to the complex and developing ideas
in the Christian tradition distinguishes Ernst Troeltsch's Die
Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen
(Tübingen, 1922), trans. O. Wyon as The Social Teaching
of the Christian Churches, 2 vols. (London and New York,
1931; reprint New York, 1960). It should, however, be read
in connection with Michel Riquet, Christian Charity in
Action, trans. from the French by P. J. Hepburne-Scott, in
a series, The Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Catholi-
cism, Sec. ix (New York, 1961). The first comprehensive
study of the subject in the Eastern Church is Demetrios
J. Constantelos, Byzantine Philanthropy and Social Welfare
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1968). A corresponding study for
medieval charity in the Roman Church is Brian Tierney,
Medieval Poor Law. A Sketch of Canonical Theory and its
Application to England (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1959).
The earliest modern, and still useful, survey of the whole
development of English philanthropy is B. K. Gray, A His
tory of English Philanthropy (London, 1905). It has been
corrected at many points and enormously enriched by the
indispensable studies of W. K. Jordan,
Philanthropy in
England 1480-1660 (London, 1960) and
The Charities of
London (London and New York, 1960), and by David Owen's
English Philanthropy (Cambridge, Mass., 1964).
The best general introduction to American philanthropy
is Robert H. Bremner, American Philanthropy (Chicago,
1960). Two basic sources for ideas about early American
philanthropy are The Apologia of Robert Keayne. The Self-
Portrait of a Puritan Merchant, ed. Bernard Bailyn (New
York, 1965), and The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, ed.
Albert Henry Smyth, 12 vols. (New York, 1907). Josephine
Shaw Lowell's Public Relief and Private Charity (New York,
1884), and Frank D. Watson's The Charity Organization
Movement in the United States (New York, 1894, and subse-
quent editions) are standard works. Special aspects of
American philanthropy are treated in Roy Lubove, The
Professional Altruist. The Emergence of Social Work as a
Career 1880-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965); Merle Curti,
American Philanthropy Abroad (New Brunswick, N.J., 1963);
and Merle Curti and Roderick Nash, Philanthropy in the
Shaping of American Higher Education (New Brunswick,
N.J., 1965). An early critical work on American foundations
is Eduard C. Lindeman, Wealth and Culture (New York,
1936). More objective is F. Emerson Andrews, Philanthropic
Foundations (New York, 1956). Andrews' Corporation Giving
(New York, 1952) is the first and still useful study of a new
development in American philanthropy. The comprehensive
survey edited and in part written by Warren Weaver, United
States Philanthropic Foundations (New York, 1967), needs
to be supplemented by monographic studies of specific
foundations, relatively few having yet been undertaken.
Among the few philosophical analyses of the idea of
philanthropy special mention is to be made of T. V. Smith,
“George Herbert Mead and the Philosophy of Philan-
thropy,” Social Service Review, 6 (March 1932), 37-54, and
the study of Pitirim A. Sorokin, Altruistic 
Love 
. A Study
of American “Good Neighbors” and Christian Saints (Boston,
1956).
MERLE CURTI
[See also Buddhism; Christianity in History; Democracy;
Faith, Hope, and Charity; Millenarianism; Perfectibility;
Progress;
Utilitarianism.]
