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An essay concerning human understanding

  
[frontispiece]
  
[title page]
  
To The Right Honourable Lord Thomas,
  
Epistle to the Reader

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Introduction An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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Book I Neither Principles Nor Ideas Are Innate
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Book II Of Ideas
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Chapter I Of Ideas in general, and their Original
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Chapter II Of Simple Ideas
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Chapter III Of Simple Ideas of Sense
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Chapter IV Idea of Solidity
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Chapter V Of Simple Ideas of Divers Senses
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Chapter VI Of Simple Ideas of Reflection
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Chapter VII Of Simple Ideas of both Sensation and Reflection
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Chapter VIII Some further considerations concerning our Simple Ideas of Sensation
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Chapter IX Of Perception
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Chapter X Of Retention
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Chapter XI Of Discerning, and other operations of the Mind
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Chapter XII Of Complex Ideas
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Chapter XIII Complex Ideas of Simple Modes:--and First, of the Simple Modes of the Idea of Space
  
1. Simple modes of simple ideas.
  
2. Idea of Space.
  
3. Space and extension.
  
4. Immensity.
  
5. Figure.
  
6. Endless variety of figures.
  
7. Place.
  
8. Place relative to particular bodies.
  
9. Place relative to a present purpose.
  
10. Place of the universe.
  
11. Extension and body not the same.
  
12. Extension not solidity.
  
13. The parts of space inseparable, both really and mentally.
  
14. The parts of space, immovable.
  
15. The definition of extension explains it not.
  
16. Division of beings into bodies and spirits proves not space and body the same.
  
17. Substance which we know not, no proof against space without body.
  
18. Different meanings of substance.
  
19. Substance and accidents of little use in philosophy.
  
20. Sticking on and under-propping.
  
21. A vacuum beyond the utmost bounds of body.
  
22. The power of annihilation proves a vacuum.
  
23. Motion proves a vacuum.
  
24. The ideas of space and body distinct.
  
25. Extension being inseparable from body, proves it not the same.
  
26. Essences of things.
  
27. Ideas of space and solidity distinct.
  
28. Men differ little in clear, simple ideas.
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Chapter XIV Idea of Duration and its Simple Modes
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Chapter XV Ideas of Duration and Expansion, considered together
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Chapter XVI Idea of Number
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Chapter XVII Of Infinity
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Chapter XVIII Other Simple Modes
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Chapter XIX Of the Modes of Thinking
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Chapter XX Of Modes of Pleasure and Pain
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Chapter XXI Of Power
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Chapter XXII Of Mixed Modes
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Chapter XXIII Of our Complex Ideas of Substances
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Chapter XXIV Of Collective Ideas of Substances
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Chapter XXV Of Relation
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Chapter XXVI Of Cause and Effect, and other Relations
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Chapter XXVII Of Identity and Diversity
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Chapter XXVIII Of Other Relations
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Chapter XXIX Of Clear and Obscure, Distinct and Confused Ideas
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Chapter XXX Of Real and Fantastical Ideas
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Chapter XXXI Of Adequate and Inadequate Ideas
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Chapter XXXII Of True and False Ideas
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Chapter XXXIII Of the Association of Ideas
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Book III Of Words
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Book IV Of Knowledge and Probability

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26. Essences of things.

If those ideas which are constantly joined to all others, must therefore be concluded to be the essence of those things which have constantly those ideas joined to them, and are inseparable from them; then unity is without doubt the essence of everything. For there is not any object of sensation or reflection which does not carry with it the idea of one: but the weakness of this kind of argument we have already shown sufficiently.

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